tUlq;fs; epfo;Tfs;

tq;fhsj;jpy; njhlf;ff; fhy rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

1772-1833 ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; fhyf;fl;lk;
,y; jiyik MSeH tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; 'rjp' vDk; cld;fl;ilNaWk;
1829 gof;fj;ij xopj;Jr; rl;lk; ,aw;wpajpy; ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jhH.
1828 Mf];L 20 ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha;,y; gpuk;k rkh[j;ij epWtp fy;fj;jhtpy; xU Nfhtpiy epWtpdhH.
1833 ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; ,aw;if Vj;jpdH
kfup~p NjNte;jpuehj; jh$u;
1817-1905 NjNte;jpuehj; jh$H fhyf;fl;lk;
Nfrt; re;jpu nrd;Dk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k rkh[Kk;
1838-84 Nfrt; re;jpu nrd; fhyf;fl;lk;
1866 ,y; gpuk;krkh[j;jpd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa gpsT
1857 ,y; gpuk;krkh[j;jpy; rigapy; ,ize;jhH.
1856 ,y; kWkz rPHjpUj;jr; rl;lk; (tpjitfs; kWkzr; rl;lk;) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
<];tH re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;
,y; Kjd;Kiwahf jpUkz taJr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mg;ngUik <];tH re;jpu tpj;ahrhfiuNar;
1860 rhUk;.
jpUkzj;jpw;fhd taJ gj;J vd;W epHzak; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mJ 1891,y; gd;dpnuz;lhfTk;>
1891,1925 1925,y; gjp%d;whfTk; caHj;jg;gl;lJ.
1867 ,y; epWtg;gl;l mikg;Ng gpuhHj;jid rkh[k;. ,jid epWtpatH Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq; (1825-1898)
MthH
gpuhHj;jid rkh[k;
1825-1898 Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq; fhyf;fl;lk;
1842-1901 kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl
1861 tpjit kWkzr; rq;fk;
 1870 GNd rHt[dpf; rgh
1884 jf;fhzf; fy;tpf;fofk;
,e;J Gj;njOr;rp ,af;fk;
1824-1883 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp fhyf;fl;lk;
1875 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp kw;Wk; Muparkh[k;
1875 gQ;rhgpy;> Muparkh[k; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fSf;Fj; jiyikNaw;wJ.
,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;ru;
1836-1886 ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;rH fhyf;fl;lk;
,uhkfpU~;zh kp~d;
1886 ,y; mtH ,aw;if va;jpa gpd;dH mtUila rPlHfs; jq;fis xU kjk;rhHe;j r%fkhf
mikj;Jf;nfhz;L ,uhkfpU~;ziuAk; mtupd; NghjidfisAk; ,e;jpahtpYk; cyfpd; Vida
gFjpfspYk; gug;Gk; ngUk;gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
1863-1902 Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH fhyf;fl;lk;
1893 ,y; rpf;fhNfhtpy; eilngw;w cyf rka khehl;by; ,e;J rkak; gw;wpAk; gf;jpkhHf;fj; jj;Jtk;
Fwpj;Jk; mtuhw;wpa nrhw;nghopTfs; mtUf;Fg; ngUk;Gfo; NrHj;jJ
gpuk;kQhd rig
1831-1891 Nklk; H.P. gpshtl;];fp
1832-1907 fHdy; H.S. My;fhl;
1875 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
1886 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id milahWf;F khw;wg;gl;lj
md;dpngrd;l;bd; gq;fspg;G
1847-1933 md;dpngrd;l; fhyf;fl;lk;
rhjp vjpHg;G ,af;fq;fs;
N[hjpgh g+Ny
1827 ,y; kfhuh~;buhtpy; gpwe;jhH.
1852 Mk; Mz;L xLf;fg;gl;NlhUf;fhd Kjy; gs;spia GNdapy; jpwe;jhH.
ehuhaz FU
1854-1928 ehuhaz FU fhyf;fl;lk;
ma;ad;fhsp
1863 ma;ad;fhsp jpUtde;jGuj;jy; cs;s ntq;fD}upy; gpwe;jhH fhyf;fl;lk;
1907 =ehuhazFUthy; Cf;fk;ngw;w ma;ad;fhsp ,y; rhJ [d gupghyd rq;fk; (Vio kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr;
rq;fk; - Association for the protection of the Poor) vDk; mikg;ig epWtpdhH.
,];yhkpa rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; ngUk;Gul;rp xLf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH ,e;jpa K];yPk;fs; Nkw;fj;jpag; gz;ghl;ilr; re;Njff;
fz;nfhz;L ghHj;jdH.
mypfhH ,af;fk;
1875 Mk; Mz;L mypfhH efupy; mypfhH Kfkjpa Mq;fpNyh- Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upia (Aligarh
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College) epWtpdhH.
1920 ,y; ,f;fy;Y}up juk; caHj;jg;gl;L gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ.
jpNahge;j; ,af;fk;
1832-1880 KfkJ Fthrpk; ehNdhjtp
1826-1905 u~pj; mfkj; fq;Nfhj;up
1866 ,y; cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpy; rfud;g+upy; xU gs;spia epWtpdH.
ghHrp rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk;
1851 ,y; gHJd;[p nesNuh[p fhyf;fl;lk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; r%f rPHjpUj;jthjpfs;
1823 - 1874 ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; fhyf;fl;lk;
1865 ,y; rkur Ntj rd;khHf;f rq;fk; vDk; mikg;ig epWtpdhH.
1866 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l nfhba gQ;rj;ijf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L 1867,y; rhjp vy;iyfisj;
jhz;b midj;J kf;fSf;Fkhd ,ytr cztfj;ij tlY}upy; epWtpdhH.
mNahj;jp jhru;
1845-1914 gz;bjH mNahj;jp jhrH fhyf;fl;lk
1882 ,y; mNahj;jp jhrUk; [hd; uj;jpdk; vd;gtUk; “jpuhtplHf; fofk;" vDk; mikg;ig epWtpdH.
