FACTORS AFFECTING THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF THE BS CRIMINOLOGY

INTERNS AT BAGUIO CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

A Research Proposal

Presented to

The Faculty of the college of Criminal Justice

Education of the Baguio Central University

Baguio City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Bayawet, Patricia

Ganyalib, Chester Loyd

Macayan, Toni

Marnag, Maricel

Pasino, Rex

2023
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

The Bachelor of Science in Criminology or Criminal Justice

is a four(4) year undergraduate program for individuals who wish

to pursue a career in the fields of law enforcement, criminal

justice administration, crime detection and investigation,

juvenile justice administration, application of forensic science

to law enforcement and correctional administration . It aims to

foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability and

responsibility while serving fellowmen, community and country

(Pacatang, 2016).

As required by Commission on Higher Education (CMO Series

No. 05,2018), a two-semester Practicum or Community Immersion is

required in the BSCRIM program. It will be undertaken by the

students in the 1st and 2nd Semester of the 4th curriculum year

level and they will be assigned to different areas of the

community. This unique feature of the program is the students

contribution to police visibility.

An internship is a formal course undertaken is an academic

program whereby the student observes and participates in various

organizational. Operations under the guidance of a field

supervisor and a faculty supervisor. During this time, the

student completes academic and intern site assignments that

introduce the workplace’s operation and show the integration of

theory, concepts, and practice. At the same time, an internship

should assist the student in making feature career choices

complementary to his or her abilities (McBride, 2021).

National Association of Collages and Employers (2010) stated

that internship is a form of experiential learning that

integrates knowledge and theory learned in the classroom with

practical application and skills development in a professional

setting. Internship give student the opportunity to gain

valuable applied experience and make connections in professional

fields they are considering for career paths; and give employers

opportunity to guide and evaluate talent.

The development of internships can be traced to the Middle

Ages when the teaching skills and competencies for most

professions and trades was accomplished by young person serving

an apprenticeship with a skilled mentor. The first professional

field to adopt this model was in the medical science, future

doctors and nurses learned their skills under senior

instructors. As discussed by Perlin (2012), this concept

continues today diverse academic areas such as law, journalism,

social services, public administration and education. Some

states require field training before the student may be granted

a license or certificate to practice in certain professions

(McBride, 2021).

An Internship is the first orientation of the student into

the marketplace where they engage themselves in job relevant

activities. It plays a vital role to get employment opportunity

in any organization. It also provides opportunities related to

job skills and knowledge, such as interpersonal skills,

communication skills and team working skills, etc.(Washor,

2015). Some people consider university degrees as a means to

sell big dreams, in which means role is that of a customer (Raza

et al.s2021).Students join universities for several reasons for

instance to get a degree of Professional training with a focus

on experiential learning. Therefore, most researching agree

that experiential education (Bunce & Bennett, 2021). An

internship provides the first orientation for students to apply

academic knowledge to the real-life tasks, such as

collaboration, effective learning (Bae et al., 2022).

The value of internship has been highlighted by previous

studies conducted elsewhere, underscoring the value-addition

that internship brings., besides the employ ability skills. It

enables the students to observe Professional techniques and

problems that are not taught in the classroom, giving them a

better understanding of the business world (Anjum, 2020).Studies

have also shown that the experience (Jung, 2017; Yaakob et al.,
2018). However, several research studies reported that most of

the students agreed that experiential education is the

foundation of a solid career opportunity (Jackson, 2018).

Furthermore, Zehrand and Korte (2020). Suggested that the

university students who are involved in cooperative learning and

work-related education programs would obtain skills that are

essential to an employer. An internship provides internees with

a glimpse of the criteria of the workplace as to where they are

in the position. When internees experience the criteria of an

organization, they obtain the professional training associated

with that career (Jianning Lee, 2019).

According to 0’ Connor and Bodicoat (2017), the history of

internships dates back to the late 1970s when internships began

to blossom and university faculty heard about their benefits

from colleagues in other colleges (Hora et al., 2020). Higher

education institutions have been proactive in providing

effective services internships (Lei& Yin, 2019). Starks and

Bower (2021) argues that internships can give students an

“advantage” over other students who have graduated are not

involved in experiential education or the community. Service

learning activities. However , most university students said

they appreciate being able to support their degree with work

experience that matches them with future job skills (Nogueira et

al.,2021).
 Students who receive internships training are very lucky

because they are ones who follow up on a regular basis take

pride in learning new skills . They are achieved by improving

the future employment value and getting new jobs their future

professional qualifications. Furthermore , by making learning

possible, they gain respect and build long-term relationships

between students and superiors (Anoyo et al., 2015).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study was supported by the following theories that

will be helpful for the researchers in the analysis of the

knowledge, attitude and practices of BS Crim interns in Baguio

Central University in basic training and discipline and

knowledge skills.

Experiential Learning Theory. This theory emphasizes the

importance of learning from direct experienced . Internships are

seen as opportunities for experiential learning , where in

individuals engage in concrete experiences, reflective

observation, abstract conceptualization, and apply what they

have learned to future situations (Kolb,1984).

