Concrete :

❖ Concrete is an artificial stone manufactured from a

mixture of binding materials and inert materials with
water.

Concrete=Binding Materials + Inert Materials + Water

❖Concrete is considered as a chemically combined mass

where the inert material acts as a filler and the binding
material acts as a binder. The most important binding
materials are cement & lime. The inert materials use in
concrete are termed as aggregates.

❖Aggregates are two types

1) Fine Aggregate.
2) Coarse Aggregate
FUNCTIONS/PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
IN CONCRETE:

❖ The aggregate give volume to the concrete

around the surface of which the binding
material adheres in the form of a thin film. In
theory the voids in the coarse aggregate is
filled up with fine aggregate and again the
voids in the fine aggregate is filled up with the
binding materials. Finally, the binding
materials as the name implies binds the
individual unit of aggregates into a solid mass
with the help of water.
FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN CONCRETE:

❑ The water serves the following purposes:

1) To wet the surface of aggregates to develop
adhesion because the cement paste adheres
quickly.
2) To prepare a plastic mixture of the various
ingredients and to impart workability to
concrete to facilitate placing in the desired
position.
3) Water is also needed for the hydration of the
cementing materials to set and harden during
the period of curing.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE:
There are two types of concrete-

1) Lime concrete:
➢ Lime concrete = Lime + Surki + Khoa + Water
Lime concrete consists of lime, surki and khoa or
stones in the proportion 1:2:5 unless otherwise
specified. The khoa or stones should be soaked
thoroughly in water before mixing.

2) Cement concrete:
➢ Cement concrete = Cement + Sand + Khoa +
Water
Cement concrete is widely used in all important
engineering constructions. It consists of cement,
sand and brick khoa or stones of required size in
the proportion 1:2:4 or 1:3:6 unless otherwise
specified.
ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE OVER
OTHER MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION:

❑ The following are main advantages of concrete

construction:
1) Concrete is free from defects and flaws which
natural stones are associated.
2) It can be manufactured to desired strength
and durability with economy.
3) It can be cost to any desired shape.
4) Maintenance cost of concrete structures is
almost negligible.
5) Concrete does not deteriorate appreciably
with age.
Special Terms:

❑Segregation:
Segregation can be defined as
separation of the constituents of a
heterogenous mixtures so that their
distribution is on longer uniform. In case
of concrete it is the difference in the size of
particles and in the specific gravity of the
mix constituents that are the primary
caused of segregation, but its extent can be
controlled by the choice of suitable grading
and water cement ratio and by care in
handling transporting and placing of
concrete.
Special Terms:

❑Bleeding:
Bleeding (known also as water
gain) is a form of segregation in which some
of the water in the concrete mix tends to rise
to the surface of freshly placed concrete. This
caused by the inability of the solid
constituents of the mix to hold all the mixing
water when they settle downwards. Bleeding
is a special cause of sedimentation. It can be
expressed quantitatively as the total
settlement per unit height of concrete.
Properties of concrete:
❖ The following are the desirable properties
of concrete :
1) Strength
2) Elastic properties
3) Fatigue
4)Durability
5) Impermeability
6) Workability.
Factors that affecting workability of concrete:
✓ Water and Cement contents (amounts)
✓ Aggregate characteristics
✓ Workability decreases as surface area of the
aggregate increase.
✓ Aggregate porosity may influence workability.
✓ Roundness and smoothness of particle increase
workability.
Measurement of workability:
❖ Slump Test:
✓ Inverted cone
✓ Fill up with three layers
✓ Rod each layer 25 times
✓ Scrape off the surface.
➢ The slump test is used to determine
workability and it is a measure of the
resistance of concrete to flow under it own
weight. The apparatus consists of a mold in the
shape of frustum of a cone with a base
diameter of 8 inches, a top diameter of 4 inches
and a height of 12 inches. The mold is filled
with concrete in three layers of equal volume.
Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a
tamping rod (5/8 in. dia).
❖Slump Test:
➢ The slump cone mold is lifted vertically upward and the
change in height of the concrete is measured. The slump
is recorded in terms of inches to the nearest ¼ inch of
subsidence of the specimen during the test as follows:

Slump= (12-height after subsidence) inches

➢ Four types of slumps are commonly encountered, as

shown in Fig. The true slump, where the concrete remains
intact and retains a symmetric shape. A zero slump and a
collapsed slump are both outside the range of workability
that can be measured with the slump test. Specifically,
ASTM advises caution in interpreting test results less than
½ inch and grater than 9 inches. If part of the concrete
shears from the mass, the test must be repeated with a
different sample of concrete. A concrete that exhibits a
shear slump in a second test is not sufficiently cohesive
and should be rejected.
➢ Measurement of workability with slump:

✓ Stiff (0-2”)
• Massive sections, little reinforcement.
• Use vibration.

