SENDAI FRAMEWORK (2015-2030)

Priorities Areas for Action

• Understanding disaster risk.
• Managing risk by strengthening governance
• Investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) for resilience.
• Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back
Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

DM and SDGs
13.1 – Strengthen resilience and adaptive
capacity to climate related hazards
1.5 – Reduce exposure & vulnerability of
poor to disasters
2.4 – strengthen capacity for adaptation to
climate change & disasters

Disaster Management – continuous, integrated and systematic process of planning and

implementing measures to reduce the impact of disaster

Hazard & Vulnerability profile of India

1) India in top 10 disaster prone countries (Global Facility for DRR)
2) 4th in the list of most disaster-stricken country 2005-14 (UNISDR) – 167
disasters; $47 bn – economic loss
3) As per NDMP 2016
a. 60% landmass prone to earthquake
b. 12% land prone to flood and river erosion
c. 70% cultivable area vulnerable to droughts
d. ~5700 km coastline prone to cyclone and tsunamis
e. ~30% of world’s landslide occur in Himalayas
f. CBRN origin vulnerabilities
NDMP 2016
1) In tandem with four primary themes of Sendai Framework
2) Ensures all 4 phases of DM (Response, Recovery, Mitigation, Preparedness)
are covered
3) Provides for horizontal and vertical integration amongst all agencies and govt.
departments
4) Dynamic document; NDMA to review periodically in accordance with global
best practices
5) Identifies six regions which requires special attention for DM
a. Himalayas d. North East India
b. Coastal Region e. Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
c. Riverine Area f. Islands & Marine Assets (Submarines) & UTs
 TSUNAMI

- Japanese for ‘Harbor Wave’ aka seismic sea wave Risk Mitigation
- Long-Wavelength water waves in oceans or seas 1) Understanding Disaster Risk
- May be extremely destructive a. Develop standardized risk
assessment methods
Causes b. Zoning of risk and vulnerability
1) Earthquake induced Tsunami areas
c. Deployment and maintenance of
warning systems
d. Dissemination of warning, data and
information
2) Inter-agency coordination for better disaster
governance
3) DRR - Structural Measures
a. Regenerate mangroves, corals,
2) Landslides – submarine or along the coast wetlands (MS Swaminathan report)
3) Volcanic Activity b. Coastal plantations as bio-shield
c. Hazard resistant construction,
Distribution Pattern strengthening and retrofitting of
Whole of Indian Coastal belt is prone to Tsunami lifeline structures
d. Construction of shelters, submerged
dykes
e. Protection of sandbars, cliffs
f. Periodical dredging of inlets &
water bodies to absorb sea water

Characteristics 4) DRR - Non-Structural Measures

1) Behave as shallow water waves because of a. Mainstreaming DM into
long wavelengths development planning
2) Wave height – 30-45 cm; goes unnoticed by b. Enforcement of integrated coastal
ships at sea zone management rules
3) Wavelength 200-500km c. Safety audits
4) Speed – 800 km/hr 5) Capacity development
5) In shallow water – slow down (70-80 a. Training
km/hr); wave height (40-50 m) b. Awareness generation
c. Mock drills
Adverse Effects d. Engaging local panchayats and
1) Flooding Effects leads to destruction of communities
human lives, settlements and infrastructure e. Use of Traditional knowledge e.g.
2) Withdrawal of Tsunami also cause damage A&N Tribes
e.g. sweep out building foundation etc.
3) Unavailability of drinking water Most devastating Tsunami in India – 2004; over 2
4) Public health system gets affected lakh casualties in Asia
5) Destruction of coastal ecosystems eg corals,
mangroves Long term mitigation Plan and Emergency
6) Open wells and ground water contaminated Response Plan, both are crucial for tackling
by salt water – mixing of species disaster effectively
7) Crop and livelihood losses Motto: Build Back Better
 HEAT WAVES

Definition NDMA Guidelines:

WMO –five or more consecutive days during 1) Establish EWS & inter-agency coordination
which max temp exceeds avg. max temp by 5° C 2) Develop inter-agency response plan
India – max temp of a station reaches at least 3) Preparedness at local levels – maps, heat
40° C or more (plains); shelters, drinking water availability
37° C or more (coastal); 4) Health system capacity building
30° C or more (hilly region) 5) Public awareness and community outreach
Effects e.g. Odisha SDMA uses bulk SMS,
Heat waves leads to dehydration, heat exhaustion, websites, mobile app, media ads
stress and even a fatal heart stroke 6) Collaboration with NGOs and civil society
7) Assessing the impact – feedback for
Affected Areas: reviewing and updating the plan