This theory plays a significant role in enhancing the work

performance of BS Crim interns. By engaging in skill development

where allows Crim interns to develop essential skills that are

directly applicable to their future careers, increased

motivation and engagement of interns who actively participate in

their learning through experiential activities tend to be more

motivated and engaged in their work, problem-solving and

critical thinking of interns to think critically and solve real-

world problems, integration of theory and practice where as Crim

interns have the opportunity to apply the knowledge they have

gained in the classroom to real-world scenarios, and lastly

professional networking building where as internships often

involves interactions with experienced professionals in the

field. These connections can lead to mentorship opportunities,

job referrals, and a broader understanding of the criminology

profession.

Trait and Factor Theory. This theory is a career

development theory that emphasizes the matching of an

individuals traits , interest, and values with the requirements

of an specific occupation or career path. When applied to a

criminology internships, this theory can provide valuable

insights and guidance for interns in terms of selecting,

pursuing, and benefiting from their internships experiences

(Parsons 1909; Williamson, 1972).

An useful foundation for comprehending the connection

between interns’ personal characteristics and their productivity

in Crim internships is provided by this theory. Organizations

can foster situations where inters are more likely to succeed

and feel satisfied by promoting self-evaluation and taking into

account how intern attributes, interests, and beliefs connect

with internship requirements. Supervisors are essential in

supporting this alignment by assisting interns in utilizing

their special skills and passions to make valuable contributions

to the discipline of criminology. This theory emphasizes the

significance of person-environment fit in Crim internships,

producing favourable results for both interns and the

organizations they serve.

Human Capital Theory. This theory suggest that

individuals invest in education and training to increase their

human capital, which in turn leads to higher earning potential

and career advancement. In the context of internships, this

theory emphasizes the skills development and experiential

learning opportunities they offer (Becker, 1962; Rosen, 1967).

This theory offers a valuable framework for understanding

the relationship between investments in education, training, and

skill development and work performance of BS Crim interns. By

recognizing the role of human capital in shaping intern’s

productivity and contributions, organizations can be better

appreciate the importance of offering meaningful internship

experiences that promote skill development and knowledge

application. Moreover, supervisors have a significant role in

facilitating the accumulation of human capital among interns,

ultimately contributing to their career success and the

advancement of the Crim field as a whole. In summary this theory

provides a compelling perspective in the value of Crim

internships as investments in the development of human capital.

Role Theory. This theory examines how individuals roles

within and organizations or group affect their behavior and

attitudes. In the contexts of internships , this theory can help

explain how interns navigates their roles, expectations, and

interactions within workplace (Merton, 1957).

This theory provides a valuable insight for understanding

how BS Crim interns perceive and enact their roles and how these

perceptions influence their work performance. By aligning role

expectations with actual responsibilities, minimizing role

conflict, and fostering a positive role identity, organizations

can enhance the performance and job satisfaction of their

inters. Role theory offers important insight into the dynamics

of BS Crim internship and can guide organizations in optimizing

the role-related aspects of interns performance for mutual

benefits.

Social Exchange Theory. This theory explores the

relationships between individuals and organizations emphasizing

the exchange of resources, including skills knowledge, and

opportunities. Internships can be analyzed through the lens of

social exchange for learning and experience (Homans, 1958).

This theory can provide valuable insight for examining

the work performance of BS Crim interns in BCU. Organizations

can better assess and manage interns happiness and performance

by taking into account the intern’s expectations, the fairness

of the exchange, and the role of supervisors. Internships in BS

Crim that effectively employ this theory’s principles, such as

building a felling of reciprocity and ensuring the interns

receive meaningful benefits in exchange for their contributions,

are more likely to have motivated and high-performance interns.

Lastly, recognizing and maximizing the social exchange dynamics

during BS Crim internships can result in mutually beneficial

partnerships between interns and their employers.

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Criminology interns • Employs Action plan

of Baguio Central qualitative to enhance
University. the work
research and
performance
[Link] Level of descriptive
of the BS
Performances of method
Criminology
Criminology Interns • Distributing of interns of
on their On-the-Job questioners and Baguio
Training in terms: tallying of Central
data gathered University
• Personal
• Interpretation
Characteristics
and data
• Attitude towards analysis
the job
• Inferential
• Adherence to analysis
office policies
• Competence

[Link] Contributing
Factors Affecting the
Performance of crim
Interns in terms:

• Individual
factors
• University
support
• Organizational
environment

[Link] relationship
between the
Performances of
Criminology Interns
on their On-the-Job
Training and the
Factors Affecting the
Performance of Crim
Interns
 The input frame includes The Performance of Criminology

Interns on their On-the-Job Training. The Contributing Factors

that Affects the Performance of Interns.

The process frame includes the procedure for how the data

will be gathered, which will be through a descriptive method of

research, Analyzing and interpreting the data Lastly, the data

gathered though the aid of questionnaire.

The output frame includes the Action plan to enhance the

work performance of the BS Criminology interns of Baguio Central

University

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study is expected to be beneficial to

the following:

Educational Institution. This give some insights to better

understand the needs of BSCRIM interns and to give support to

the students in completing their degree. To implement programs

and curriculum that impact on students at the institution.