✓ Medium (2”-5”)
• Column, beam, retaining walls.

✓ Fluid (5”-7”)
• Heavily reinforced section, flowable concrete.
Factors Controlling Properties of
Concrete:
❖ The properties (strength, durability, impermeability and
workability) of concrete depend upon the following
parameters:
1. Grading of aggregate
2. Moisture content of aggregate
3. Water/cement ratio
4. Proportioning of the various ingredients of concrete
5. Method of mixing
6. Placing and compaction of concrete
7. Curing of concrete.
Curing:
Curing is the process of keeping concrete under a specific
environment condition for promoting hydration by controlling the
temperature and moisture movement from and into the concrete.
✓ The time needed for chemical reaction of Portland cement with
water.
✓ Glue is being made.
✓ Concrete after 14 days of curing has completed only 40% of us
potential.
✓ 70% at 28 days.
Temperature effects on curing:
1. The higher the temperature the faster the curing.
2. Best temperature is room temperature.
3. Strongest concrete is made at temperature around 40° F.
4. If concrete freezes during the first 24hr, it may never be able to
attain its original properties.
5. Real high temperature above 120° F can cause serious damage
since cement may set too fast.
6. Accelerated curing procedures produce strong concrete but
durability might suffer.
Method of Curing:
❖Water curing:
The technique involves 1) Ponding 2)
Spraying or sprinkling of water on the concrete surface
or to saturate some form of cover of the concrete. The
water should be continuously applied so that the
concrete does not dry out.

❖Sealed curing:
1) Waterproof paper 2) Plastic sheeting
and 3) curing membranes are the most widely used
material for sealed curing. Each of these materials
simply reduces the amount of water lost to evaporation.
The major advantage is the flexibility of application to
any number of shapes and sizes of concrete structures.
Joints of concrete works:
1. Construction Joint
2. Expansion joint
Shrinkage of Concrete:
Shrinkage is the
contraction or concrete due to drying and chemical changes,
dependent on the time but not directly dependent on stresses
induced by external loadings. There are various causes for
shrinkage in concrete. Shrinkage are classified according to
their causes. The following are the main type of shrinkages:
1) Plastic shrinkage
2) Drying Shrinkage
3) Carbonation Shrinkage.
❖ Creep of Cincrete:
➢ Creep :
The deformation of concrete structure by applying
constant stress. In many application, concrete structures are
required to sustain steady loads for long periods of time, such
as concrete roofs, beams etc. Under such condition, the
concrete may continue to deform until its usefulness is
seriously impaired. Such time dependent deformation may be
almost imperceptible, but over the lifetime of concrete
structure.
Under short time loading as in conventional compression test,
there is initial deformation that increases simultaneously with
the load, as shown in the static stress-strain diagram. If under
any condition, deformation continuous when the load is held
constant, the additional deformation is known as creep.
❖ Factors influencing creep:
❖ Factors that influence creep are:
a) Relative humidity
b) Shrinkage
c) Strength
d) Aggregate
e) Temperature
❖ Chemical attack of concrete:
❖ The common forms of chemical attack are:
1) Leaching (Efflorescence)
2) Sulphate attack
3) Sea water attack
4) Acid attack.
Leaching (Efflorescence):
Leaching of lime compounds can lead to the formation of
calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate on the surface of the
concrete; this is known as ‘efflorescence’. Two forms occur,
namely lime bloom and lime weeping.
Lime bloom appears as white patches or an over-all lightening
of the surface of the concrete. This is a cosmetic problem.

