UNIT 8 – REFERENCING

LESSON 2
Key Words
Bibliography, reference, reference list, bibliographical list, quotation, format,
layout, alphabetical order, corporate author, hanging indent, subsequent,
italicise, capitalise, initials, globalise,
Prerequisite Knowledge
Learners are already aware of extended writing through essay writing with some
skills in referencing to particular authors. This is what is required to build on the
various types of referencing styles. The specific referencing style though is
APA with focus of the five elements (Author’s Name (Surname), Year and date,
Book title, Place of Publication, Publisher name.
Time Required
This lesson will require not less than one hour and 30 minutes.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of this lesson learners should be able to:
1. Explain the terms reference and bibliography.
2. Distinguish a reference from a bibliography.
3. State the five integral elements to be considered in bibliographical/reference
entries basing on whatever style.
4. State how journal reference/bibliographical entries differ from the other
sources.
5. Provide examples of entries reflecting a ‘specific edition’ or else a ‘specific
editor’ basing on APA referencing style.

Referencing within the body of the text and drawing a list of references
What is a bibliography?
 The bibliography at the end of a document includes all the works which
you used in the preparation of your essay, whether you cited it or not.
 The entries in the bibliography should be listed alphabetically by the first
author’s family name or by title if there is a no author. It is normal to
format each reference with a hanging indent.
What is a list of references?
  The last page of your text should be a list of the references you have used.
Readers (assignment markers in particular) often look at the reference list
before reading as well as giving them enough information to find your
references or quotes for themselves if they want to check them
Page layout
Title: Put ‘References’ as a title at the top of the page.
Order: List each reference in alphabetical order, beginning with the authors’
surnames or the name of an organization (corporate author). Where there is no
author, use the tittle.
Format: Use the ‘hanging indent’ option (under the format/paragraph/special
function on Microsoft Word, for example). This means that the first line of the
entry for each source begins on the margin, and subsequent lines are indented. It
makes the author names stand out and helps the reader scan the list quickly.
 Titles of books and journals are italicized.
 Titles of articles are not italicized, nor are they placed in quotations.
 Only the first word of an article and book titles, the first word after a
colon, and words that would normally require capitalization are
capitalized
 Each world of a journal is capitalized
 Use only the initials of the author’s first and middle names.
 A full stop follows the date, article title, book title, and journal page
numbers.
 A comma follows the journal title, and (Ed.)
 When not including the authors’ names as part of your sentence, you use
‘and’ and not ‘&’ e.g. Devito, O’ Rourke and O’Neill (2000) divide the
process of perception into three stages.

Listing the references: There are many different types of sources, and each has
its specific format conventions under APA. Some of the most common types of
source are given below.
Activity 1
1. According to APA, mention the five elements you would consider in
describing the reference or bibliographical details of any entry.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. What is the difference between a reference and a bibliographical list?
________________________________________________________________
__________
________________________________________________________________
__________
________________________________________________________________
__________
Use the following examples as models’
 Book elements of the citation: author(s) of the book- Family name and
initials, Year of publication, Title of the book- italicized or underlined.
Place of publication: Publisher.
Refe In-text Reference list example En
renc examples d
e No
type te
One Sophisticated Berkman,R.I. (1994). Find it fast: how to Bo
auth searching uncover expert information. New York: Harper ok
or techniques are perennial.
important in
finding
information
(Berkman,
1994) OR
Berkman
(1994, P. 25)
claimed that …
Two It is futile to Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The Bo
to six maintain that real difference between men and women. ok
auth the sexes are London: Mandarin.
ors interchangeabl
e (Moir &
Jessel, 1991)
OR
Moir and
 Jessel (1991)
found students
…
Always list
the authors in
the order they
appear in the
publication
Six It was argued Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Bo
or that (Johnson Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far ok
more et al., 2005) is far? London: McMillan.
auth OR
ors Johnson et al.
(2005)
talks about…
cite just the
last name of
the first
author
followed by et
al. and year
for the first
and all
No Management is (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
author defined as (CCH
Macquarie
Dictionary, 1993)
OR
CCH Macquarie
Dictionary (1993)
defines …
Cite in the text
the first few
words of the title
and year
Multi … geology of Willmott, W. F. (2004). Rocks and Landscapes of the Bo
ple Queensland’s national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: ok
works national parks Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
by the (Willmott, 2004,
same 2006). Willmott, W. F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the
author national parks of Southern Queensland Division.
Order chronologically from earliest in the reference
list.
Multi (Dawkins, 1996, Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing mount improbable. Bo
ple 1996b) London: Viking. ok
works Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London:
by the Phoenix.
same Order alphabetically by the title in the reference list
author
,
publis
hed in
the
year
Book (Queensland Queensland Health (2002). Best practice guidelines for Bo
by an Health, 2002) the management of type 1 diabetes in children and ok
organi Queensland adolescents. Brisbane, Qld.: Queensland Health.
zation Health (2002)
or recommends that
institu …
tion
(corp
orate
author
)
Differ (DeHart, Alan & DeHart, G. B., Alan, L., & Cooper, R. G. (2021). Child Bo
ent Cooper, 1995) development: its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston: ok
editio McGraw-Hill.
ns DeHart, Alan & The edition statement is placed after the title of the
Cooper, (1995) work. This is not necessary for a first edition.
state the idea …
Edite (Friedman & Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.) (1999). Edi
d Wachs, 1999) Measuring environment across the life span: ted
book Emerging methods and concepts. Washington, DC: boo
American Psychological Association. k