1885 ,y; “jpuhtpl ghz;bad;" vDk; ,jioAk; njhlq;fpdhH.
1891 ,y; epWtpa mtH mt;tikg;gpd; Kjy; khehl;il ePyfpupapy; elj;jpdhH.
1898 ,y; ,yq;if nrd;w mtH mq;Nf ngsj;jj;ijj; jOtpdhH.
1907 ,y; “xU igrh jkpod;" vd;w ngaupy; xU thuhe;jpug; gj;jpupf;ifiaj; njhlq;fp mij 1914,y; mtH
fhykhFk; tiuapYk; njhlHe;J ntspapl;lhH.
mwpKfk;
1806 ,y; epfo;e;j NtY}H Gul;rpf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd kz;ly rf;jpfspd; vjpHg;G
ghisaq;fSk; ghisaf;fhuHfSk;
1529 ,y; gjtpNaw;w tp];tehj ehaf;fH mtHjk; mikr;ruhd mupaehjupd; cjtpNahL jkpofj;jpy;
,k;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH
ghisaf;fhuHfspd; Gul;rp (1755-1801)
1755-1767 g+ypj;Njtupd; Gul;rp
1755 ,y; khg+];fhd; (Mw;fhl;L ethgpd; rNfhjuH) jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; nrd;whH.
a+Rg;fhDk;> g+ypj;NjtUk;
1756 - 1763 g+ypj;NjtH jiyikapyhd jpUney;Ntyp ghisaf;fhuHfs; ethgpd; mjpfhuj;ij vjpHg;gijNa KO
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH
1760 gPuq;fpg;gilfs; nrg;lk;gH; te;J NrHe;jd.
1761 Nk 16 ,y; g+ypj;Njtupd; %d;W Kf;fpaf; Nfhl;ilfs; (new;fl;Lk;nrty;> thRNjtey;Y}H kw;Wk; gida+H)
te;jd
1764 JNuhff; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;L J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
g+ypj;Njtupd; tPo;r;rp
1764 ,y; new;fl;Lk;nrtiy kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhH.
1767 ,y; Nfg;ld; Nfk;g;ngy; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhH.
NtYehr;rpahH (1730-1796)
1730 NtYehr;rpahH fhyf;fl;lk;
1772 ,y; Mw;fhl;L ethGk; nyg;bdd;l; fHdy; ghd; N[hH jiyikapyhd fk;ngdp gilfSk; ,ize;J
fhisahHNfhtpy; muz;kidiaj; jhf;fpdH.
1780 Fapyp jdf;Fj;jhNd neUg;Gitj;Jf;nfhz;L mg;gbNa nrd;W gpupl;b~hupd; MAjf;fplq;fpypUe;j
midj;Jj; jsthlq;fisAk; mopj;jhH.
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;k dpd; fyfk; 1790-1799
1781 ,y; fk;ngdpahUld; ethg; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> ik#upd; jpg;G Ry;jhDld;
Mw;fhl;L ethg; NghHGupe;J nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> fHehlfg;gFjpapy; tup Nkyhz;ikAk;> epHthfKk;
fk;ngdpapd; KOf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nry;Yk;epiy Vw;gl;lJ
[hf;rNdhL Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;
1798 Mf];l; 18 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; 3310 gNfhlhf;fshf ,Ue;jJ.
1798 ,y; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; te;J jd;idr; re;jpf;FkhW fl;lnghk;kDf;F mtH Miz gpwg;gpj;jhH.
1798 nrg;lk;gH19 md;W mDkjpaspj;jjd;Ngupy; fl;lnghk;kd; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; [hf;ridr; re;jpj;jhH.
kjuh]; Ml;rpf;FOtpd; Kd;ghf M[uhjy;
1798 brk;gH 15 md;W fl;lnghk;kd; M[uhfp ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; epfo;e;jtw;iw tpsf;fpdhH.
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp Kw;Wif
1799 ,y; kjuh]py; ,Ue;j nty;ny];yp gpuG jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jQ;rht+H kw;Wk; kJiu Mfpa gFjpfspy;
epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gilfis jpUney;Ntyp Nehf;fpr; nry;y cj;jutpl;lhH.
1799 nrg;lk;gH 1 fl;lnghk;kidr; ruzilaf; Nfhupa epge;jidnahd;W md;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
kUJ rNfhjuHfs;
1748-1801 ngupa kUJ vd;w nts;s kUJ
1753-1801 rpd;d kUJ
kUJ rNfhjuHfspd; fyfk; (1800-1801)
1799 ,y; xLf;fg;gl;lNghJk;> 1800,y; kPz;Lk; fyfk; ntbj;jJ.
1800 ,y; re;jpj;j mtHfs; fk;ngdpahUf;F vjpuhff; fpsHe;njo KbntLj;jhHfs;.
1800 Nfhak;Gj;J}upy; [_d; Vw;gl;l vOr;rp mjpNtfkhf ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;Fk;> kJiuf;Fk; gutpaJ
1801 fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuHfshd Cikj;JiuAk;> nrtj;ijahTk; gpg;utup ghisaq;Nfhl;ilr;
rpiwapypUe;J jg;gp fKjpapy; gJq;fpapUg;gij mwpe;j rpd;d kUJ mtHfisj; jkJ
jiyikaplkhd rpWtaYf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whH.
