DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
MID-LA UNION CAMPUS
City of San Fernando, La Union
College of Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education
E-PORTFOLIO FOR TEACHING INTERNSHIP
LHEALYN R. DELALINGCO
DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
CATBANGEN, CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Major in English
MAY 2024
INTRODUCTION
Touching the hearts of people and opening the minds of children can give you
joy and contentment which money could not buy. This is a best thing a teacher can
treasure for life.
I am Lhealyn R. Delalingco, a student of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University Mid-La Union Campus, under the program Bachelor of Secondary Education
major in English.
I choose to become a teacher because I want to be a positive role model and
mentor to students. I want to guide and impart my knowledge to them so they would
develop essential skills such as creativity, empathy and effective communication that
will help to further develop and contribute their progress in the classroom or in the
society they belong.
Teaching is said to be the noblest profession of all. It requires great effort,
time and energy. With the diversity of the learners which is the most concern among
teachers in a classroom setting, future educators should fully equipped themselves
with knowledge , skills and strategies that can make the teaching and learning
process effectively. As a future educator, I will try my best to influence the life of
learners. Additionally, my experiences in the off-campus teaching internship made me
realize that teaching children requires patience, understanding and compassion.
Therefore, I believe that teaching is a profession that cannot be taken for granted,
sometimes it frustrating and exhausting, but these are taken away as you intended to
make the learners learn and grow. This will be the greatest reward you can receive as
a teacher.
Thus, I present this portfolio for you to read about my philosophy of teaching,
daily/weekly journals, experiences during my Off-Campus Practice Teaching Internship
and reflections on the Different Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST )
Domains. My goal is to show what I can do to be an effective teacher.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to convey my heartfelt gratitude to the people who have been so helpful
and very supportive to me in the success of my off-campus practice teaching.
To the ever-dynamic DEAN of the College of Education, Dr. Cedric Anthony E.
Ochoco, English Program Head, Dr. Vanessa P. Cayabyab, and ST Supervisors for their
invaluable efforts in making everything easy for us Student teachers especially during
our Pinning, Orientation, and final observation.
To Ma’am Taryn Kay Tabing, for appreciating my efforts during my final
teaching demonstration your words are forever craved inside my heart.
I also could not have undertaken this journey without my Cooperating Teacher,
Ms. Everleen Marie I. Callanta, who never hesitated to extend her hands just to
provide for my needs. Thank you ma'am for being generous, especially in imparting
knowledge. Your feedback meant a lot to my holistic growth.
I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, for their support in me in
uplifting my spirit in many ways. Their moral support impacted and inspired me to
strive hard, especially in my teaching internship. Without them, I could not possibly
fathom what my future would be.
To my co-student teachers with whom I knew we had a memorable time together.
Lastly, to our almighty Father, Jesus Christ for guiding me throughout my internship.
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. PERSONAL DATA
Name Lhealyn R. Delalingco
Address Upper Bimmotobot, Naguilian, La Union
Age 22
Gender Female
Civil Status Single
Birth date March 06, 2002
Religion Roman Catholic
Email Address
[email protected] Parents Name Elleo E. Delalingco
Jemalyn R. Delalingco
II. EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
Tertiary Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in English
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid-La Union Campus
Secondary Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL)
Cambaly National High School
Primary Cambaly Elementary School
PROFESSIONAL
READINGS
Investigating Linguistic Errors in English Composition: A Case Study of Non-English
Department EFL Undergraduate Students
International Journal of Education and Practice, v5 n9 p146-154 2017
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating linguistic errors committed by students
majoring in Non-English Department in writing English composition. A total of 20 first
year students at Economic College IBBI Medan who have taken an English subject
course were involved in this study. Their compositions were analyzed for the purpose
of scrutinizing linguistic errors they made. In analyzing the data, this study adopted
Hubbard (1996) classification of errors including grammatical, syntactic, substance,
and lexical errors. The results of data analysis discovered that students committed
352 errors in their compositions with the following frequencies: 82 errors in
propositions, 32 errors in tenses, 29 errors in articles, 48 errors in subject verb
agreements, 37 errors in word order, 17 errors in capitalization, 21 errors in
punctuation, 28 errors in spelling, and 58 errors in word choice. Hence, it is
concluded that the most difficult linguistic error that students face is prepositions,
while the easiest part of linguistic error that poses difficulty for students is
capitalization.