(Everson, 1991) Everson, S. (Ed.) (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.
Book (Simons, 1996) Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo!: Culture, experience and Bo
series the startle reflex. Series in affective science. New York: ok
Simons (1996) Oxford University Press. Ne
argues that … ed
to
ad
d
in
seri
es
na
me
ma
nu
ally
int
o
ref
 ere
nce
list
Electr …globalisation Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organisations. Oxford: Ele
onic concerns Capston Publishing. Available from NetLibrary ctro
book- (Pettinger, 2002) database. nic
entire boo
book k
put
net
libr
ary
in
ma
ne
of
the
dat
aba
se
fiel
d
Transl (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: for sport and Bo
ation manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh: ok
of a Churchill Livingstone. Inc
book lud
e
tra
nsl
ato
r
na
me
in
tra
nsl
ato
r
fiel
d
 Chapter in a book
Elements of citation: author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, year of
publication, ‘title of chapter, in Editor(s) of book (eds), tittle of book – italicized,
edition, publisher, place of publication, page numbers
Chapt (Baker & Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric Bo
er in a Lightfoot, 1993) care of ethnic elders. In A.C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ok
book Use the chapter ethnicity and mentall illness (pp. 517 – 552). Sec
authors, NOT Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. tion
the editors of the
book
Chapt (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial government. In J. X. Inda Ele
er (Ed.), Antropologies of modernity (pp. 21- 49). ctro
from Retrieved from Wiley Interscience database. nic
an boo
electr k
onic ma
book nu
ally
ad
d
pag
e
nu
mb
ers
an
d
ital
iciz
e
the
boo
k
titl
e

