Ch: Life Processes Date:
Class: X Notes Name of Student……………
Life processes -The processes which together perform the maintenance job of all living organisms are
known as life processes.
•the process in which •the process of acquiring
an organism obtain its oxygen from outside the
food from outside of body and use to break
the body anf break down of food sources for
inside it into usable cellular needs
forms
Nutrition Respiration
Transportat
Excretion
ion
• the process of • the process which
removal of useless carries energy
materials (waste) from one organ to
from the body another
Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition
• It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored
forms of energy.
• In this organisms use simple food material obtained from inorganic sources in the form of carbon
dioxide and water
• These include green plants and some bacteria.
• Carbon and energy requirements of these organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis.
• This material is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
• Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant , which are not used immediately
• These carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to
be used as and when required by the plant.
• the food we eat is stored in our body in the form of glycogen.
Enzymes – bio catalysts that helps to fasten the biological process
Photosynthesis
The process by which autotrophs take in substances like carbon di oxide, water and and sunlight from the
outside and convert them into stored forms of energy like carbohydrates .
Equation 𝟔𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 − − − −−≻ 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 + 𝟔𝑶𝟐 + 𝟔𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Events in Photosynthesis
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
NOTE -These steps need not take place one after the other immediately. For example, desert plants take up
carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the
chlorophyll during the day.
In the leaf there are some cells contain green dots. These green dots are cell organelles called chloroplasts
which contain chlorophyll.
Activity -1 To check food formed by leaves contains starch or not
• The leaf is first boiled in water and then in alcohol solution so as to remove the chlorophyll present in the
leaf which makes the leaf colourless and alcohol solution turns green
• The leaf is stained with iodine solution in which green patches gives blue black colour due to presence of
[Link] the colourless patches does not give any colour
• Tiny pores present on the surface of the
leaves is called stomata .
• Massive amounts of gaseous exchange
takes place in the leaves through these pores for
the purpose of photosynthesis
• Exchange of gases occurs across the
surface of stems, roots and leaves as well.
• Since large amounts of water can also be
lost through these stomata, the plant closes
these pores when it does not need carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis. The opening and
closing of the pore is a function of the guard
cells. The guard cells swell when water flows
into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT CO2 IS NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Two plants are kept in dark and then placed in sunlight for 3-4 hours under a glass cover. In one plant a
petri dish with KOH solution is kept .after 3-4 hours leaf of both plants are plucked and tested for starch
• Conclusion – plant leaf without KOH solution shows the blue black colour whereas the plant with KOH
does not show this
• Result – CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis
Some important points
• Autotrophs need other raw materials for building their body. Water used in photosynthesis is taken up
from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants.
• Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium are taken up from the soil. Nitrogen is
an essential element used in the synthesis of proteins and other compounds.
• This is taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is taken up as organic compounds which
have been prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen
Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Saprotrophic Nutrition - Some organisms break-down the food material outside the body and then
absorb it. Examples are fungi like bread moulds, yeast and mushrooms.
• Holozoic Nutrition-Organisms take in whole material and break it down inside their bodies. Like cow,
human beings
• Parasitic Nutrition - Organisms derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them. This
parasitic nutritive strategy is used by a wide variety of organisms like cuscuta (amar-bel), ticks, lice,
leeches and tape-worms.
Nutrition in Amoeba
• In single-celled organisms, the food may be taken in by the entire surface.
But as the complexity of the organism increases, different parts become
specialised to perform different functions.
• Ingestion in Amoeba- it takes in food using temporary finger-like
extensions (pseudopodia- false feet) of the cell surface which fuse over the
food particle forming a food-vacuole.
• Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into
simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm.
• The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and
thrown out.
• In Paramoecium, which is also a unicellular organism, the cell has a definite shape and food is taken in
at a specific spot. Food is moved to this spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of
the cell.
•