1801 kUJ rNfhjuHfs; [_d; ehl;bd; tpLjiyia Kd;dpWj;jpa xU gpufldj;ij ntspapl;ldH ,JNt
‘jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nguwpf;if| vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
1801Mk; Mz;L Nguwpf;if (jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nguwpf;if)
1801 gpupl;b~hUf;F vjpuhf kz;ly> rhjp> rka> ,d NtWghLfisf; fle;J epw;gjw;fhf Kjypy;
tpLf;fg;gl;l miw$tNy Nguwpf;if MFk
rptfq;ifapd; tPo;r;rp
1801 Mq;fpNyaHfs; Nk jQ;rht+upYk; jpUr;rpapYk; ,Ue;j fyff;fhuHfisj; jhf;fpdhHfs;.
1801 fyfk; Njhw;wjhy; rptfq;if ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
1801 jpUg;gj;J}HNfhl;ilapy; mf;NlhgH 24 md;W kUJ rNfhjuHfs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH.
1801 etk;gH 16 ,y; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapy; jiy Jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH. fyff;fhuHfspy; 73 NgH gpbf;fg;gl;L
kNyahtpd; gpdhq;fpw;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhHfs;.
fHehlf cld;gbf;if> 1801
1799,1800-1801 ghisaf;fhuHfspd; fyfk; mlf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisT jkpofj;jpypUe;j midj;J cs;@H
Fbj;jiyikapdupd; vz;zq;fisAk; ePHj;Jg;Nghfr;nra;jj
1801 [_iy 31 ,y; Vw;gl;l fHehlf cld;gbf;ifapd; tpjpfspd;gb> gpupl;b~hH Neubahf jkpofj;jpd;kPJ
jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL ghisaf;fhuH KiwAk; KbTf;F te;jJld; midj;Jf;
Nfhl;ilfSk; ,bf;fg;gl;L mtHfsJ gilfSk; fiyf;fg;gl;ld
jPud; rpd;dkiy (1756 -1805)
1756 jPud; fhyf;fl;lk;
1805 [_iy 31 md;W rq;ffpup Nfhl;ilapd; cr;rpapy; mtHfs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH
NtY}H Gul;rp 1806
1792 njd;jkpofj;jpd; ghisaf;fhuHfs; midtiuAk; xLf;Ftjw;F Kd;ghfNt fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
jpg;GNthL Vw;gl;l Nghupd; Kbtpy; Nryk; kw;Wk; jpz;Lf;fy; tUtha; khtl;lq;fisg;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
1799 ,y; ele;j Mq;fpNya-ik#H Nghupd; Kbtpy; Nfhak;Gj;J}H ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
1798 jQ;rht+upd; murH mg;gFjpapd; ,iwahz;ik cupikia Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J mNj Mz;L
fg;gk;fl;Lk; epiyf;Fk; js;sg;gl;lhH.
1799 fl;lnghk;kd; vjpHg;G
1801 kUJ rNfhjuHfspd; vjpHg;G
1801 ,y; Vw;gl;l ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> Mw;fhl;L ethg; tl Mw;fhL> njd; Mw;fhL> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>
kJiu kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fis mtw;iw epHtfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;NjhL xg;gilj;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk; vd;whdJ.
,e;jpa tPuHfspd; kdf;Fiw
1806 Mk; Mz;L NtY}H Gul;rpahFk
1805 ,y; gQ;rk; Vw;gl;ljhYk; gy rpg;gha;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; fLk; nghUshjhu neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;jd.
Gul;rp ntbj;jy;
1806 [_iy 10 md;W mjpfhiyapNyNa Kjy; kw;Wk; ,Ugj;jp %d;whk; gilg;gpupTfspd; ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs;
Jg;ghf;fpfspd; Kof;fj;NjhL Gul;rpapy; ,wq;fpdH.
Gul;rpiag; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL
1857 Mk; Mz;L ngUk;fyfj;jpw;fhd midj;J Kd;mwpFwpfisAk;> vr;rupf;iffisAk; NtY}H Gul;rp
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
1806 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpahdJ NtY}H Nfhl;ilAld; Kbe;Jtpltpy;iy.
mwpKfk;
1757 [_d; 23,y; eilngw;w gpshrpg; Nghupy; tq;fhs ethghd rpuh[;- cj;-njsyh Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;
1757 - 1760 tq;fhsj;jpd; Gjpa ethghf epakpf;fg;gl;l kPH [hguplk; ,Ue;J fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 2 NfhbNa 25
yl;rk; &ghia ,ilg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngw;wJ.
/guhrp ,af;fk;
1818 `h[p ~upaj;Jy;yh vd;gtuhy; /guhrp ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
1839 ,y; ~upaj;Jy;yh kiwe;j gpwF ,e;j fpsHr;rpf;F mtuJ kfd; LL kpahd; jiyik Vw;whu;
1862 ,y; LL kpahd; kiwe;jgpwF 1870fspy; Nehth kpahd; vd;gtuhy; ,e;j ,af;fk; kPz;Lk; capHngw;wJ
gurj;jpy; t`hgp fpsHr;rp
1827 tq;fhsj;jpy; gurj; gFjpapy; thf;fpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
Nfhy; fpsHr;rp
1831-1832 [hHf;fz;l; kw;Wk; xb~h Mfpa gFjpfspYs;s Nrhl;lh ehf;g+H kw;Wk; rpq;Gk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;;
ele;j kpfg;ngupa goq;Fbapd fpsHr;rp Nfhy; fpsHr;rpahFk;.
ntspg;ghL
1854 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; gy ,lq;fspy; r%ff; nfhs;is eltbf;iffs; gPH rpq; vd;gtupd; jiyikapy;
ele;jd.
1855 ,y; rpj;J kw;Wk; fZ Mfpa ,uz;L rhe;jyH rNfhjuHfs; fpsHr;rpiaj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jNtz;b
jq;fSf;F flTsplkpUe;J Njtnra;jp fpilj;jjhf mwptpj;jdu;
1855 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjj;jpy; fpsHr;rpahdJ kfh[d;fs;> [kPd;jhuHfs;> Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfs;
MfpNahUf;F vjpuhd ntspg;gilahd fpsHr;rpahf cUntLj;jJ
1855 ,y; rhe;jyHfs; trkpUe;j gFjpfis xOq;FKiwg;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa rl;lk;epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
Kz;lh fpsHr;rp
1890 goq;Fbapd kf;fis mtHfs; thOk; gFjpfspypUe;J ,lk;ngaur; nra;tJ kw;Wk; mtHfisf;
fl;lha ciog;gpw;F cl;gLj;JtJ Mfpatw;iw goq;Fbapdj; jiytHfs; vjpHj;jdH.