Insights
Investigating linguistic errors is a crucial aspect of understanding language
acquisition and proficiency. It involves analyzing the mistakes made by language
learners to identify patterns and underlying causes of these errors. Thus, the analysis
of linguistic errors can provide valuable information for language educators to tailor
their teaching methods and improve language instruction effectiveness.
Understanding the types of errors and the impact of feedback can lead to better
strategies for helping learners overcome their linguistic challenges.
Overall, I can say that the participants in this study have problems in acquiring
normal grammatical rules in English as they are from Non-English Department.
However, the results of this study help teachers to reflect on their students ‟ writing
and teach some of the above-mentioned aspects to improve students ‟ writing in
English.
Reference
Manik, S., Purba, N. (2017). Investigating Linguistic Errors in English Composition: A
Case Study of Non-English Department EFL Undergraduate Students. Retrieved
from https://eric.ed.gov/?q=composition+errors&id=EJ1209952
Improving Students’ English Spelling Ability Through Activity-Based Teaching-
Learning for Standard VII: An Action Research
Spicer Adventist University Research Articles Journal 1(2)
Abstract
This paper’s problem is improving the spelling ability of Standard VII students
of a selected Higher Secondary School in Pune. The primary reasons behind the low
ability of spelling highlighted by teachers of the English language are 1. Irregularities
in classes/guidance/practice during covid-19 related periods, 2. Lack of interest in
practicing spelling due to online and limited classes, and 3. Lack of motivation to
work on spelling at home. Studies on improving spelling include Language games,
storytelling, activity-based learning, specialized guidance, and so forth. The research
methodology consists of identifying an issue with spelling ability, planning ac-
activities to improve spelling, implementing/action, and checking the effectiveness of
the activities by reflecting on the results. The researcher conducted activities with
the help of school teachers. The researcher used activities like word breaks, word
journals, personal dictionaries, and dictation with test scores to interpret results. For
analyzing data, the researcher used test scores and compared them with two
situations, pre-test and post-test conditions of an experiment. Activities implemented
were found beneficial to increase interest in getting essential skills in English like
spelling and confirmed by the results. Similarly, this study showed significant
improvement in spelling using activity-based teaching-learning.
Insights
Improving students’ English spelling ability through activity-based teaching-
learning is a topic of significant interest in the field of education. Based on what I
have read on the research paper, I noticed that s incorporating activities such as
games, journals and the use of personal dictionaries can make learning spelling more
engaging and effective. Thus, this insight highlight the importance of a dynamic and
interactive approach to teaching spelling, which not only improves spelling ability but
also fosters a more enjoyable and motivating learning environment for students.
Reference
Chakkalathy, J., Mahamuni, A. (2022). Improving Students English Spelling Ability
Through Activity-Based Teaching-Learning for Standard VII: An Action Research.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367096185_Improving_Students’_En
glish_Spelling_Ability_Through_Activity-Based_Teaching-
Learning_for_Standard_VII_An_Action_Research
Spelling Interventions for Students Who Show Signs of Dyslexia
Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research, v22 n2 Article 3 May 2020
Abstract
This action research examines the impact of spelling interventions for students
who show signs of dyslexia. The action research also shows how using growth mindset
can help students with characteristics typical of low self-esteem. Students learned a
new spelling pattern weekly and a growth mindset lesson to teach students how to
have a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset related to spelling skills. A pre-
spelling inventory test and a post-spelling inventory test were compared to see that
word study activities help students remember specific spelling patterns.
Insights
Spelling skills are fundamental to the educational journey of every student.
While it may be tempting to dismiss spelling as a mere technicality, it serves as an
essential building block for academic success. Accurate spelling is not merely about
adhering to grammatical rules; it is the gateway to effective communication, reading
comprehension, and writing proficiency. A fundamental link exists between spelling
and literacy. Proficiency in spelling is inherently intertwined with the ability to read
and write fluently. When students struggle with spelling, their overall literacy
development may be impeded. As they encounter unfamiliar words in reading
materials, poor spelling skills hinder their comprehension and fluency, detracting from
the reading experience.
