The Formula Sheet for DIGITAL SAT Math
These formulas are provided in the reference information at the beginning of each SAT math section:
Area of a Circle: A = π r2 Volume of a Rectangular Prism (Box): V = lwh
Circumference of a Circle: C = 2π r Volume of a Cylindar: V = π r 2h
Area of a Rectangle: A = lw 4 3
Volume of a Sphere: V = πr
1 3
Area of a Triangle: A = bh
2 1 2
Volume of a Cone: V = πr h
3
Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b 2 =
c2
Special Right Triangles: 1
Volume of a Pyramid: V = lwh
3
Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages: (for this section, r is the percent in decimal form)
part Increase by a percent: multiply by (1 + r )
Fraction =
whole
Decrease by a percent: multiply by (1 − r )
part
percent = Simple Interest: =
A P(1 + rt )
100
Interest Compounded Annually: =
A P(1 + r ) t
Percent Increase or Decrease:
old − new Interest Compounded n times per year:
×100%
old r
nt
=
A P 1 +
n
Exponents, Roots, & Polynomials:
−b 1
Multiplication Rule for Exponents: ab + c
ab ⋅ a c =
Negative Exponents: a =
ab
ab
( a)
b b
Division Rule for Exponents: = ab − c Fractional Exponents: a c = a or
c b c
ac
(a )
c
Power Rule for Exponents:
b
= abc
( ) ( )
2 2
Perfect Square Trinomial: a + 2ab + b = a + b and a − 2ab + b = a − b
2 2 2 2
Difference of Squares: a − b = (a + b)(a − b)
2 2
2 2
b b
Completing the Square: x + bx + = x +
2
2 2
Systems of Linear Equations
One solution: The lines intersect No solutions: The lines intersect Infinite Solutions: The lines
at one point. nowhere. intersect at infinite points (they
If the slopes of two lines are If the slopes of two lines are the are overlapping lines).
different. same (they are parallel) but the If the slopes and y-intercepts
y-intercept is different. are the same for both lines.
Parabolas:
Standard Form: f ( x ) = ax + bx + c ; Discriminant = b − 4 ac ; Pos=2 real roots Zero=
2 2
1 real root; Neg=2 imaginary roots
b b
vertex= − ,f − ; Factored Form: f ( x ) =a( x − m)( x − n) ;
2a 2a
x-intercepts are m and n;
y-intercept = c;
m+n
x-coordinate of vertex =
−b ± b2 − 4ac 2
x-intercepts =
2a
Vertex Form: f ( x ) = a( x − h) + k ;
2
−b
Sum of solutions =
a vertex = (h, k )
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Systems of Linear Inequalities
y ≤ 3x + 1 y > -x + 2 y ≤ 3x + 1 and y > -x + 2 graphed together.
The solution is the overlapping region.
Data and Probability:
sum _ of _items =
range maximum −minimum
average =
number _ of _items
desired _outcomes
probability =
median = middle _number possible _outcomes
Strong positive Weaker positive No association Weaker negative Strong negative
association association association association
Data Set A has a larger standard deviation than
Data Set B since the values are spread farther
from the mean in general for Data Set A than for
Data Set B.
Sample Size: For SAT, a sample size of 30 is considered large enough to make accurate calculations for any
size population. Still, the larger the sample, the more accurate the statistics are that can be calculated from it.
Graphing Lines:
y 2 − y1 Standard Form: Ax + By =
C
Slope Formula: m =
x2 − x1
Slope-Intercept Form:=
y mx + b
Slope of horizontal line = 0
Point-Slope Form: y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
Slope of vertical line = undefined
Distance Formula: d= ( x2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2
x1 + x2 y1 + y 2
Midpoint Formula: M = ,
2 2
Parallel lines: equal slopes
⊥ Lines: slopes are opposite reciprocals
Similar Triangles
Angles:
Vertical ∠’ s are ≅ ∠’ s that form a circle add up to 360°
∠’s that form a linear pair are supplementary (add When ∥ lines are cut by a transversal, all acute ∠’ s
up to 180°) are ≅ and all obtuse ∠’ s are ≅
Triangles:
The three ∠’ s of a ∆ add up to 180° Pythagorean Triples: 3-4-5 and 5-12-13
An exterior ∠ is equal to the sum of the two
remote interior ∠’ s
Circles:
A radius and tangent make a right ∠ A central ∠ is double the inscribed ∠
x arc x sec tor
= and = where x = central angle
360 circumference 360 area _ of _ circle
Formula for a Circle: ( x − h) + (y − k ) =
2 2 2
r , where (h,k) is the center and r is the radius
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Polygons: (for this section, n is the number of sides) Properties of Parallelogram
1 1. Opp sides are ∥ and ≅
Area of a trapezoid: (b1 + b2 )h
2
2. Opp ∠’ s are ≅
Sum of the interior angles: 180(n − 2)
3. Consec ∠’s are supplementary
Sum of the exterior angles: 360° 4. Each diagonal forms a pair of ≅∆’s
5. Diagonals bisect each other
If they are ≅ it is a rectangle
If they are ⊥ it is a rhombus
6. = base × height
Area
Trigonometry:
opp adj opp
sin = cos = tan = 360°=2π radians
hyp hyp adj
=
sin( x ) cos(90 − x ) The sine of an ∠ is equal to the cosine of its complement.
Parent Graphs & Transformations:
y=x y= x y = x2 y = x3 y = ax y= x
Transformation Visual effect
f (x) + k Shift up by k units
f (x) − k Shift down by k units
f ( x + h) Shift left by h units
f ( x − h) Shift right by h units
−f ( x ) Reflect over the x axis (flip upside down)
cf ( x ) Stretch vertically by a factor of c (becomes skinnier)
1 Shrink vertically by a factor of c (becomes fatter)
f (x)
c
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