1900 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup khjk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l gpHrh Kz;lh gpd;dH rpiwapy; capHePj;jhH.
 1908 ,y; Nrhl;lh ehf;g+H Fj;jifr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl; L goq;Fbapdu; epyj;jpy; goq;Fbapduy;yhNjhH
EiotJ jLf;fg;gl;lJ
1857Mk; Mz;bd; ngUq;fyfk;
1857 Mk; Mz;by; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F ngUk; rthy; Vw;gl;lJ.
1857-1858 ele;j epfo;Tfs; fPo;f;fz;lfhuzq;fshy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngw;wd:
1. ,uhZt tPuHfSld; MAjNk e;jpa gilfSk; ,ize;J ele;j Kjy; khngUk; Gul;rp
,JNtahFk;.
2. ,Ujug;GfspYk; J}z;lg;gl;ljhy; Kd;ndg;nghOJk; ,y;yhj msTf;F fpsHr;rpapy; td;Kiw
ntbj;jJ.
3. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; gzpapid Gul;rp KbTf;Ff; nfh z;Lte;jJld; ,e;jpa Jizf;
fz;lj;ij epHtfpf;Fk; nghWg;G Mq;fpy kfhuhzpapd; Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ
fhuzq;fs;
Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahtpd; ,izg;Gf; nfhs;if
1840 - 1850 ,uz;L Kf;fpaf; nfhs;iffspd; %yk; mjpf epyg;gFjpfs; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1. Nkyhjpf;ff; nfhs;if 2. thupR ,og;Gf;nfhs;if
,e;jpa fyhr;rhu czHTfs; gw;wpa jPtpuj;jd;ik ,y;yhjJ
1806 NtY}upy; rpg;gha;fs; rkaf;FwpaPLfis new;wpapy; mzptjw;Fk;> jhb itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL jiyg;ghiffSf;F gjpyhd tl;l tbtpyhd njhg;gpfis mzpAkhWk;
gzpf;fg;gl;ldH.
1824 fy;fj;jh mUNf ghuf;g+upy; rpg;gha;fs; fly;topahf gHkh nry;y kWj;jdH.
,e;J];jhdj;jpd; khkd;duhf gfJ}H~h mwptpf;fg;gLjy;
1857 Nk khjk; 11,y; kPul;by; ,Ue;J jpy;yp nrq;Nfhl;il Nehf;fp xU FOthf rpg;gha;fs; mzptFj;Jr;
nrd;wdH.
fpsHr;rp mlf;fg;gLjy;
1857 [_d; khj njhlf;fj;jpy; jpy;yp> kPul;> Nuhfpy;fz;l;> Mf;uh> myfhghj; kw;Wk; gdhu]; Mfpa
kz;lyq;fspd; gilfs; Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl; bd; fPo;nfhz;Ltug;gl;L fLikahd ,uhZtr;rl;lk;
mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1857 fpsHr;rp xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ vd;gij ep&gpf;f ve;jtpj MjhuKk; ,y;iy.
1857 gpw;gFjpapy; jpy;yp Mq;fpNya JUg;Gfshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah Mq;fpNya muRf; fhydpahf khWjy;
1858 etk;gH khjk; ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; gpupl;b~; ehlhSkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> ehlhSkd;wj;jhy;
Neubahf Ml;rp mjpfhuk; nrYj;jg;gLk; Mq;fpNya murpd; fhydpfspy; xd;whf ,e;jpah
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
epHthfj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
1857 gpupl;b~; Ml;rpAk; mjd; nfhs;iffSk; ngupa mstpy; khw;wq;fisr; re;jpj;jd.
1857 fpsHr;rpapd;NghJ Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;j r%fq;fSf;Fk; khw;wpdhHfs;.
gpupl;b~; Ml;rpapd; fPo; tptrhapfspd; fpsHr;rpfs;
1859-1860 fUePyr;rha (,z;bNfh) fpsHr;rp
1859 ,z;bNfh fpsHr;rp njhlq;fpaJ.
jf;fhz fytuq;fs; 1875
1875 Nk khjj;jpy; jf;fhzj;jpy; tl;bf;Fg; gzk; toq;FNthUf;F vjpuhd fytuq;fs; g+dh mUNf cs;s
#gh vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntbj;jjhfg; gjpthfpAs;sJ.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; epWtg;gLjy; (1870-1885)
Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rp
1852 fpof;fpe;jpa mikg;G
1866 nrd;id kfh[d rig
1884 g+dh rHt[dpf; rig
1870 gk;gha; khfhz rq;fk;
1885 gy murpay; mikg;Gfisj; njhlq;Ftjpy; mtHfs; Kidg;G fhl;bdhHfs;.
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs;
1885 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthdJ.
