Heat Transfer
Convective heat transfer
Objectives
• Convection mechanism
• Velocity and Thermal boundary layers
• Axi-symmetric heat transfer
• None dimensional Numbers
• Newton Law of cooling
• Convection heat transfer
Convection Heat transfer
Viscous Buoyancy
Force Force
Convection
•It include both heat transfer from solid boundaries
into fluids and between two mixing streams of fluids
and the redistribution of internal energy within a fluid.
Fluid motion may be
induced by buoyancy
effects (natural or free
convection).
The fluid motion
may be 'forced'
by an external
source (forced
convection).
Natural convection from hand
Natural convection human body
Natural convection a burning candle
Buoyancy g
forces
Viscous
forces
Newton (1701) Law of cooling
= −hA (T − T )
Q f w
Where h is the heat transfer coefficient
(W/m2K)
A is the area of heat flow
Tw is the wall temperature
and Tf is the bulk fluid temperature
This equation defines the heat transfer coefficient.
Boiling, water
Boiling, organic liquids
Condensation, water vapour
Condensation, organic vapours
Liquid metals, forced convection
Water, forced convection
Typical values of h from
Bejan, Heat Transfer, Organic liquids, forced convection
Wiley and Sons 1988
Gases – 200atm, forced convection
Gases – 1atm, forced convection
Gases – natural convection
1 10 102 103 104 105 106
h [W/m2K]
Temperature distribution across a plane wall surrounded by gases:
.
T Gas Solid Gas q
TA TWA TWB TB
. .
qA qB
x
(T wA - T A) (T wA - T A)
qA = - hA AA (T wA - T A) = - =-
1 RTHA
hA AA
(T B - T wB) (T B - T wB)
qB = - hB AB (T B - T wB) = - =-
1 RTHB
hB AB
These can be combined to give
- Δ T overall
q =
1 Δx 1
+Σ +
hA AA kA hB AB
Overall heat transfer coefficient
q = UA (Δ T overall) = UA (T A - T B)
1
UA
Σ RTH
Note: The fluid layer could be within the structure,
such as the air gap in a cavity wall.
Axi-symmetric problems
Conduction: T
Fourier law still q = - kA r
applies T r1
q = - k 2r
r r
r2
q dr T
2
2πk r
= -dT if
1
gives:
1 2
q r 2 T1 T2
ln = - ( T 2 - T1 )
2πk r1
What If there is convection heat transfer at the
inner and outer surfaces?
Newton's law of cooling still applies, but note that
the inner surface is now smaller than the outer
surface area.
-Δ Toverall
q =
1 ln ( r 2 / r1 ) 1
+ +
h1 2 π r1 2 πK h 2 2π r 2
where ΔToverall is the temperature difference
between fluid outside and inside the pipe.
Convection mechanism
Convection mechanism
At the wall, the velocity is zero, and the heat transfer
into the fluid takes place by conduction. Thus the
local heat flux per unit area q" is
δT
q " = - k
δy w all
The hot fluid is then carried away by convection.
From Newton's law of cooling
q " = h (TW - T) = - h (T - TW)
These equate at steady conditions to give:
-k (T/y )w all
h=
Tw all - T
Velocity boundary layer
This is a layer on the surface in which the fluid is
stationary at the solid/fluid interface and grows to
99% of the main flow velocity.
Ref: Heat Transfer by Incopera
Thermal boundary layer
This is the layer over which the temperature reaches
99% of the main fluid temperature from that of the
wall surface.
Ref: Heat Transfer by Incopera
Ref: Heat Transfer by Incopera
Determination of heat transfer coefficient
Values of heat transfer coefficient can be found for
any particular geometry, flow condition and set of
fluid physical properties. To extend the applicability
of the data, dimensional analysis is used.
Nusselt Number
Convective heat transfer can be classified by type of
flow over type of geometry.
The Nusselt number, Nu, characterises the heat
transfer. The heat transfer coefficient, h, is derived
from it.
hd kNud
Nud = h=
k d
Nu is calculated using dimensionless numbers:
Prandtl number, Pr – ratio
of viscous diffusion to thermal
diffusion. C pμ
Pr =
k
Reynolds number, Re - ratio ρUD
Re =
of momentum to viscous forces. μ
Grashof number, Gr – ratio gl3ρ2ΔT
Gr =
of buoyancy to viscous forces. μ2
Nu number for natural and
forced convection
Nu=f(Pr, Gr) for
natural convection.
Nu=f(Pr, Re) for
forced convection.
Nusselt number correlations
A great deal of work has been done to correlate
physical heat transfer with Nusselt number.
For heat exchange on the inner surface of a
tube: N ud = 3.66 Laminar forced flow,
constant surface temp
N ud = 0.023Re 0.8
d Pr
0.4
Turbulent forced flow
For heat exchange on flat plate:
Nux = 0.332Re 0.5 P
0.33
r
Laminar forced flow,
x
constant surface temp
Nux = 0.59 (GrL Pr) 10 3<GrPr<109
0.25
Natural conv’,
vertical
N ux = 0.13 (GrL Pr ) 10
0.33 9<GrPr<1012
Example
The End