Past Experiences: Heat Wave Plan implementation Heat Wave Vulnerability Index by Journal IJERPH
1) Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2013 1) Considered Census 2011 data & included
Interventions factors like person’s age, caste, income,
 Public awareness & community health + green cover in the area
outreach 2) Analyzed 640 districts – 10 very high risk (6
 Medical capacity building of them in CG and MP); 97 districts in High
 Reducing heat exposure and Risk
promoting adaptive measure
 Early warning system
 Inter-agency response plan Death Toll
2422
Lessons
 Recognize Heat Waves as major 1075 1274
health risk
 Map out high risk communities 2005 2010 2015
 Set up public cooling places
 Issue heat wave alert through
different media Conclusion
Claims more lives than earthquake or cyclones. It is
India’s largest avoidable natural disaster
 CYCLONES

Tropical Cyclones: violent storms that originate Risk Mitigation

over oceans in tropical areas and move over to 1) Understanding Risk
coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction a. Observation and Forecasting; use of
due to violent winds (squalls), very heavy rainfall UAVs & Satellites
(torrential rainfall) and storm surge b. Zoning the vulnerable areas
Characteristics: c. EWS; use of remote sensing. GIS
1) 80-300km in diameter d. Develop hazard risk vulnerability
2) Wind velocity – 60-120 km/hr avg. assessment (HRVA) measures
3) Vigorous over oceans, weak when on land e. Dissemination of warning, data and
4) Temperature variation lesser than information (SWAN)
temperate counterparts 2) Inter-agency coordination for better disaster
Favorable Conditions: governance
1) Warm sea temp (>26° C) till 60m with 3) DRR – Structural Measures
abundant water vapor in air a. Multi-purpose cyclone shelters
2) High relative humidity (Odisha)
3) Atmospheric instability b. Cyclone-resistant features under
4) Coriolis Force (outside 5° N and S) social housing schemes
c. Strengthening and retrofitting of
lifeline structures making them
hazard resistant
d. Encouraging PPP
e. Construction of saline embankments
to prevent ingress of saline water
f. Identify areas to extend coastal
plantations and (bio-shield) of corals
and mangroves
Adverse Effects 4) DRR – Non-Structural Measures
1) Physical damage a. Mainstreaming DM into
2) Casualties and public health development planning
3) Water supplies get contaminated b. Enforcing coastal zone laws
4) Crop and food supply losses c. Safety audits
5) Severe Communication Disruption 5) Capacity building
a. Training of staff
Affected Areas: b. Introducing DM in curriculum;
engaging NCC, NSS etc
c. Awareness generation
d. Mock Drills
e. Vocational Training for building
resistant infrastructure
f. Involving local panchayati raj and
NGOs
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)
- NDMA + State govts. (WB funded)
- Phase I – Orissa + AP; During Cyclone
Phalin (2013), 1mn people benefitted
- Phase II – Rest of coastal India
Floods in India
What is Flood? Flood Risk Mitigation
 Term flood is generally used when the water-flows in  Understanding Disaster Risk
rivers, streams and other water bodies cannot be 1. Observation networks, Information systems,
contained within natural or artificial banks. Monitoring & Forecasting
 Over 40 million hectares is prone to flood in India 2. Zoning & Mapping of Flood prone areas
 60% flood damage in India due to river floods, rest due 3. Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment
to heavy rainfall and cyclones 4. Dissemination of warning and information
 Himalayan rivers account for 60% of total damage  Inter-Agency Coordination
Overall disaster governance - preparation and
Flood Dimensions implementation of DM plans
 inundation due to spills over the banks  Investing in DRR- Structural Measures
 drainage congestion due to poor drainage characteristics 1. Flood control measures - construction of embankments
 erosion due to changes in water courses and levees
Damage Caused 2. Social Housing Schemes
 Floods caused far greater havoc and tragedy 3. Multi-purpose flood shelters
 Extremely largely number of fatalities due to high 4. Waterways and drainage systems for roads, highways,
population density in floodplains and expressways
 Displacement of thousands of people 5. Dredging of rivers, drainage improvement, flood
 Damages to people's lives, property & crucial water diversion
infrastructure  Investing in DRR - Non-Structural Measures
 Damages public infrastructure and hampers 1. Integrated Water Resource Management
transportation services 2. Regulation to promote flood resistance infra.
 Floods are accompanied by outbreaks of diseases such 3. Wetland Conservation and Restoration
as diarrhoea 4. Catchment Area Treatment/ Afforestation
 Access to veterinary services is limited resulting in 5. Public-Private Partnerships
high cattle mortality and morbidity