1885 brk;gH 28,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; mkHT ($l;lk;) eilngw;wJ.
tq;fg; gpuptpid
1905 tq;fg; gpuptpid kpfTk; mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpa epfo;thFk;.
gpuptpidf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;
1905 mf;NlhgH 16,y; tq;fhsk; mjpfhug+Htkhfg; gpuptpidahdNghJ me;jehs; Jf;fehshf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
1905-1911 tq;fhsj;jpy; Gwf;fzpg;Gk; RNjrp ,af;fKk;
kiwKf vjpHg;G
1906 ,y; RNjrp ,af;fk; khw;Wg;ghijapy; nry;yj; Jtq;fpaJ.
jd;dhl;rp (N`hk; &y;) ,af;fk; (1916-18)
1916-1918 Nyhfkhd;a ghyfq;fhju jpyfH> md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH MfpNahH jiyikapyhd jd;dhl;rp
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Gj;Jap&l;lg;gl;L jPtpug;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1914 n[Hkdpf;F vjpuhf gpupl;ld; NghH mwptpj;j epiyapy; kpj Njrpathj kw;Wk; jhuhska jiyik
gpupl;b\hUf;fhf Mjuitj; je;jJ.
yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; (1916)
1916 fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpy; tpiutpy; jd;dhl;rp Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
gpupl;b~hupd; gjpy; eltbf;if
1919 ,y; khz;NlF-nrk;];/NghHl; rPHjpUj;jq;fis Mq;fpNya muR mwptpj;jJ
mwpKfk;
1915 kfhj;kh fhe;jp> njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; tho;ej
; ,e;jpaHfspd; r%f cupikfSf;fhf RkhH 20 Mz;Lfs;
Nghuhba gpwF jhafk; jpUk;gpdhH.
fhe;jpabfSk; kf;fs; NjrpaKk;
fhe;jpabfs; cUthfpwhu;
1869 F[uhj;jpd; NghHge;jupy; xU trjpahd FLk;gj;jpy; mf;NlhgH 2Mk; ehs; Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp
gpwe;jhH.
1893 ,e;j tha;g;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;l fhe;jpabfs; Vg;uy; khjk; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whH.
1893 ,e;j tha;g;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;l fhe;jpabfs; Vg;uy; khjk; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whH.
1905 /gPdpf;]; FbapUg;igAk;
1910 lhy;];lha; gz;iziaAk; epWtpdhH
rk;guhd; rj;jpahfpufk;
1918 rk;guhd; rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; ntw;wpia mLj;J mfkjhghj; kpy; NtiyepWj;jk;> 1918,y; Nfjh
rj;jpahfpufk; Mfpad fhe;jpabfis xU kf;fs; jiytuhf cUthf;fpd.
nusyl; rj;jpahfpufKk; [hypad;thyh ghf; gLnfhiyAk;
1919 ,e;jpaHfSf;F cz;ikapy; mjpfhuq;fis gupkhw;wk; nra;ahjjhy;; ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; Vkhw;wj;ij
mspj;jJ.
1919 Vg;uy; 6 ,e;jr; rl;lj;ij ‘fUg;Gr; rl;lk;| vd;wioj;j fhe;jpabfs; mjid vjpHj;J ehL jOtpa
rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F miog;GtpLj;jhH.
n[duy; laupd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ik
1919 Vg;uy; 13 mkpHjru]py; cs;s [hypad;thyh ghf;fpy; ehs; xU nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
1918 ,y; KjyhtJ cyfg;NghH KbTf;F te;jJ.
1919 etk;gH khjk; jpy;ypapy; eilngw;w mfpy ,e;jpa fpyhgj; ,af;f khehl;bw;F mtH jiyikNaw;whH.
 1920 [_d; 9,y; myfhghj;jpy; $ba fpyhgj; FOtpd; $l;lk; fhe;jpabfspd; mfpk;ir kw;Wk;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 1920 Mf];L Kjy; ehs;
njhlq;fpaJ.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fKk; mjd; tPo;r;rpAk;
1920 nrg;lk;gH khjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w rpwg;G $l;lj;jpy; (mkHtpy;) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fpaJ
1920 brk;gH khjk; Nryk; C. tp[auhfthr;rhupahupd; jiyikapy; ehf;g+upy; ele;j mkHtpy; ,e;j jPHkhdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
1919 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lg;Nguitfis Gwf;fzpg;gJ.
tupnfhlh ,af;fk; kw;Wk; nrsup nrsuh rk;gtk;
1922 gpg;utup khjk; gHNjhypapy; tupnfhlh ,af;f gpur;rhuj;ij fhe;jpabfs; mwptpj;jhH.
1922 gpg;utup 5Mk; ehs; jw;Nghija cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Nfhuf;g+H mUNf nrsup nrsuh vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; Njrpathjpfs; elj;jpag; Nguzp fhty;Jiwapdupd; NfhgKl;Lk; eltbf;iffspdhy;
td;Kiwahf khwpaJ.
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdu;
1923 vjpHg;Gf;F ,ilNa Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk; [Link]. jh]{k; [dtup Kjy; ehs; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpia
njhlq;fpdhHfs;.
1925 ,y; mf;fl;rpapd; jiytH [Link]. jh]; kiwe;j gpwF Rauh[;[pa fl;rp tPo;r;rp fhzj; njhlq;fpaJ
1919 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; %ykhf ,ul;il Ml;rp vd;gJ mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
1935 khfhz Rahl;rp mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l gpwF ,e;j Kiw KbTf;F te;jJ
irkd; FO Gwf;fzpg;G
1927 etk;gH 8Mk; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; rhrd rPHjpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ,e;jpa rl;lg+Ht Mizaj;ij (Indian
Statutory Commission) epakpg;gjhf Mq;fpNya muR mwptpj;jJ.
NeU mwpf;if
1928 irkd; FO Kd;nkhopTfSf;F khw;whf ,e;jpahTf;F murpay; rhrdk; cUthf;Ftij Fwpf;Nfhshff;
nfhz;L midj;Jf;fl;rp khehL eilngw;wJ.
KOikahd Rauh[;[paj;Jf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj; njhlf;fk
1929 ,y; brk;gH khjk; yh$upy; [tfHyhy; NeU jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; mkHT ele;jJ.
