03-Apr-24

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(MED) – U.E.T. TAXILA
DR. M. MANSOOR ASHRAF
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DC MACHINES
The broad classification of DC machines include DC
generator and DC motor.
DC Generator is rotary DC machine which converts the
rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy.
DC Motor is rotary DC machine which converts electrical
energy into rotational mechanical energy.
There are four types of DC machines w.r.t. construction;
Shunt Machine Separately Excited Machine
Series Machine Compound Machine

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DC GENERATOR
Whenever magnetic field
cuts the conductor, emf is
induced in the conductor.
Voltage generated in DC
generator is inherently
alternating (AC).
This AC voltage becomes
DC voltage after it has
been rectified by
commutator.

CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
There are four major parts
of DC machines; field,
armature, commutator and
carbon brushes.
Field produces magnetic
flux in the machine.
It is basically stationary
electromagnet.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
The field has two
components; coil and pole.
The field coils are mounted
on the poles.
Poles are made of
laminated iron strips.
In DC generators, the field
may be established by
permanent magnets.

CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
The generators can be
constructed with 2, 4, 6, 8
or 10 poles.
In multi-pole DC machines,
the adjacent poles are
having opposite polarities.
The current flowing through
field coils is called DC
exciting current.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
Armature is the rotating
part of the DC machine.
It consists of iron core and
set of coils.
The armature is keyed to
shaft which revolves
between the field poles.
The iron core is composed
of slotted and coated iron
laminations that form a
solid cylindrical core.

CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
The armature conductors
carry load current.
Commutator is composed
of a slip ring that is cut in
half, with each segment
insulated from other as well
as from the shaft.
Commutator rectifies the
internal generated AC
voltage in DC generators.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
Commutator is composed
of an assembly of copper
segments insulated from
each other and mounted on
the shaft.
Armature conductors are
connected to commutator
segments.
Brushes are connected with
commutator and placed
with yoke.

CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR
The brushes serve as a
connector between rotary
and stationary parts of
machine.
The brushes are made of
carbon.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR

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ELEMENTARY AC GENERATOR
Elementary AC Generator
consists of a coil placed
within magnetic field
produced by North-South
magnets.
AC generator uses the slip
rings and carbon brushes.
AC generator produces
sinusoidal output voltage
waveform.

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ELEMENTARY AC GENERATOR

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ELEMENTARY DC GENERATOR
Elementary DC Generator
consists of a coil placed
within magnetic field
produced by North-South
magnets.
DC generator uses the
commutator and carbon
brushes.
DC generator produces
pulsating DC output
voltage waveform.

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ELEMENTARY DC GENERATOR

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COMPARISON B/W AC AND DC GENERATORS

Commutator is used in DC Slip rings are used in AC
generators. generators.

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IMPROVING WAVE SHAPE OF DC GENERATOR

By increasing number of
coils and segments, the
wave shape of output
voltage becomes smooth.
There are four coils and
four segments of the
commutator.
Coils A and C are not
cutting any flux while coils
B and D are cutting
maximum flux.

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IMPROVING WAVE SHAPE OF DC GENERATOR

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IMPROVING WAVE SHAPE OF DC GENERATOR

The coil sides of each coil
are actually located at
180° to each other as in
practical diagram.
Four coils are placed in
four slots and each slot
contains conductors of two
coils.

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IMPROVING WAVE SHAPE OF DC GENERATOR

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IMPROVING WAVE SHAPE OF DC GENERATOR

The voltage induced in coils
A and C is same but in
opposite in polarities
because coil A is moving
downward and coil C
upward.
The voltage across carbon
brushes is eb+ec or ea+ed at
the instant.

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INDUCED VOLTAGE IN DC GENERATOR

When armature rotates, the
voltage E induced in each
conductor depends upon
the flux density which it
cuts.
E=Blv
Flux density varies from
point to point in the air
gap.