Instructors. The output of this study served as formal

initiative for educational purposes to gain insights for the

performance of BSCRIM interns in their OJT and workplace.

Crim interns. This study will be useful to those crim

interns who are in need to complete their requirements. It also

paves way for them to develop their morale, productivity, that

will greatly help to be highly qualified for their employment.

 Future researchers. This study can be a reference to those

who plan to make any study related to the work performance of

the Crim Interns.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the level of Performances of Criminology Interns on

their On-the-Job Training in terms:

• Personal Characteristics

• Attitude towards the job

• Adherence to office policies

• Competence

2. What are the Contributing Factors Affecting the Performance of

Crim Interns in terms:

• Individual factors

• University support

• Organizational environment

3. What is Relationship between the Performances of Criminology

Interns on their On-the-Job Training and the Factors Affecting

the Performance of Crim Interns.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between

the Performances of Criminology Interns on their On-the-Job

Training and the Factors Affecting the Performance of Interns.

 CHAPTER 2

DESIGNN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, population and

participants of the study, data gathering tools, data gathering

procedures, treatment of data, and ethical considerations.

Research design

The researcher work intended Quantitative factors affects

the performance efficiency of BS Criminology Interns in Baguio

Central University.

With this objective in mind, the researchers used the

descriptive method of research that was used in analyzing and

interpreting the data gathered though the aid of questionnaire.

According to Adanza et al. (2009), the principal aim in the

employment of the descriptive method is to describe the nature

of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to

explore the cause of particular phenomena. On the other hand,

data will be described and generated using a quantitative method

wherein data will be analyzed through descriptive statistics or

inferential statistics. More so, the data will be presented in

the form of numbers.

Population of the study

The respondents of the research work were composed of 58

population of fourth year BS Criminology interns from Baguio

Central University - Baguio during their Academic year 2023-2024

who had undergone their on-the-job training program.

Data Gathering Tool/s

The researcher will distribute a survey questionnaire that

will administer to the target respondent and will be used to

gather data on all variables examined in this researcher. The

first part of the questionnaire will is composed of close ended

questions that focus on the level of performance of Criminology

interns on their On-The-Job training. The Second part is

composed of open ended questions about the factors affecting

the performance of criminology interns. The third part is

composed of closed ended or open ended questions that will focus

on the relationship between the performance of criminology

interns on their On-The-Job training and factors affecting the

performance of criminology interns.

Data Gathering procedure

The researcher were presented a adopted questionnaire to

their research adviser for approval. The researchers prepared a

request for the permission to disseminate questionnaires to the

respondents. The proponents of the study were forwarded a letter

to the Dean of College of Criminology for the distribution if

questionnaires to gather sufficient data for the study. The

researchers were made an appointment to the respondents and the

questionnaires were personally distributed to the respondents

who were answered the questions to the best of their ability,

with honesty, and integrity.

Treatment of the data

The researcher will tabulate and analyze the collected data

in order to ensure the strength and will check the accuracy. It

aims to analyze the factors that affect the work performance of

BS criminology interns in Baguio Central University. By

examining the data, we can fain insights into the various

factors that contribute to heir performance and identify

potential areas for improvement.

Relative value Statistical limits Descriptive

equivalent
5 4.50-5.00 Excellent (E)
4 3.50-4.49 Very good (VG)
3 2.50-3.49 Good (G)
2 1.50-2.49 Fair (F)
1 1.00-1.49 Poor (P)
Table 1. The level of Performances of Criminology Interns on

their On-the-Job Training.

Excellent – They have exceptional mastery and knowledgeable to

the questions asked.

Very good – They have mastery and understanding about the

questions asked.

Good – They have a quite a knowledge about the questions asked.

Fair – They have a slight knowledge about the questions asked.

Poor – They don’t have enough knowledge about the questions

asked.

Relative value Statistical limits Descriptive

equivalent
5 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)
4 3.50-4.49 Agree (A)
3 2.50-3.49 Not Sure (NS)
2 1.50-2.49 Disagree (D
1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree
(SD)
Table 2. The Contributing Factors Affecting the Performance of

Crim Interns.

Strongly Agree - they completely agreed to the questions asked.

Agree - they agree to the questions asked.

Not sure - they Neither Agree nor disagree to the questions

asked.

Disagree - they disagreed to the questions asked.

Strongly disagree – They totally disagreed to the questions

asked.
Ethical Considerations

Informed consent. Ensure that all participants, including

BS Criminology interns, understand the purpose and nature of the

study and willingly provide their consent to participate.

Confidentiality. Safeguard the privacy and confidentiality

of the participants by anonymizing their data and ensuring only

authorized personnel have access to the information.

Voluntary participation. Allow participants to withdraw

from the study any time without facing any negative consequences

or repercussions.

The researchers can conduct a study on the factors

affecting the work performance of BS Criminology interns in

Baguio Central University in a manner, while safeguarding the

rights and well-being of the participants.

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