1930 [dtup 26Mk; ehs; Rje;jpuj; jpUehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;L tupnfhlh ,af;fk; cs;spl;l rl;lkWg;G
,af;fk; %ykhfTk; td;Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ij miltJ Fwpj;Jk; ehL
KOtJk; cWjpnkhop Vw;fg;gl;lj
cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;
1930 [dtup 31Mk; ehSf;Fs; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhyf;nfLTld; murg;gpujpepjp (itrpuha;) ,Htpd;
gpuGtplk; Nfhupf;iffs; mlq;fpa kD nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1930 fhe;jpabfs; khHr; khjk; 12Mk; ehs; 78 NgHfSld; rgHkjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jdJ Gfo;ngw;w
jz;b ahj;jpiuiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.
 1930 fhe;jpabfs; jdJ 61 MtJ tajpy; 24 ehl;fspy; 241 iky; njhiyT ahj;jpiuahf ele;J nrd;W
Vg;uy; 5Mk; ehs; khiy jz;b flw;fiuia mile;jhH.
khfhzq;fspy; cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;
1865 Mq;fpNyaHfs; KjyhtJ tdr;rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhHfs;.
1878 ,e;jpa tdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gb tdq;fspd; cupik murplk; ,Ue;jJ.
1922-1924 uhk;gh Mjpthrpfspd; fpsHr;rpia mlf;Ftjw;fhf kyghH fhty;Jiwapd; rpwg;Gf;FO mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
tl;lNkir khehL
1930 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH khjk; yz;ldpy; KjyhtJ tl;lNkir khehL ele;jJ.
fhe;jp-,Htpd; xg;ge;jk;
1931 fhe;jpabfSld; murg;gpujpepjp ,Htpd; gpuG Ngr;RthHj;ijfis elj;jpaijaLj;J khHr; 5Mk; ehs;
fhe;jp-,Htpd; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
1931 nrg;lk;gH 7Mk; ehs; ele;j ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; fhe;jpabfs; fye;Jnfhz;lhH.
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpw;F Gj;Jap&l;ly;
1932 gilj;Jiwr; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;L [dtup 4Mk; ehs; fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH.
1932 etk;gH 17Mk; ehs; Kjy; brk;gH 24Mk; ehs; tiu %d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL elj;jg;gl;lJ
tFg;Gthup xJf;fPL kw;Wk; g+dh xg;ge;jk;
1932 Mf];L 16Mk; ehs; tFg;Gthup xJf;fPl;il uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L mwptpj;jhH.
1932 nrg;lk;gH 20Mk; ehs; fhe;jpabfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjpfs; xJf;fPl;bw;F vjpuhf
rhFk;tiucz;zhtpujk; ,Uf;Fk; Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlq;fpdhH.
jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuk;
1933 [dtup 8Mk; ehs; ‘Nfhtpy; EioT ehs;| vd mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkjHkthj (Nrh\payp];l;) ,af;fq;fspd; njhlf;fq;fs;
1917 u~;ag; Gul;rpahy; <Hf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa nghJTilik (fk;a+dp];L) fl;rp (CPI)> 1920 mf;NlhgH khjk;
c];ngfp];jhdpd; jh~;fz;by; epWtg;gl;lJ.
1920 mLj;jLj;J tof;Ffisj; njhLj;J fk;a+dpr ,af;fj;ij mlf;Ftjw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNya
muR gy;NtW Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
1924 fhd;g+H rjpj;jpl;l tof;fpYk; tprhupf;fg;gl;ldH
nghJTilik (fk;a+dpr) fl;rp epWtg;gLjy;
1925 xU fl;rpia Muk;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf fhd;g+upy; mfpy ,e;jpa nghJTilik khehL ele;jJ.
Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;
1924 ,y; ,e;J];jhd; FbauR ,uhZtk; (HRA) fhd;g+upy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1925 uhk;gpurhj; gp];kpy;> m~;/ghFy;yh fhd; kw;Wk; gyH yf;Ndh mUNf fhNfhup vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;
muRg;gzj;ij nfhz;Lr;nrd;w xU ,uapy;tz;bia epWj;jpf; nfhs;isabj;jdH.
1928 nghJTilik fUj;Jf;fshy; <Hf;fg;gl;L me;j mikg;Gf;F ,e;J];jhd; rkjHkthj FbauR mikg;G
vd;W ngaH khw;wk; nra;jdH.
 1929 ,y; kj;jpa rl;lg; Nguitapy; Giff;Fz;L xd;iw gfj;rpq;Fk; B.K. jj;Jk; tPrpdhHfs;. mtHfs;
“,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj;" “ghl;lhsp tHf;fk; tho;f" Mfpa Kof;fq;fis vOg;gpdhHfs;.
1930 Vg;uypy; rpl;lfhq; MAjf;fplq;F kPjhd jhf;Fjy; #Hahnrd; kw;Wk; mtuJ ez;gHfshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1933 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l #Hah nrd; Xuhz;Lf;Fg; gpwF J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
1930fspy; ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs;
1930 ,e;jpa nghJTilik fl;rp tYg;ngw;wJ.
1934 ,e;jr;#oypy; tUtha; kw;Wk; Cjpaf;Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsHfspd;
eyd;> Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhfg; Nghuhba nghJTilik fl;rp Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;wijaLj;J mf;fl;rp jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
1934 n[ag;gpufh~;ehuhaz;> Mr;rhHa eNue;jpuNjt; kw;Wk; kpDkrhdp MfpNahupd; Kd;Kaw;rpahy;
fhq;fpu]; rkjHk (Nrh~yp~) fl;rp cUthdJ.
1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;j Kjy; fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitfs;
1935 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Mf;fg;g+Ht ntspg;ghLfspy; ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lKk; xd;whFk;
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitfSk; mtw;wpd; gzpAk;
1937 NjHjy;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJld; 1935Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitapd; gjtp tpyfy;
1939 ,y; ,uz;lhk; cyfNghH %z;lJ.