Spelling interventions serve as a beacon of support for individuals grappling
with spelling difficulties, offering structured pathways toward mastery of language
intricacies. They encapsulate a holistic approach, intertwining multisensory
techniques, explicit instruction, and personalized support to cater to diverse learning
needs. By fostering a nurturing environment of regular practice, constructive
feedback, and integration with broader literacy activities, these interventions not
only cultivate spelling proficiency but also instill a sense of empowerment and
resilience in learners. Beyond the classroom, they spark a ripple effect, engaging
families and communities in the journey toward linguistic mastery. Through diligent
monitoring, adjustments, and long-term support, spelling interventions pave the way
for enduring growth, equipping learners with invaluable tools to navigate the written
word with confidence and proficiency.
WEEKLY JOURNALS
Week 1
This week was full of excitement, at the same time I felt very nervous as I enter
another challenge that test my patience, passion and dedication in teaching. This
week, together with my co-practice teachers, we deployed at Pagudpud Integrated
School as part of our teaching internship. At first, I was totally very nervous since I
will encounter new environment and people. But afterwards, meeting them was
totally fine since they are so kind, considerate and caring about us. The principal and
the faculty members treat us fairly and guide us to know more about the school,
students and the way of teaching.
In addition, this week serve as our observation days to our cooperating teacher
classes. They told us to observe their class, for us to incorporate the appropriate
teaching strategy that suits the students learning abilities. Most importantly, they
require us to observe their classes for us to get to know the students, so that we can
build a strong relationship that is very important in improving communication skills.
Week 2
My second week is quite different as it is the start of our demonstration teaching
and making of lesson plans. It is quite difficult as I encountered some challenges that
requires patience and dedication. I was tasked to make my first lesson plan and I felt
very nervous since it is my first time to make lesson plan using the DepEd format. But
due to the guidance of my cooperating teacher, I made my lesson well and I am proud
to my self.
In addition, my second week in completing my teaching internship was a quite a
journey since there are a lot of things to do. In here, I completed two hours
demonstration teaching everyday, monitoring and recording the students activities
and making another lesson plans about the topics that need to be discussed for the
upcoming week.
Week 3
My third week in teaching internship was almost the same with the past weeks. In
here, I am required to teach two hours everyday, monitor and record the student
activities and making lesson plans. Additionally, my cooperating teacher required me
to facilitate her advisory class because she will need to attend an important meeting.
In addition, my third week is quite challenging as I also tasked by my cooperating
to conduct a review session to students about our previous topic for their upcoming
examination.
Week 4
My fourth week is also challenging one as this is the examination week of the
students. My cooperating teacher required us, together with my co-practice teachers
under her supervision to facilitate and monitor the students during their examination.
At first I felt very nervous at the same time happy since our cooperating teacher gave
us an opportunity to handle a class during an examination. During examination, some
students are noisy and seems distracted by their classmates and I tried my very best
to let them stay focused on what they are doing.
In addition to that, this week together with my fellow student teachers, we are
required to participate in general cleaning of the school. Also, monitoring every
classroom if they are properly cleaned by the students before they went home. This
week is quite tiring but gave me experiences that I can used to improve my
socialization and communication skills.
Week 5
My fifth week is quite normal as I go back to the usual things that I do for the past
few weeks especially in making lesson plans, power point presentation and
demonstration teaching. It actually felt good and helped me grow in confidence in my
classroom management and planning activities. Additionally, I got to know the
students a lot better and they are definitely becoming more at ease with me.
In addition to that, I am also tasked by my cooperating teacher to monitor the
Grade 8 students as they conduct NLC (National Learning Camp) test. This week was
by far the most concentrated and busy I have had. But the great thing is that my
cooperating teacher told me that I have the presence and authority in the classroom
and I don’t always feel about it, but this is something I need to be aware and strive to
improve a lot better.