Lime weeping is caused by water leaking through the concrete

and dissolving calcium hydroxide from the matrix. On contact
with the atmosphere the calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon
dioxide to form calcium carbonate, which is precipitated on the
surface when the water evaporates, generally at cracks or
joints. Serious leakage of water through joints can lead to the
formation of stalactites. Significant leakage may be
symptomatic of a more severe problem and can lead to
durability problems.
❖ Design of concrete mix:
❖ There are mainly four different methods of
designing of concrete mixes:
a) Fineness modulus method
b) Minimum void method
c) Trial mixes method
d) Arbitrary method.
Example: (Fineness modulus method)
Design a concrete mix for design compressive strength of 3500 Psi after
28 days from the following data:
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate=2.85
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate=6.27
Moisture content in the fine aggregate (sand)= 5 percent
Moisture content in the coarse aggregate (khoa)= 3 P.C
Shrinkage factor= 0.75
The combined fineness modulus is 5.13 and the volume of the
compacted aggregate is 3.75 cft for one cft of cement. Taking into
consideration of the moisture contents in aggregates, the bulking of fine
aggregate for 5% moisture is 29.5% and that of the coarse aggregate for
3% moisture is 6%

Solution:
Ratio of fine aggregate to be mixed with 1 of coarse
aggregate,
6.27−5.13 1.14
𝑥= = =0.5
5.13−2.85 2.28
If the coarse aggregate is 100 cft then the quantity of
fine aggegate is 50 cft or in every 100 cft of the
combined aggregate 33.34 cft is fine aggregate and
66.66 cft is coarse aggregate.
3.75
Loose volume of the combined aggregate= =5.0 cft
0.75
33.34
Quantity of fine aggregate=5x 100 =1.67 cft
66.66
Quantity of coarse aggregate=5x 100 =3.33 cft
Real mix ratio: Cement: F.A: C.A=1:1.67:3.33

We have fine aggregate bulking of 5% moisture

content moisture for 29%.
So, Fine aggregate= 1.67 CFT*29.5%=0.4926 CFT
So, Total volume of fine aggregate=1.67+0.4926=2.16
CFT
We have coarse aggregate bulking of 3% moisture content moisture for
6% .
So, Coarse aggregate= 3.33 CFT*6%=0.1998 CFT
So, Total volume of Coarse aggregate=3.33+0.1998=3.5298 CFT
Now,
Cement: F.A: C.A=1:2.16:3.52=1: 2:3.5
Example: (Minimum void mix method)
Design a concrete mix by the minimum void method
from the following data:
Voids in the coarse aggregate=40%
Voids in the fine aggregate=30%
Size of the coarse aggregate=3/4 to 1 inch
Size of the fine aggregate=3/16 to 1/4 inch.
Allow the excess of 10% for cement and 7% for the fine
aggregate. Ordinary Portland cement is to be used.
❖ Solution:
Voids in course aggregate= volume of fine aggregate
Voids in fine aggregate= volume of cement

Assume, Course aggregate= 100 CFT

Fine aggregate= Voids in course aggregate=40%=(40/100)*100
CFT= 40 CFT
Again we have to allow an excess 7% for fine aggregate.
So, Fine aggregate= 40 CFT*7%=40*(7/100)=2.8 CFT
So, Total volume of fine aggregate=40+2.8=42.8 CFT

Cement= Voids in fine aggregate=30%=(30/100)*42.8 CFT= 12.84

CFT
Again we have to allow an excess 10% for cement.
So, Cement= 12.84 CFT*10%=1.284CFT
So, Total volume of cement=12.84+1.284=14.124 CFT
Now,
Cement: F.A: C.A=14.124:42.8:100=1: 3:7
Example: (Arbitrary method)
Determine the volume in cft of the different
ingredients of a cement concrete of the proportion
1:3:6. per cft.
Solution:

Wet volume=100cft
Dry volume=100x1.5 cft=150 cft
Mix ratio= 1:3:6.
So, Cement= 150 CFT*(1/10)=15CFT=12 bags (1bag=1.25cft)
Fine aggregate= 150 CFT*(3/10)=45 CFT
Course aggregate= 150 CFT*(6/10)=90 CFT

Water=15x0.30+(45+90)x0.05=11.25 cft
11.25
Water/Cement ratio= 15 =0.75
Thank You