 Book review
Review author(s), Date of publication, Review tittle, Medium being retrieved, Work
being reviewed, Periodical title, Volume, Pages
Book (Berg, 2000) Berg, D. K. (2000). Writing at university (Review Boom
review of the book Writing guidelines for business revie
students). Second Language Writing, 45, 456-470. w
 Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
Elements of the citation: author(s) of work – family name and initials, year of
publication, stitle of work, in editor(s) of book (eds.), title of book- italicised, edition,
publisher, place of publication, page numbers
Dictiona ( Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B. B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioural Dicti
ry of science (2nd ed.). san Diego: Academic Press. If onary
encyclop multiple volumes, list after edition in brackets
aedia (e.g. 2nd ed., Vols.1-5)
 Journal articles
Elements of citation: author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, year of
publication , title of journal article – title of journal – italicized, volume, issue or number,
page number (s)
Journal (Mellers, 2000) Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative Journ
article OR pleasure of consequences. Psychological al
– one Mellers (2000) Bulletin,50(2), 49-52. articl
author thought that… e
Journal (Schafer & Schafer, J. L., & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal Journ
article Kang, 2008) effects from nonrandomised studies: A Practical al
– two guide and stimulated example. Psychological articl
authors methods, 13, 279- 213. e
Journal (Skenderian, Skenderian, J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Alvaro, Journ
article Siegel, Crano, E. E., & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and al
– three Alvaro, & Lac, adolescents’ intentions to use marijuana. articl
to six 2008) Psychology of addictive behaviours. 22, 563-569. e
authors
Journal (Galea et al., Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J. R., Brummelte, Journ
article 2008). Use only S., Barha,C. K., Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). al
– more first author’s Endocrine regulation of cognition and articl
than six last name then neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the complex e
authors et al., including interaction between hormones, the brain, and
for first time behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental
citation used Psychology. 62, 247-260. List the first six authors
then use et al.
Journal (Williams & Williams, S. & Bettie, H. J. (in press). Problem Journ
article – Beattie, in press) based learning in the clinical setting – a systematic al
in press review. Nurse education today,22(4), 12-13. articl
e put
‘in
press
in
year
field
Article (Wharton, 1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor Field
from activity centers. Journal of Adventure Education need
electroni and Outdoor Leadership, 12(4), 8 – 9. Retrieved to
c November 10, 2007, from ABI/INFORM Global add
database. The details required are the same as retrie
for a journal article in print. But a retrieval val
statement must also be given with the name of date
the database. manu
ally
 Conference papers
Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials, year of publication, title of paper, title of
published proceeding which may include place held and date (s) – italicised, publisher,
place of publication, page numbers(s), (viewed date in full, web address – if accessed
electronically)
Published ( Bohrer, Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Confere
conference Zielke & Integrated obstacle detection framework for nce
paper Freiburg, intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper paper
1995) presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles add
Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway. ‘detroit
, MI:
Piscata
way’ to
confere
nce title
field as
well.
Unpublishe (Bowden and Bowden, F. J. & Failey, C. K. (1996, June). Confere
d Failey, 1996) Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: nce
conference estimations of the effective rates of partner paper
paper change. Paper presented at the scientific meeting add
of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, ‘scienti
Darwin. fic
meetin
g of the
Royal
Austral
ian
College
of
physici
ans
Darwin
’ in the
confere
nce
name
field
Add
‘1996,
June’
in the
year
field
 Newspaper and magazine articles
Author(s) of article – family name and initials, year of publication, title of article, title of
newspaper – italicized, day month, page number (s)
Newspaper Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. Newspa
article with (Cook, 2002) The age, p. 8 per
author article
Newspaper Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). Newspa
article (Meeting the The courier mail, p. 22 per
without needs, 2001) article
author
Magazine Marano, H. E. (2008, March – April). Making of Magazi
article ( Marano, a perfectionist. Psychology Today, 41. 80-89. ne
2008) article

Electronic Sandy, A. (2008, January 22). Cheaper to fly Electro

newspaper (Sandy, 2008) than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. nic
or Retrieved from article
magazine http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,234 put
article 45.24677.95,00.html date in
year
field
 Government publications
Author(s) of report – (person or organization), year of publication, title of report -
publisher, place of publication, (viewed date in full, web address – if accessed
electronically)
Government (Queensland Queensland health (2009). Health Report
report Health, 2009) Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane:
Queensland Government What
constitutes success in pacific island
community conserved areas? (doctoral
dissertation, university of Queensland,
2008). Retrieved from
 Thesis
Author of thesis - family name and initials, year of preparation of thesis, title of thesis,
award, institution issuing degree, location of institution
Thesis- (Axford, 2008) Axford, J. C. (2008). What Thesis
retrieved from constitutes success in pacific
institutional or island community conserved
personal areas? (Doctoral dissertation,
website University of Queensland,2008).
Retrieved from
http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/vie
w/UQ:158747
Thesis (Sheehan, 2009) Sheehan, L. R. (2009). Destination Thesis
retrieved from management organisations: A
database stakeholder perspective. Retrieved
from Proquest Digital
Dissertations (AAT NR25719)
 Webpages
Author(s) of page – person or organization, year (page created or revised), title of page,
viewed date in full, web address

Remember to be sceptical about what you find on the internet; not everything is
reliable. It’s safest to use university sites or online periodicals, as they are more likely
to have accurate information.