Reasons  Capacity Development

 Seasonality - short span of rainy season which results 1. Curriculum Development, Training, Mock Drills
in heavy discharge from rivers 2. Awareness Generation, Skill Development
 Cloud Burst - Heavy precipitation & at time cloud 3. Empowering women, marginalized and PwDs
bursts in the hills e.g. Uttarakhand (2013) 4. Community based Disaster Management - training of
 Accumulation of silt - Himalayan Rivers bring in huge Panchayats, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local
amount of silt reducing water carrying capacity of organizations
rivers e.g. Jhelum flooding (2014) Second ARC Recommendations
 Obstruction – Obstruction caused by unregulated  Master plan for flood control and management for
construction of embankments, canals and railway each flood prone basin
related activities  Adequate-flood cushion to be provided in water
 Deforestation - Deforestation of hill slopes results in storage projects
the sudden raising of river water levels e.g. Kosi  Massive immunization and effective mobilization of
Flooding (2008) health services to prevent major epidemic
 Town Planning - Rampant urbanization and haphazard 2010 Guidelines on Flood Management
planning has led to urban flooding e.g. Mumbai Floods  Continuous modernization of flood forecasting, early
(2017) warning and support systems
 Monsoon Pattern - Irregular pattern of monsoon &  Drawing up time-bound plans for the flood proofing of
extreme rainfall events due to Climate change strategic & public-utility structures
 Mining - Local Mining of aggregates to be used in  Strengthening the emergency response capability
road construction projects loosens the soil
 Poor Drainage System - Not upgraded off late
Urban Flooding
 Urban flooding is a manmade disaster Urban Flood Risk Mitigation
 Heavy rainfall, in last decade, has been seen lashing the  Understanding Disaster Risk
cities with flooding, water-logging and halting the city  Mapping/Zoning of vulnerable areas
life.  Estimation of Possible inundation levels
 At least 500 people lost their lives when 944 mm of  Estimation of flood damages
rainfall, over 24-hour period brought the Mumbai  Ward level Risk reduction & vulnerability assessment
Metropolitan Region to its knees in 2005  Automatic Weather Stations for 24X7 weather
 Maharashtra Govt. constituted Madhav Chitale monitoring
Committee which submitted report in 2006  Flood EWS; Expansion of Doppler Weather Radar
 In last one year, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru has been Network
victims of urban flooding.  Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment
 Inter-Agency Coordination
Impacts of Urban Flooding  Overall disaster governance - preparation and
 Dismantles transport and communication system implementation of DM plans
stranding people for weeks  Investing in DRR - Structural Measures
 Flooding leads to infectious diseases like dengue,  Flood resilient design of urban infrastructure like
plague, diarrhea, etc. airports, bridge, roads, etc
 Livestock is most affected  Establishment of emergency Operation Centres
 Affects livelihood of majority of the population  Hazard Resistant construction
 Damages public property & critical infrastructure  Strengthening and retrofitting of all critical
infrastructure
Reasons  Investing in DRR - Non-Structural Measures
 Extreme weather event: Heavy rainfall leads to  Preparation of Comprehensive Urban Storm Drainage
sudden inundation of low lying areas Design Manual (USDDM)
 Surface Pavements: Leads to decreased absorption of  Operation and Maintenance of Drainage Systems
water and increased speed of flow  Strict enforcement of Environmental Impact
 Unplanned urbanization: Excessive construction leads Assessment (EIA)
to blocking of natural drainage systems and poor  Compliance of Techno-Legal Regime
recharge of groundwater aquifers.  Constitution of Urban Flooding Cell for Integrated
 Encroachment in natural drainage system: the UFDM
natural drainage system has been virtually destroyed by  Public Private Partnerships
encroachments. Silting of drains leads to decreased  Capacity Development
capacity.  Urban Flood Education and Training - developing
 Deforestation: Many cities have witnessed massive school curriculum, mock drills
amount of deforestation in the name of development.  Awareness Generation - mass media campaigns,
 Lack of administrative framework: The civic promote attitude and behaviour change, Community
authorities are also at times complicit as they fail to radio, strengthening civil society network
prevent encroachments of storm water drains and lakes.  Empowering women, marginalised, and PwDs
 Encroachment on Wetlands & Lakes: Population  Community-Based Disaster Management - Training
pressure on land have resulted in shrinking natural for panchayat, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local
sponges which can regulate flow of water community organizations
 No lessons learnt: Mumbai rains in 2005 were 3 times Other measures
more than in 2017. But nothing has been learnt from the  Empowering Municipalities (eg. more HR to handle
past. complaints)
 Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste: Leads to  Need for a water-centric development approach
blockage of drain during rains  Unburdening drainage system by widening river
channels, curbing plastic menace
 IMD to establish 'Local Network Cell'
 Pre-monsoon de-silting of drains
 Integrated Rainwater Harvesting for all buildings
 Landslides in India
 Landslides are mass movements of rocks, debris or Risk Mitigation
earth, down mountain slopes or riverbanks.  Understanding Disaster Risk
 Such movements may occur gradually, but sudden  Hazard Zoning, mapping, geological, and
sliding can also occur without warning. geotechnical Investigations in regions prone to
 They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, landslides and snow avalanches
floods and volcanic eruptions.  Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment; R&D
 The hilly terrains of India, particularly in the Himalayas  Monitoring, Warning Systems, and Dissemination
and the Western Ghats, are most vulnerable to  Inter-Agency Coordination
landslides  Overall disaster governance - preparation and
Reasons for Landslides implementation of DM plans
 Decrease of material strength: It happens due to the  Investing in DRR - Structural Measures
weathering, pore-water pressure and changes in  Protection of Human Settlements - improving
structure infrastructure
 Increase of shear stress: It happen due to the removal  Protection of Heritage Structures - enlist vulnerable
of lateral and underlying support; increase of lateral ones and prioritize for hazard mitigation
forces as well as load; transitory stresses like blasting,  Identification of safe buildings and sites to serve as
earthquakes etc.; and geological movement temporary shelters for people and livestock
 Construction: Road construction and mining  Construction of multi-purpose shelters in high risk
 Jhum: Slash and burn cultivation technique areas at safe sites
 Deforestation: Ever increasing population, and  Investing in DRR - Non-Structural Measures
urbanization has destroyed the dense natural evergreen  Site selection for Human Settlements in Landslide and
forest cover Snow Avalanche Prone Areas
 Ensure strict implementation of regulations and
building codes published by BIS
 Licensing and certification of professionals
 Public Private Partnerships
 Preparing codes for excavation, construction and
grading
Avalanches  Capacity Development
 The sliding down of snow cover on mountain slope  Urban Flood Education and Training - developing
causes avalanches. school curriculum, mock drills
 Avalanches may occur due to a combination of factors  Awareness Generation - mass media campaigns,
such as the slope of the mountain, depth of snow cover, promote attitude and behaviour change, Community
wind velocity and atmospheric temperature. radio, strengthening civil society network
 When the balance between the gravitational force of  Empowering women, marginalised, and PwDs
snow cover and the resisting force of the slope and the  Community-Based Disaster Management - Training
anchoring effect of shrubs are lost, avalanches are for panchayat, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local
caused community organizations
 Kashmir avalanche of 2005 killed 278 persons, mostly Other Measures
living in temporary winter hutments  Restricting Development in Landslide prone areas
 Putting in place arrangements for insurance &
compensation for loss
 Establishment of an autonomous national center for
landslide research, studies and management
 Noninterference with the natural water channels
 Construction of retaining walls against steep slopes
 Strengthening of weak areas with grouting
 EARTHQUAKES