1940 [pd;dh thf;fpy; K];yPk;fSf;F jdpehL Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhH
,uz;lhk; cyf Nghupd; NghJ Njrpa ,af;fk;> 1939-45
1939 ,y; Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhdhH.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;Jf;F toptFj;j eltbf;iffs;
jdp egH rj;jpahfpuf
1940 Mf];L khjk;> fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ ,e;jpaHfspd; Mjuitg; ngWtjw;fhf
murg;gpujpepjp ypd;ypj;Nfh xU rYifia toq;f Kd;te;jhH.
1940 mf;NlhgH 17Mk; ehs; tpNdhgh ghNt rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf Muk;gpj;jhH.
fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO
1942 khHr; 22Mk; ehs; mikr;ruit (fhgpdl;) mikr;rH rH ];l;uh/NghHL fpupg;]; jiyikapy; xU
J}Jf;FOitgpupl;b~; muR mDg;gpaJ.
fhe;jpabfspd; “nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb" Kof;fk;
1942 gk;ghapy; Mf];L khjk; 8Mk; ehs; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b nts;isaNd ntspNaW
jPHkhdj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJld; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F cldbahf KbT fl;l Nfhupf;if
itj;jJ.
1942 Mdhy; mLj;j ehs; fhiy mjhtJ 9 Mf];L md;W fhe;jpabfSk; fhq;fpu]; jiytHfs;
midtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
rkjHkthj (Nrh~ypr) jiytHfspd; gq;Fgzp
1942 c~h Nkj;jh epWtpa fhq;fpu]; thndhyp jpiukiwtpy; ,Ue;jgbNa etk;gH khjk; tiu
ntw;wpfukhfr; nray;gl;lJ.
Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;
1941 khHr; khjk;> mtH jdJ ,y;yj;jpy; ,Ue;J ehlfj;jdkhf (khWNtlkzpe;J) jg;gpj;J Mg;fhdp];jhd;
nrd;wile;jhH.
1943 gpg;utup khjk;> ePH%o;fpf; fg;gy; %ykhf [g;ghd; nrd;w mtH> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; ifapy; vLj;jhH.
tpLjiyia Nehf;fp
uhay; ,e;jpa flw;gilf; fpsHr;rp
1946 gpg;utup khjk; gk;ghapy; uhay; ,e;jpa flw;gil khYkpfs; fpsHr;rp nra;jdH.
Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa Ngr;RthHj;ij: rpk;yh khehL
1945 [_d; 14Mk; ehs; Ntty; jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1946 njhlf;fj;jpy; ele;j khfhzj; NjHjy;fspy; nghJj;njhFjpfspy; ngUk;ghyhditia fhq;fpu];
ntd;wJ.
Neub eltbf;if ehSf;F K];yPk; yPf; miog;G tpLj;jy;
1946 Mf];L 16Mk; ehis ‘Neub eltbf;if ehshf| [pd;dh mwptpj;jhH.
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
1946 [tfHyhy; NeU jiyikapy; ,ilf;fhy muR nrg;lk;gH khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1946 K];yPk; yPf; ,e;j ,ilf;fhy murpy; mf;NlhgH khjk; ,ize;jJ.
1948 [_d; khjthf;fpy; mjpfhukhw;wk; Vw;gLk; vd;W 1947Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup khjk; fpnskd;l; ml;yp
mwptpj;jhH.
1947 [_d; khjk; 3Mk; ehs; kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpLjiyAk; gpuptpidAk;
1947 [_iy 18Mk; ehs; gpupl;b~; ehlhSkd;wk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaijaLj;J
kTz;Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;Jf;F nray;tbtk; jug;gl;lJ.
1947 Mf];L 15Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jJ
mwpKfk;
1806 ,y; NtY}H Nfhl;ilapy; ,e;jpa tPuHfSk; mjpfhupfSk; XH vOr;rpiaj; jpl;lkpl;L elj;jpdH.
jkpo;ehl;by; njhlf;ffhy Njrpa mjpHTfs;
nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk;
1852 ,y; f[{Y yl;RkpeuR> rPdpthrdhH kw;Wk; mtHfisr; NrHe;NjhHfshYk; epWtg; ngw;wJ.
1862 gpd;dH nraypoe;J ,y;yhkyhdJ.
Njrpathjg; gj;jpupf;iffspd; njhlf;fq;fs;: jp ,e;J kw;Wk; RNjrkpj;jpud;
1877 ,y; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ nrd;idkhfhzj;jpy; ngUk; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
1878 ,y; ~jp ,e;J| vDk; (The Hindu) nra;jpg; gj;jpupf;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdH.
1891 ,y; RNjrkpj;jpud; vd;w ngaupy; jkpopy; xU Njrpag; gUt ,jioAk; njhlq;fpdhH.
1899 ,y; mt;tpjo; ehspjohf khwpaJ.
nrd;id kfh[d rig
1884 Nk 16,y; M. tPuuhfthr;rhup, P. mde;jhr;rhHY> P. uq;ifah kw;Wk; rpyuhy; epWtg;gl;l ,t;tikg;gpd;
Kjy; jiytuhf P. uq;ifah nghWg;Ngw;whH.
kpjthjf; fl;lk;
1884 xU $l;lk; brk;gupy; milahW vDk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s gpuk;kQhd rigapy; $baJ.
1885 ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; Kjw;$l;lk; gk;ghapy; eilngw;wJ.
1887 ,y; nrd;idapy; ,d;W Mapuk; tpsf;F vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw kf;fp]; Njhl;lj;jpy; (Makkies
Garden) eilngw;wJ.
RNjrp ,af;fk;
1905 tq;fg; gpuptpid RNjrp ,af;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;W tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nghf;if
khw;wpaikj;jJ.
jpUney;Ntyp vOr;rp
1908 ,y; INuhg;gpaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Nfhuy; E}w;ghiyapy; eilngw;w Ntiy epWj;jj;jpw;Fj;
jiyikNaw;whH.