Week 6
My sixth week is quite different as I am starting to be more proactive in my day-to-
day classroom duties. I’m getting to used in making lesson plans and instructional
materials that I need for my demonstration teaching. I am starting to experience the
different roles of a teacher inside and outside the classroom and I am becoming more
at ease with this. Additionally, I am more becoming close and familiar with the
students which is actually good in teaching and learning process.
In addition, my cooperating teacher keeps reminding me that familiarity with the
subject matter comes with experience and I should not forget about this as it would
help me to grow and develop teaching skills.
Week 7
My seventh week is a normal week of making lesson plans and instructional
materials that are needed for my demonstration teaching. Also, this week I continue
recording the scores of the students using their submitted activities. Additionally,
within this week I felt that I have made good connections with most of the students.
They are more paying attention during my discussion and I am very happy that some
of the students who are very noisy in the classroom responded well to me.
Therefore, I would try to give all of my best to create and make my lessons more
engaging and interactive. Thus, this week gave me a great confidence and I have gone
from being stranger in the classroom to someone who the students have confidence to
teach them and lead them through the course material.
Week 8
I have been really paying attention within this week on how my students receive my
lessons. I am trying to observe if they truly understand what I have teach to them. I
am really surprised that most of them told me that they understand my lesson well
and I am very happy about it. Additionally, this week I’ve been completing the
requirements that my cooperating teacher asked me to submit especially ECR since
my teaching internship almost ends.
In addition, this week made me realize that as a student teacher my internship is
giving me a taste of what a full-time teacher deals with everyday. Although, it is hard
to maintain focus as things are coming to an end, I must always be determined to
maintain focus and professionalism.
Week 9
This is the last week of my teaching internship at Pagudpud Integrated School.
I’ve realized many things to become an effective teacher. The knowledge and
experience I gained will serve as my guide to improve my teaching skills. All I can say
is that I have enjoyed my teaching experience. It has been difficult, exhausting,
frustrating, rewarding and fun.
Therefore, the days, weeks and months I spent in Pagudpud Integrated School
is a whole new experience. The concepts, ideas, theories that I learned in class was
put into practice and I tried a lot of teaching techniques in my classes to find the best
teaching style for me and I’m glad that I learned a lot. It was fun and challenging
experience. Learning from my cooperating teacher is a great honor, even the other
teachers and my fellow student teachers have been part of my growth. I deeply
appreciate and value the support everyone has given me, thanks to them that I gained
and develop myself as a better individual and as an aspiring teacher in the future.
EXPERIENCES
Teaching is one of the most important profession as it imparts knowledge and
influence the lives of every learners. During my teaching internship at Pagudpud
Integrated School, I experience a lot of things that I can use to further develop my
ability to teach and to communicate with other people. Additionally, I have learned
that making mistakes is part of the process as you will learn from it. With being
honest about my mistakes and imperfections, I was able to also form a stronger
connections with the students.
In my first teaching session, I was really nervous at the same time little shy
meeting the students, but my cooperating teacher told me that being confident is the
key in building a good relationship with the students. Thus, I really tried my best to
communicate with them and for me to be more comfortable in teaching and sharing
knowledge or information that students can use to improve their understanding or
academic achievement. Although, there are still things that needs improvement on
my teaching ability, I am willing to adapt and change for the better.
Furthermore, experiencing these things with the help and guidance of my
cooperating teacher is a great opportunity to develop my knowledge and skills in
teaching. My cooperating taught me a lot especially in making lesson plans and
instructional materials that are engaging and interactive so that students can actively
participate with my class discussion. She also told me create a classroom environment
where students can feel secured, respected, and valued. The most important thing is
that students should be treated fairly.
Overall, I have really enjoyed my student teaching experience despite all of its
hardships and challenges. Moreover, it has been a great opportunity to gain knowledge
and skills from the professionals. Their courage to help and guidance during our
teaching internship is much appreciated as they exert their time and effort to teach
us. With their help and guidance, I was be able to apply teaching strategies or
techniques that could improve the academic performance of the students and also for
the improvement of my professional development as a teacher.
