SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS
Aim: To understand the series and parallel connections.
Materials Required:
1. Incandescent Lamp- 230 V, 25 W (2pcs)
2. Lamp holder-230V, Level(2pcs)
3. Switch Box-4’’*4’’(4pcs)
4. 2-way switch(SPDT) -230V, 5A(1pc)
5. 1-way switch(SPST)-230V, 5A(1pc)
6. P.V.C casing capping-1/4’’
7. Wooden Board-4’’*3.5’’(1pc)
8. Wires(1 sq mm’’)
Tools Required: Screw driver, Wire stripper, Hacksaw, combination plier, driller
machine, electrical knife.
Procedure:
1. Take the sinusoidal voltage source and connect its positive terminal to one of
the terminals of the Lamp 1.
2. Connect the same terminal of the Lamp 1 to one of the variable ends of the
SPDT switch.
3. Connect the other end of the Lamp 1 to one of the ends of the Lamp 2.
4. Now connect the same end of the Lamp 2 to one of the ends of the SPST switch.
5. Then join the other end of the Lamp 2 to the remaining variable end of the
SPDT switch.
6. Connect the remaining end of the SPST switch to the fixed end of the SPDT
switch.
7. At last connect the fixed end of the SPDT switch to the negative terminal of the
sinusoidal voltage source.
Precautions
1. Energize the circuit with the presence of Lab instructor/ Faculty.
2. No part pf a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
3. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit.
4. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the experiment.
5. When disassembling the circuit, first remove the source of power.
6. Apply correct value of voltage in the circuit.
Observation
Condition Expected Conditions Observed Conditions
No.
S1 S2 L1 L2 S1 S2 L1 L2
1 ON 1 ON OFF ON 1 ON OFF
2 ON 2 ON OFF ON 2 ON OFF
3 OFF 1 OFF OFF OFF 1 OFF OFF
4 OFF 2 ON ON OFF 2 ON ON
Applications
1. It can be used to control the intensity with which each bulb is
lighting.
2. It may also help us to develop an efficient circuit and save power as
much as possible.
Result
Condition-1
Condition-2
Condition-3
Condition-4
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND
POWER
Aim: To measure the power and energy consumed by a single-phase load.
Materials Required:
1. Ammeter(0-10A)MI-1pc
2. Voltmeter(0-300V)MI-1pc
3. Wattmeter(300V, 10A, UPF)-1pc
4. Resistive load(5KW)-1pc
5. Wires(1 sq.mm)
Theory:
The watt-hour meter is an instrument used for measuring energy. As energy is the
product of power and time; the watt-hour meter must take into consideration both of
these factors. Induction type of energy meters are universally used for measurement of
energy in domestic and industrial AC circuits. The term testing includes the checking
of the actual registration of the meter as well as the adjustments done to bring the
errors of the meters within the prescribed limits.Direct loading method is similar to the
one explained in the calibration of wattmeter. Here a standard wattmeter is used for
comparing the values. When the capacity of a meter under test is high, a test with the
ordinary loading arrangements would involve a considerable waste of power. To avoid
this “phantom or fictitious” loading arrangements are employed. These consist in
supplying the pressure circuit from a circuit of the required normal voltage, and the
current circuit from a separate low voltage supply. This means that the total power
supplied for the test is that due to the small pressure coil current at normal voltage
plus that due to the load current at a low voltage and the total power is therefore only a
comparatively small amount.
Formula Used:
1. Actual power = W x Multiplication factor
Where W– Observed wattmeter reading
2. Apparent power = VI watts
3. Where V – Voltmeter reading I – Ammeter reading
4. Power Factor, cosØ = Actual Power / Apparent Power
5. True Energy = Wattmeter reading x time / 60 x 60 x 1000 kwh
6. Recorded energy = no of revolutions / Energy meter constant kWh
Procedure:
1. Take the sinusoidal voltage source and connect the positive
terminal to the positive terminal of the AC Ammeter.
2. Also connect positive end of the AC Voltmeter here at the same connection.
3. Then connect the negative end of the AC Ammeter to one of the coil
terminals of the Wattmeter.
4. Connect this same end of the AC Ammeter to the positive
end of the Wattmeter.
5. Connect the negative end of the Wattmeter to one of the terminals of
a given resistor.
6. Then connect the other end of the resistor to the remaining coil
terminal of the Wattmeter.
7. Now connect the negative terminal of the Wattmeter to the negative
terminal of the AC Voltmeter.
8. At last connect the negative end of the AC Voltmeter to the negative
end of the sinusoidal voltage source.
9. Now you are ready to take down the readings.
Precautions
1. Energize the circuit in the presence of Lab instructor / Faculty.
2. Auto transformer should be in minimum voltage position.
3. All the loads should be in ‘OFF’ position.
4. No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
5. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit.
6. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the experiment.
7. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
8. Apply the correct value of voltage in the circuit.
Observation
Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter
S. No Resistance reading(V)
reading(V) reading (W)
Ohms Volts Amps Watts
1. 10 163 16.3 MAX
2. 100 163 1.63 264
3. 200 163 0.81 132
4. 300 163 0.54 88.2
5. 500 163 0.33 52.9
Applications:
1. This circuit can be used to measure the voltage, current and power
across any given electronic device or circuit.
2. These can be used in systems where voltage and current values need
to be regulated in a particular pattern.
Result
Condition-1
Condition-2
Condition-3
Condition-4
Condition-5
