Reproduction FRAGMENTATION - breaking of the body into two parts with
subsequent regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation,
and the part is big enough, a separate individual will regrow.
Sexual Reproduction - In many sea stars, asexual reproduction is accomplished by
- It is the combination of (usually haploid) reproductive cells from two fragmentation. A figure illustrates a sea star for which an arm of the
individuals to form a third (usually diploid) unique offspring. Sexual individual is broken off and regenerates a new sea star.
reproduction produces offspring with novel combinations of genes. Fragmentation also occurs in annelid worms, turbellarians, and
poriferans.
Hermaphroditism
- It occurs in animals where one individual has both male and female
reproductive parts.
- May self-fertilize or may mate with another of their species,
fertilizing each other and both producing offspring.
- Self-fertilization is common in animals that have limited mobility or
are not motile.
Asexual Reproduction
- Produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent PARTHENOGENESIS - Where an egg develops into a complete
because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
- Produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species.
because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. Ex. Rotifers, water flees, stick insect, wasp & bee.
FISSION - Also called binary fission, occurs in prokaryotic
microorganisms and in some vertebrates, multi-celled organisms.
After a period of growth, an organism splits into two separate
organisms.
BUDDING - results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body
region leading to a separation from the original organism into two
individuals.
- Final step in digestion is the elimination of undigested food
Nutrition and Energy Production content and waste product.
HOW DO ANIMALS OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY?
CLASSIFICATIONS:
Herbivores – Plant eaters
- Frugivores – Fruit-eaters
- Granivores – Seed-eaters
- Nectivores – Nectar Feeders
- Folivores – Leaf eaters
Carnivore – Meat eaters
- Obligate Carnivores – Rely on animal flesh
- Facultative Carnivore – Also eat non-animal food in addition to
animal food
Omnivores – Eat both plant and animals. To eat everything.
Process of Obtaining Nutrition and Energy
1. Ingestion
- The act of taking in food
- Tongue, teeth, and saliva play important role in mastication
- Food is mechanically broken down, the enzymes in saliva begin to
chemically process the food as well.
2. Digestion
- Mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic
fragments.
- Large, complex molecules of proteins, polysaccharides , and lipids
must be reduced to simpler particles before they can be absorbed
by the digestive epithelial cells.
- The animal diet needs carbohydrates, protein, and fat, as well as
vitamins and inorganic components for nutritional balance.
3. Absorption
- The process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by
the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body.
4. Elimination