EVIDENCES
REFLECTIONS ON
THE DIFFERENT
PHILIPPINE
PROFESSIONAL
STANDARDS FOR
TEACHERS (PPST)
DOMAINS
DOMAIN 1, CONTENT
KNOWLEDGE AND
PEDAGOGY
This domain help me to recognize that mastery of content knowledge is very
important in teaching. As a future educator, we need to be knowledgeable about the
different topics or lesson that we are going to discuss. We need to make sure that
students can learn information effectively. Additionally, the content of the lesson
must be aligned to the curriculum area, in order to make the teaching and learning
process more engaging and interactive.
Therefore, as a future teacher, I realized how important to understand and to be
knowledgeable in every lesson you are going to teach, as it would help students to
improve their academic performance. Thus, this domain guide me to know what and
how to teach. It helps me to make lessons that is suitable to students interests, needs
and strengths. Most importantly, this domain made me realize to develop
instructional plans and materials that can greatly influence students understanding
and integrate research, classroom management, and use of language that can support
the teaching and learning process effectively.
DOMAIN 2,
LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
This domain made me realized to create a safe and inclusive classroom
environment in which every learners should feel respected, valued and secured. As a
future educator, considering the learning environment in teaching and learning
process is very important as it would motivate learners to work productively.
Additionally, creating environment that is engaging and interactive can lessen the
disruptive behavior of students.
Therefore, as a future educator, it made me realize that creating a safe and
conducive learning environment can give a big impact to students life. It helps them
to make interaction which is very important to develop effective communication and
in promoting their responsibility to improve their academic performance or
achievement. Thus, it is also very important to us, future educators, to effectively
manage and guide our students in their learning process. Most importantly, our main
goal is to demonstrate understanding of learning environment that promote fairness,
respect and care to encourage learning.
DOMAIN 3,
DIVERSITY OF
LEARNERS
This domain made me realized to consider the diversity among learners. We all
know that the teachers plays a crucial role in establishing learning environment that
are responsive to learners diversity. With my experiences as a practice teacher, I
encountered some problems within the diversity of the learners that can affect the
teaching and learning process. I learned that students has different needs, strengths
and interest when it comes in learning. As a future educator, it is my responsibility to
find the appropriate teaching materials and strategies that can cater their needs or
interests to improve their academic achievement.
Therefore, as a future teacher, knowing the background among learners can
help you to find the suitable teaching method or strategy that can help them to
develop knowledge and skills. Additionally, designing the lesson, creating instructional
materials, and exposing them to variety of activities and assessments can enhance
their level of academic performance. Thus, as a future educator, we must cater all
individual difference and promote inclusive learning so that a classroom can be more
engaging and interactive in providing knowledge and information.
DOMAIN 4,
CURRICULUM AND
PLANNING
This domain made me realized on how to create lesson plans and be able to
align teaching methods, learning activities, instructional materials or resources
appropriate to learners and objectives to the lesson. Additionally, applying
professional knowledge to plan and design a well structured lesson plan is very
important for the effectiveness of teaching and learning.
Therefore, as a future educator, preparing and creating lesson plan should meet
or aligned with the curriculum requirements to communicate learning goals that
supports learner participation, understanding and achievement. Additionally,
addressing the needs and interests of the learners by creating experiences from where
the students can learn is an effective way to create or plan a curriculum. Most
importantly, I will apply the principles of planning and management to design
engaging lessons that cater to diverse learning needs. By aligning learning outcomes
with competencies, I aim to foster meaningful learning experiences that empower
students to achieve academic success. Moreover, I will prioritize collaboration with
fellow educators to exchange ideas, share best practices, and continuously improve
teaching strategies. Integrating ICT and other resources effectively into my teaching
will enhance student engagement and promote deeper understanding of concepts.
Overall, I am committed to embracing Domain 4's principles to create dynamic
learning environments that inspire and empower my future students.
DOMAIN 5,
ASSESSMENT AND
REPORTING
This domain covers a range of essential elements educators in assessing student
progress, providing feedback, and communicating effectively with stakeholders. As
future educators, it's imperative to understand the significance of assessment in
facilitating student learning and growth. This domain involves designing, selecting,
and organizing assessment strategies tailored to meet the diverse needs of learners. It
also involves continuous monitoring and evaluation of student progress to identify
areas of improvement and provide timely feedback for enhancing learning outcomes.