M~; nfhiy
1904 ,y; ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhupAk; NtW rpyUk; ghuj khjh rq;fk; vDk; ufrpa mikg;ig cUthf;fpdH.
1911 [{d; 17,y; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l Ml;rpauhd uhgHl; W.D.E. M~; vd;gtiu kzpahr;rp uapy;
re;jpg;gpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whH.
md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahUk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fKk;
1916 ,y; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij (Home Rule League) njhlq;fpa mtH mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; jd;dhl;rp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nfhupf;ifia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whH.
1910 gj;jpupf;ifr; rl;lj;jpd;gb md;dpngrd;l; gpizj; njhifahf ngUksT gzj;ijr; nrYj;Jk;gb
mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhH.
gpuhkzH my;yhNjhH ,af;fKk; fhq;fpurpw;F rthYk;
njd;dpe;jpa eyTupikr; rq;fk;
1916 [{d; khjj;jpy; mtH gpuhkzH my;yhj khztHfSf;fhf ‘jpuhtplH rq;f jq;Fk; tpLjp|ia epWtpdhH.
1916 etk;gH 20,y; P. jpahfuhaH> lhf;lH T.M. ehaH> C. eNlrdhH MfpNahH jiyikapy; RkhH Kg;gJ
gpuhkzuy;yhjtHfs; nrd;id tpf;Nlhupah nghJmuq;fpy; $bdH.
ePjpf;fl;rp mikr;ruit
1920 ,y; elj;jg;gl;l NjHjy;fisf; fhq;fpu]; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. rl;lkd;wj;jpy; nkhj;jkpUe;j 98 ,lq;fspy;
63,y; ePjpf;fl;rp ntw;wpngw;wJ.
1923 ,y; eilngw;w NjHjYf;Fg; gpd;dH ePjpf; fl;rpiar; NrHe;j gdfy; murH mikr;ruitia mikj;jhH.
murpd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;: nusyl; rl;lk;
1919 ,y; nfh^ukhd Fog;gthj Gul;rpf; Fw;wr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
nusyl; rj;jpahfpufk;
1919 khHr; 18,y; nkupdh flw;fiuapy; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs; ciuahw;wpdhH.
1919 Vg;uy; 6,y; ‘fUg;Gr; rl;lj;ij| vjpHf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; filailg;Gk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fSk; elj;jg;gl;ld.
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
1920 Vg;uy; 17,y; nksyhdh nrsfj; myp jiyikNaw;w xU nghJf;$l;lj;Jld; fpyhgj; ehs;
filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
tupnfhlh ,af;fKk; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; ,af;fKk;
1921 etk;gupy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;Ftnjd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1922 [dtup 13,y; Nty;]; ,sturupd; tUif Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1922 ,y; nrsup nrsuh epfo;tpy; 22 fhtyHfs; nfhy;yg;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
tpyf;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Rg;guhad; mikr;ruit
1926 ,y; eilngw;w nrd;id khfhz NjHjypy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfspy; Rauh[;[paf;
fl;rpapdH ngUk;ghd;ik ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wdH.
1930 ,y; eilngw;w NjHjypy; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdH Nghl;baplhjjhy; ePjpf;fl;rp vspjhf ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
1937 mf;fl;rp njhlHe;J tiu Ml;rp nra;jJ
irkd; FOitg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;
1919 rl;lj;jpd;nray;ghLfisg; guprPyid nra;J rPHjpUj;jq;fisg; gupe;Jiu nra;a 1927,y; ,e;jpa
rl;lg;g+Ht Mizak; xd;W rH [hd; irkdpd; jiyikapy; mikf;fg; ngw;wJ.
1929 gpg;utup 18,y; irkd; FO nrd;idf;F te;jNghJ FOTf;F vjpuhff; fWg;Gf;nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
ePy; rpiy mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk; (1927)
1857 NgnuOr;rpapd;NghJ eilngw;w fhd;g+H gLnfhiy vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rk;gtj;jpy; gy Mq;fpyg;
ngz;fSk; Foe;ijfSk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
1937 ,y; uh[h[papd; jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp mikj;jpUe;jNghJ ,r;rpiy mfw;wg;gl;L nrd;id
mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
g+uz Rauh[;[paj;ij Nehf;fp
1927 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; nrd;id khehL KOikahd Rje;jpuNk jdJ ,yf;F vd mwptpj;jJ.
1929 ,y; yh$upy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; g+uz Rauh[;[pak; (KO Rje;jpuk;) vd;gNj ,yf;F vdj;
jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
1930 [dtup 26,y; uhtp ejpapd; fiuapy; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpf;Fk; tpjkhf [tfHyhy; NeU Njrpaf;
nfhbia Vw;wpdhH.
Ntjhuz;ak; cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;
1930 Vg;uy; 13,y; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J njhlq;fp Vg;uy; 28,y; jQ;rht+H khtl;lj;jpd; Ntjhuz;aj;ijr;
nrd;wile;jJ.
jkpof khtl;lq;fspy; gutyhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
1930 Vg;uy; 27,y; jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; fhty;JiwapdUld; Nkhjy; vw;gl;lJ.
1932 [dtup 26,y;> gutyhf Mupah vd miof;fg;gl;l gh~;ak; Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;ilapd; cr;rpapy;
Njrpaf;nfhbia Vw;wpdhH.
jpUg;g+H Fkudpd; tPukuzk;
1932 [dtup 11,y; jpUg;g+upy; nfhbfis Ve;jpa tz;zk; ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFe;jghly;fisg; ghbr; nrd;w
CHtyj;jpdH fhty;Jiwapduhy; ,uf;fkpd;wp mbj;J cijf;fg;gl;ldH.
Kjy; fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit
1937 NjHjypy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
1942 Mf];L 8,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L fhe;jpabfs; “nra; my;yJ
nrj;Jkb" vDk; Kof;fj;ij toq;fpdhH.