INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Definition

Reason for Industrial Revolution

New inventions which helped in Industrial Revolution

Why did the Industrial Revolution 1st Started in England

Impact of Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution in Germany, USA, Japan

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution means transition to new manufacturing processes
involving use of machines, steam power, coal

Industrial Revolution can be characterized by production of commodities on a

large scale in huge factory system

Industrial Revolution 1st started in England in the 18th century and then spread
to Europe & USA in the 19th Century

Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of

employment, value of output and capital invested
 REASON FOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1) Development in the agriculture sector

2) Geographical exploration, discoveries and the resultant Commercial

Revolution

3) Emergence of wealthy merchant class provided the financial resources

necessary to invest in new technologies and industrial ventures

4) Imperialism and Colonialism

5) Scientific Revolution and new innovations such as the spinning jenny, water
frame, and later the steam engine
6) Population Growth and Urbanization: Population growth and migration from
rural areas to cities fueled the expansion of the labor force, providing the
manpower needed for industrial production

7) Transportation and Infrastructure: The development of canals, roads, and

later railways facilitated the movement of goods and people, enabling the
growth of markets and industries
 NEW INVENTIONS WHICH HELPED IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was propelled by a series of major inventions and
technological innovations. Some of the key inventions that played significant
roles in the Industrial Revolution include:

1) Spinning Jenny (1764): Invented by James Hargreaves, the Spinning Jenny

was a multi-spindle spinning frame that revolutionized the textile industry by
enabling the simultaneous spinning of multiple threads, increasing
productivity and efficiency in yarn production.
2) Water Frame (1769): Developed by Richard Arkwright, the Water Frame was
a spinning machine powered by water, which allowed for continuous
spinning of yarn, further advancing textile manufacturing and paving the way
for the factory system.

3) Steam Engine (late 18th century): James Watt's improvements to the steam
engine, including the separate condenser, greatly enhanced its efficiency and
reliability. Steam engines powered machinery in factories, locomotives,
steamboats, and various industrial applications, driving the Industrial
Revolution forward by providing a reliable and versatile source of power.
4) Cotton Gin (1793): Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin mechanized the
process of separating cotton fibers from seeds, dramatically increasing the
efficiency of cotton production and spurring the expansion of cotton
cultivation in the Southern United States.

5) Spinning Mule (1779): Developed by Samuel Crompton, the Spinning Mule

combined features of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame, allowing for
the high-speed spinning of finer yarns. The Spinning Mule revolutionized the
textile industry and contributed to the automation of spinning processes.
6) Steam Locomotive (early 19th century): The development of steam-powered
locomotives, pioneered by engineers like George Stephenson, revolutionized
transportation by enabling the rapid movement of goods and people over
long distances. Steam locomotives facilitated the growth of railways and
played a crucial role in industrial expansion and urbanization.

7) Telegraph (1837): Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph revolutionized

long-distance communication by enabling the rapid transmission of messages
over electrical wires. The telegraph facilitated business transactions, news
dissemination, and coordination of transportation and logistics, contributing
to the globalization of commerce and communication.
Spinning jenny
Spinning mule
Watt steam engine
Steamboat
 Why did the Industrial Revolution 1st Started in England

Economic Reasons Political Socio-Cultural

 Why did the Industrial Revolution 1st Started in England
Economic Reasons
1) Agricultural Revolution and generation of Agro surplus in Britain. Generation of Agro
surplus was mainly due to:
i. Enclosure Movement
ii. Improved irrigation and farming methods

2) Commercial Revolution of 16th & 17th Century which generated surplus capital at the
hands of British Bourgeoisie

3) Availability of Coal and Iron mines in Britain

4) Better means of transport especially riverine network

 Political Reasons
1) Political stability prevailing in Britain after Glorious Revolution

2) Favorable Laws like Property Rights act, Patent act was enacted by British
govt

3) Britain had colonies across world which served as source of raw material and
market for finished goods