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INDUCED VOLTAGE IN DC GENERATOR

The conductors in slots 1
and 7 are between poles,
flux density is zero and
induced voltage is also
zero.
The conductors in slots 4
and 10 are in center of
poles, flux density is
maximum and induced
voltage is also maximum.

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INDUCED VOLTAGE IN DC GENERATOR

According to schematic
diagram, voltage across
brushes:
7+18+20+18+7 = 70 V
The brushes short circuit the
coils in which the voltage is
momentarily zero.
Voltage remains essentially
constant as the armature
rotates.

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INDUCED VOLTAGE IN DC GENERATOR

The brushes x and y short
circuit the coils A and B
respectively, the induced
voltages are zero and also
the current.

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NEUTRAL ZONES
Neutral zones are those
places on the surface of
armature where the flux
density is zero.
Neutral zones are located
between the poles.
No voltage is induced in
coils passing in neutral
zones.
Carbon brushes are always
placed in neutral zones.

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VALUE OF INDUCED VOLTAGE

The voltage induced in DC generator is given by the
equation:

Where
Eo = Voltage between brushes (V)
Z = Total number of conductors on armature
n = Speed of rotation (r/min)
Φ = Flux per pole (Wb)

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PROBLEMS
The armature of a 6-pole, 600 r/min generator, has 90
slots. Each coil has 4 turns and flux per pole is 0.04
Wb. Calculate the value of the induced voltage?
(288 V)

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SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

The field is established by
electromagnets.
The separate DC source is
used to excite these
electromagnets.
The current flowing through
coils of field is called DC
exciting current.

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SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

No-Load and Saturation:
When separately excited
DC generator runs at no-
load, a change in exciting
current causes a corres-
ponding change in induced
voltage.
Gradually increase the
exciting current Ix, magnetic
flux of field increases and
thus induced voltage.

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SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

When exciting current is
small, flux is small and iron
in machine is unsaturated
shown in diagram by 0-A.
When exciting current is
large, flux is strong and
iron is saturated which is
shown in diagram by b-c.
The a-b is called knee of
saturation curve.

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SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

Load Behavior
The graph of terminal
voltage as a function of
load current is called load
curve of generator.

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SHUNT GENERATOR
It is DC machine whose
field winding is connected
in parallel with armature
terminals.
The principle advantage of
this connection is that it
eliminates the need for
external source of
excitation.
It is also called self excited
generator.

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SHUNT GENERATOR

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SHUNT GENERATOR
The terminal voltage of self excited shunt generator
falls off more sharply with increasing load than that of
a separately excited generator.
The reason is that the field current in a separately
excited machine remains constant whereas in a self
excited generator the exciting current falls as terminal
voltage drops.
The voltage regulation of self excited and separately
excited generators are 15% and 10% respectively.

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COMPOUND GENERATOR
The compound generator
prevents the terminal
voltage from decreasing
with increasing load.
The compound generator is
similar to shunt generator,
except that it has
additional field coils
connected in series with
armature.

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COMPOUND GENERATOR
When load current flows
through series field coils,
these coils also develop
magnetic field.
The mmf developed by
these coils acts in the same
direction as the mmf of the
shunt field.
Consequently, the field flux
under load rises and hence
the induced voltage.

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COMPOUND GENERATOR
If the series coils are
properly designed, the
terminal voltage remains
practically constant from
no-load to full load.
The rise in induced voltage
compensates for the
armature IR drop.

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DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND GENERATOR

In differential compound
generator, the mmf of the
series field acts opposite to
the shunt field.
As a result, the terminal
voltage falls drastically
with increasing load.
This generator is made
simply by reversing the
series field terminals.

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LOAD BEHAVIORS OF DC GENERATORS

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GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS
The nameplate of a generator indicates the power,
voltage, speed and other details about the machine.
For example, following figure shows the nameplate of a
100 kW generator.

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REFERENCES
Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems
(5th Edition)
Theodore Wildi

Chapter 04 – DC Generators
(4.1 – 4.7, 4.12 – 4.14, 4.17 – 4.25)

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