A standard template/model for citing electronic sources of information is not yet

agreed
Web page - with (Atherton, 2006) Atherton, J. Web page
author (2006). Behaviour
modification
(2006). Retrieved
February 5, 2008,
from
http://www.educat
ional-
psychologist.org.u
k/
Web page – no (Behaviour Behaviour Web page
author modification, 2006) modification.
use title instead of Retrieved
the name of the February 5, 2008,
actual author. from
 http://www.educat
ional- a date as
possible
Message posted (Winther, 2009) Winther, M. Generic add 2009,
to a news group, (2009, January January 14 to year field
online forum or 14). The
discussion group unconscious is Add ‘the unconscious is
spirit [Msg 1]. spirit [Msg 1] in
Message posted to secondary title field
http://groups.goog
le.com/group/ Add ‘message posted to
http://groupd.google.com
... To publisher field
Blog post (Reville, L. 2006) Reville, L. (2006), Generic add ‘2006,
September 5). Sepetember 5’ to year
Where to find field
fundraising ideas.
Message posted to Add ‘where to find
http://nlrp.blogpos fundraising ideas’ in
t.com/ secondary title field

Add ‘message posted to

http://nlrp.blog...
Email discussion (Vuinovich, 2001) Vuinovich, G. Generic
list – web (2001, April 4).
archive Report on malaria Add 2001, April 4 to year
outbreak. field
Message post to
HCMATTERS add ‘report on malaria
electronic mailing outbreak’ in secondary
list, archived at title field
http://www.hvmat add ‘message posted to
ters.org/ HCMATTERS
BESC1001, Foucault [PowerPoint
University of slides] to the field
Queensland
blackboard online: Add BESC1001,
http://www.elearni University of Queensland
ng.uq.edu.au/ Blackboard Online:
http://www.clearing.uq.e
du.au/
 Video or DVD
Tittle of video or DVD – italicized, year of publication, format, publisher, place of
recording
Video or DVD (Spielberg & Rodat, 1998) Spielber Film or broadcast
g, S.
(director) In the medium field,
& Rodat, put in motion picture
R.
(writer)
 (1998).
Saving
Private
Ryan
[motion
picture].
United
States:
Paramou
nt
Pictures.

 Television programs
Writer, title of the program, year of the program, medium, place of broadcast, who
broadcast the program
Television or radio (Bryant, 2001) Bryant, A. (writer) Film or broadcast
programs (2001, September In the year field,
12). The Bryant add 2001,
medical hour September 12
[television In the medium
broadcast]. field put in
Sydney, NSW: television
Public broadcast
Broadcasting
Service.
 Indirect citation
An indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another authors text;
however, you have not read or accessed the original authors work. In the list of references
provide the details of the author of the work you have read
Indirect citation or Miller (cited in Agrios, M. (2005). Book
secondary source Agrics, 2005) found Plant pathology (5th Use the relevant
… It was found ed.). Burlington, reference for what
(Miller, cited in Massachusettes: you are citing.
Agrios, 2005) Elsevier academic Include ‘cited in
press. manually using
Cite the source ‘edit citation’
where you found option.
the citation
This indicates that
you did not read
the original
(Miller), i.e. if
there is a mistake
it’s Agrios’ and
not yours

 The key is consistency in format, a standard sequence of commas, full-stops and

italics. Underline the italicized items in hand-written documents.
Activity 2
1. Enter the following as a reference or bibliographical entry at the end of an academic
document:
a). A story referred to with title ‘Biological Orientation Dyadics’ drawn from a book
published in 2015 by Harris Institute. The book was published in Sweden, a 3 rd edition copy.
And the writer is Niggerston Stewart Loppez.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Reference is made to a poem with the title ‘Buzzing Tedd Rockey’ written by Mimierker
Van Rossum published in a book with the title ‘Rocket Journeying and Space Ventures’
edited by Hagger Jeffrey and published by Hannar Publications in Josto-Carribian City in
2011.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Unit 8 Assessment Test

1. What is a bibliography?
2. How does a reference differ from a bibliography?
3. State the five elements that a reference/bibliography constitutes.
4. Provide an example of reference being made:
a). at the end of a statement or argument.
b). at the beginning of the statement
c). at the middle of the statement

Unit 8 Assessment Test Suggested Responses

1. A bibliography is a list of resources that have been consulted in producing an essay or
write-up that may be directly cited or not.
2. A reference constitutes resources that have been directly cited while a bibliography
includes the resources not directly cited as well.
3. The five elements include:
- Author’s name and initials
- The date of publication.
- Title of the text/book referred to.
- Place/Town/Country of Publication.
- Publisher name.
4. a). …………… (Needderston, 2017).
b). The ultimate argument (Prazz, 2018) is that animals are all instinctive in nature.
c). Prazz (2018) argues that while humans think, all animals are instinctive in nature.