4) Napoleonic wars and continental system pushed Britain towards self reliance
 Socio-Cultural Reasons
1) Population Growth in Britain which increased demand for industrial goods as
well as ensured greater supply of labour force to factories

2) Protestant Work Ethics prevailing among British people

3) The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution

 Impact of Industrial Revolution

Positive Impact Negative Impact

Economic Political Social

 NEGATIVE IMPACTS
1) Poor working condition like long working hours, low wage, lack of job security,etc

2) Poor living condition in urban towns like overcrowding, lack of sanitation facilities,
drinking water

3) Proliferation of Child labor & Poor conditions of female workers

4) Rise in income inequality

5) Environmental impact
Rise in pollution
Degradation of Nature-Rivers,Lakes,Forests,etc
Unsustainable extraction of natural resources
 ECONOMIC IMPACTS

1) Massive Increases in Productivity: The introduction of machinery and

mechanized processes revolutionized production, leading to significant
increases in productivity and efficiency across various industries. This surge in
productivity enabled the production of goods on a scale previously
unimaginable, driving economic growth and prosperity

2) Expansion of Industries: The Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of

industries such as textiles, iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, and
transportation. Factories replaced traditional artisanal methods of production,
leading to the concentration of workers and capital in urban areas
3) Rise of Urbanization: As industries expanded, rural populations migrated to
urban centers in search of employment opportunities in factories and mills.
This mass migration fueled urbanization, leading to the rapid growth of cities
and towns. Urban centers became hubs of economic activity, commerce, and
innovation

4) Formation of Capitalism: The Industrial Revolution played a pivotal role in the

development of capitalist economic systems. The rise of industrial capitalism
was characterized by private ownership of the means of production, profit
motive, free markets, and competition. Capital accumulation and investment
in industrial enterprises became driving forces of economic activity.
5) Technological Advancements & New inventions: Innovations such as the
steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, and mechanized agriculture
transformed production processes and catalyzed industrialization

6) Development in Banking & Financial System

7) Growth of trade worldwide

 POLITICAL IMPACTS
1) Rise of Capitalism and Liberalism: The Industrial Revolution fueled the rise of
capitalism and the spread of liberal ideologies

2) Labor Movements and Socialism: The harsh working conditions, exploitation of labor,
and inequalities brought about by industrialization spurred the emergence of labor
movements, socialist and communist ideologies

3) Nationalism and Imperialism: Industrialization fostered the growth of nationalist

sentiments and imperial ambitions among industrialized nations. Economic
prosperity, technological advancements, and military power enabled industrial
nations to assert dominance domestically and expand their influence globally through
imperialism and colonialism
4) Government Regulation and Welfare Policies: The adverse social
consequences of industrialization, including urban overcrowding, pollution,
and poverty, prompted governments to enact regulatory measures and social
welfare policies. Legislation addressing labor conditions, public health,
education, and social services aimed to mitigate the negative impacts of
industrialization and improve the well-being of citizens.
 SOCIAL IMPACTS

1) New Social classes emerged like Capitalist, workers ,shopkeepers, bank

clerks, insurance agents, merchants, accountants, managers, doctors,
lawyers, and Teachers

2) Liberation of women

3) Attack on slavery system

 2ND PHASE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (After 1850s)

USA

Germany

Japan
 INDUSTRIALIZATION IN GERMANY (After 1850s)
German industrialization was driven by a combination of factors that
contributed to its rapid economic growth and transformation during the 2nd half
of 19th and early 20th centuries

Factors Responsible for German Industrialization:

1) Unification of Germany that enabled Political stability & Reduced tariff

barrier between different German states

2) Threat of France made Germany to become industrial powerhouse

3) Availability of Natural Resources: Germany possessed abundant natural
resources, including coal, iron ore, and timber, which provided the essential
raw materials for industrial production. The discovery and exploitation of
coal deposits in the Ruhr region, in particular, fueled the growth of heavy
industry.

