Valve/port timing diagram
A valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the opening and closing of the intake and
exhaust valve of the engine, The opening and closing of the valves of the engine depend upon the
movement of piston from TDC to BDC, This relation between piston and valves is controlled by
setting a graphical representation between these two, which is known as valve timing diagram.
The valve timing diagram comprises of a 360 degree figure which represents the movement of the
piston from TDC to BDC in all the strokes of the engine cycle, Which is measured in degrees and
the opening and closing of the valves is controlled according to these degrees.
Need of Valve/port time diagram
The function of the valve is to open and close at particular positions of crank so that the gasses
flow in and out of the engine cylinder. The proper opening and closing of engine is very essential
for efficient combustion and to produce power from the engine. Now a days there are valve
mechanisms which change the valve open duration, timing and lift according to different engine
speed and engine power.
Theoretical Valve Timing Diagram
• In this type of diagram suction & exhaust valve
opens and close at TDC and BDC.
Actual Valve Timing Diagram
• In this type of diagram suction & exhaust valve
opens and close after and before TDC and BDC.
Theoretical & Actual Valve Timing Diagram For
4-Stroke Diesel Engine
Actual Valve Timing For 4-Stroke Diesel
Engine
I.V.O. → 25° Before T.D.C.
I.V.C. → 30° After B.D.C.
F.V.O. → 5° Before T.D.C.
F.V.C. → 25° After T.D.C.
E.V.O. → 45° Before B.D.C.
E.V.C.→ 15° After T.D.C.
Valve Overlap → 30°
Theoretical & Actual Valve Timing Diagram For
4-Stroke Petrol Engine
Actual Valve Timing For 4-Stroke Petrol
Engine
I.V.O. → 20° Before T.D.C.
I.V.C. → 35° After B.D.C.
F.V.O. → 35° Before T.D.C.
E.V.O. → 35° Before B.D.C.
E.V.C. → 10° After T.D.C.
Valve Overlap → 30°
Theoretical & Actual Valve Timing Diagram For
2-Stroke Petrol Engine
Actual Valve Timing For 2-Stroke Petrol
Engine
E.P.O. → 70° Before B.D.C.
E.P.C. → 70° After B.D.C.
T.P.O. → 60° Before B.D.C.
T.P.C. → 60° After B.D.C.
I.P.O. → 50° Before T.D.C.
I.P.C. → 50° After T.D.C.
Theoretical & Actual Valve Timing Diagram For
2-Stroke Diesel Engine
Actual Valve Timing For 2-Stroke Diesel
Engine
E.P.O. → 80° Before B.D.C.
E.P.C. → 80° After B.D.C.
T.P.O. → 60° Before B.D.C.
T.P.C. → 60° After B.D.C.
Reason of Valve opening and closing after/before TDC/BDC
• In suction stroke of 4-stroke engine the inlet valve opens 10-20 degree advance to TDC for the
proper intake of air-fuel(petrol) or air (diesel) ,which also provides cleaning of remaining
combustion residuals in the combustion chamber.
• When the piston reaches BDC the compression stroke starts and again the piston starts moving
towards TDC ,The inlet valve closes 25-30 degree past the BDC during the compression stroke,
which provide complete seizure of the combustion chamber for the compression of air-
fuel(petrol engine)and air(diesel engine).
• During the compression stroke as the piston moves towards TDC ,combustion of fuel takes
place 20-35 degree before TDC which provides the proper combustion of fuel and proper
propagation of flame.
• The expansion strokes starts due to the combustion of fuel which in turn releases the pressure
inside the combustion chamber and provide rotation to the crank shaft. The piston moves
from TDC to BDC during expansion stroke which continuous 30-50 degree before BDC.
• The exhaust valve opens 30-50 degree before BDC which in turn starts the exhaust stroke and
the exhaust of the combustion residual takes place with movement of the piston from BDC to
TDC which continues till the 10-20 degree after the piston reaches TDC