Moreover, effective communication of learner needs, progress, and achievement to
key stakeholders, such as parents and administrators, fosters a collaborative approach
to support student success.
In my future profession as an educator, I will apply the principles of Domain 5 by
integrating a variety of assessment strategies aligned with learning objectives and
student needs. I will regularly monitor and evaluate student progress to identify
strengths and areas for improvement, providing constructive feedback to guide their
learning journey. Additionally, I will ensure transparent communication with parents
and other stakeholders, keeping them informed about student progress and addressing
any concerns promptly. Furthermore, I will utilize assessment data to inform
instructional practices, adapting teaching methods and curriculum to better meet the
needs of my students and promote continuous improvement in teaching and learning.
DOMAIN 6,
COMMUNITY
LINKAGES AND
PROFESSIONAL
ENGAGEMENT
This domain involves creating learning environments that are responsive to
community contexts, the engagement of parents and the wider school community in
the educative process, professional ethics, and adherence to school policies and
procedures.
As a future educator, I see Domain 6 as crucial in fostering holistic learning
experiences for students. Understanding the community context allows educators to
tailor their teaching methods and curriculum to better suit the needs and backgrounds
of their students. By actively involving parents and the wider school community,
educators can create a supportive network that enhances student learning and
development. Additionally, upholding professional ethics and adhering to school
policies and procedures not only ensures a safe and conducive learning environment
but also sets a positive example for students.
In my future profession, I plan to apply Domain 6 by actively engaging with the
community, collaborating with parents, and continuously reflecting on my professional
practice to uphold ethical standards and contribute to the overall improvement of the
education system. By prioritizing community linkages and professional engagement, I
aim to create a nurturing and inclusive learning environment that empowers students
to reach their full potential.
DOMAIN 7,
PERSONAL GROWTH
AND PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
This domain addresses essential elements important for educators growth and
effectiveness in their profession. It emphasizes the significance of constantly evolving
teaching philosophies, acknowledging the dignity of teaching as a profession,
nurturing professional connections with colleagues, practicing reflection to refine
teaching approaches, and establishing goals for professional development.
As a future educator, I recognize the significance of Domain 7 in shaping my
approach to teaching. I aim to develop a well-defined philosophy of teaching that
aligns with my values and beliefs, guiding my instructional strategies and interactions
with students. Moreover, I understand the importance of upholding the dignity of
teaching by valuing my profession, advocating for educational reforms, and
contributing to the broader educational community. Building professional links with
colleagues will be essential for collaboration, sharing best practices, and seeking
support when needed. Additionally, engaging in regular reflection on my teaching
practices and seeking opportunities for continuous learning will enable me to refine
my skills and improve student outcomes. Setting clear professional development goals
will further drive my growth as an educator, ensuring that I stay updated with current
pedagogical trends and technologies to meet the evolving needs of my students and
the education sector as a whole. Through these efforts, I aspire to cultivate a
fulfilling and impactful career dedicated to fostering student success and lifelong
learning.
TEACHING
PHILOSOPHY
My desire to provide high-quality instruction and have a good influence on
my future students lives is what lead me to choose a career in teaching.
Teaching is an extremely difficult job. As a future educator, to ensure that I can
g is responsibilities to the highest standard of excellence.
As a future educator, I believe that students are unique in their own way.
Thus, my goal is to support each student in realizing their full potential. I also
want them to express themselves by speaking up and being encouraged to
accept who they are and how different they are from others. Additionally, as a
future teacher, it is my responsibility to create a safe and inclusive classroom
environment where students can feel that they are valued and respected.
Being able to provide such a classroom can help them to develop collaboration
and communication skills that they can also use to improve their academic
performance. Most importantly, as a future teacher, knowing and understanding
the students can help to identify their strength and weaknesses and for you as
a teacher to find the appropriate way in dealing those weaknesses.
To conclude, in order for us to help our students grow and learn from us, we
need to be aware of their roles and have clear goals. We must always consider
the welfare of our students. As a future educator, I must remember that
teaching is a profession committed to knowledge acquisition, student
achievement, discipline and creating the best possible future.
APPENDICES A