4) Government Support: The German government played an active role in

promoting industrialization through policies that supported economic
development, investment in infrastructure, and protectionist measures.
Tariffs and trade policies protected domestic industries from foreign
competition and promoted the growth of domestic manufacturing.
5) Infrastructure Development: The construction of an extensive network of
railways, canals, and roads facilitated the transportation of goods and
materials, linking industrial centers with raw material sources and domestic
and international markets. The expansion of transportation infrastructure
played a crucial role in the growth of trade and industrialization.

6) Banking and Finance: Germany's well-developed banking and financial

system provided capital for industrial investment and entrepreneurship. The
emergence of joint-stock companies, Credit Banks facilitated the
mobilization of capital for industrial expansion and innovation.
7) Technological Innovation: German industrialization was characterized by a
culture of innovation and scientific discovery. The establishment of research
institutes, such as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of
Science, fostered collaboration between academia and industry and
promoted research and development in various fields, including chemistry,
engineering, and metallurgy
Difference in industrialization between Germany & England
Germany England

Late to start but catched up quickly First one to start industrialization

Central government’s role was greater Government’s role was limited

Threat of Neighbor No such threat

Chemical,Electrical,Steel & war material Textile industry dominant

industry dominant

Difference in Banking(Few big banks called Smaller banks were larger in Number
Credit Banks played important role)
Difference in industrialization between Germany & England
Germany England

Focus on technical education No such specific focus

Role of railways was more important in

Germany compared to Britain
 INDUSTRIALIZATION IN JAPAN
Japanese Industrialization started in 1870s after Restoration of Meiji Emperor

By 1930s Japan become a highly industrialized nation

 Japanese Industrialization can be delineated through several key phases and

factors:

1. Early Development (Late 19th Century): Japan's industrialization began in

the late 19th century during the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912). The
government initiated policies aimed at modernizing and industrializing the
country to catch up with Western powers.
2) Government-Led Industrialization: The Meiji government played a central
role in Japan's industrialization through its policy of government-led
development. It invested in infrastructure, established state-owned
enterprises, and promoted industries such as textiles, shipbuilding, and steel
production.

3) Adoption of Western Technologies and Practices: Japan actively sought

knowledge and expertise from Western countries, sending scholars and
students abroad to study science, technology, and industrial practices. This
facilitated the transfer of Western technology and expertise to Japan.
4) Education and Human Capital Development: The government invested in
education to create a skilled workforce capable of supporting
industrialization. The establishment of universities and technical schools
provided the necessary human capital for industrial development.

5) Land Reforms: Land reforms in Japan redistributed land from the samurai
class to farmers, leading to increased agricultural productivity and surplus
labor available for industrial work

6) Infrastructure Development: The government invested in building

infrastructure such as railways, telegraph lines, and ports to facilitate the
movement of goods and people across the country
7) Financial Support: Financial institutions were established to provide funding
for industrial development. The establishment of a national bank and a
modern banking system facilitated access to capital for entrepreneurs and
businesses.

8) Export-Led Growth: Japan adopted a strategy of export-led growth, focusing

on producing goods for export markets. This strategy helped Japan earn
foreign exchange, acquire technology, and stimulate industrial growth.

9) Role of Zaibatsu: Large business conglomerates known as zaibatsu played a

significant role in Japan's industrialization by investing in key industries such
as banking, manufacturing, and trading.
Unique case of Japan Industrialization process compared to Western Nation

1) State played dominant role (state-led industrialization)

i. Bank of Japan established

ii. Government inaugurated a new Western-based education system.

Universities and technical schools on Western lines were founded
iii. Government built railroads and improved roads

iv. Ministry of industry was created in 1870 to operate certain industries

2) Private Entity was limited

3) Low availability of Raw material

4) Japan was Backward compared to western countries at the start of
Industrialization

5) Lack of Colonies