Series of vibrations on the earth’s surface caused NDMA Guidelines

by the generation of seismic waves due to sudden  Undertake Seismic hazard assessment
rupture within the earth during release of  Carry out Seismic zoning and micro
accumulated strain energy. zoning
 Ensure Inter-agency coordination
About 59 per cent of India’s land area is  Ensure EQ resistant features are
vulnerable to moderate or severe seismic hazard. incorporated in social housing schemes
 Media needs to be sensitized and made
partner in mitigation activities.
 Carry out safety audit of lifeline
buildings and critical infrastructure
(Hospitals etc.)
 Strengthen the emergency response
capability in EQ prone areas.
 Capacity Development
o Training
o EQ DM courses in curriculum
o Awareness generation via mass
media campaigns
o Conduct mock drills in schools,
industries
o Distribution of documents in local
languages
o Incorporating gender sensitive and
equitable approaches in capacity
development

Adverse impact Use this anywhere-

 Loss of lives and property Development plans should be integrated with
 Landslides and avalanches disaster management plans so that
 Destruction by fire development does not become a disaster in
 Topographical changes (Subsidence, itself.
fissures etc.)
 Volcanic activity
 Flash floods Conclusion
 Tsunami Effective implementation and due
preparedness will ensure the vision of “Zero
Tolerance to avoidable deaths due to
Psychological First Aid – The concept aims at earthquakes”
providing immediate supportive response to
people suffering from disaster
 DROUGHTS
Drought is an extended period where there is a NDMA Guidelines
shortage of water availability due to  Comprehensive assessment of water
inadequate precipitation, excessive availability in drought prone areas
evaporation, over utilization of water sources.  Monitoring key drought indices at
national and state levels
New Definition by IMD  Study change in vulnerability and risk
under climate change scenarios
 Preparing the drought management
plans based on detailed projections of
water deficit
 Research related to water conservation
and management
 Fodder storage facilities to maintain
fodder banks
Types  Promote traditional rain water
 Meteorological (Low rainfall) harvesting systems
 Agricultural (Low soil moisture)  Improve the implementation of
 Hydrological (Water level in sources low) watershed development programmes
 Ecological (Low productivity of ecosystem  Promote efficient irrigation,
due to water shortage afforestation
 Promote agricultural insurance
programmes in drought prone areas

2nd ARC Recommendations

 Alternate means of livelihood have to be
evolved
 Deployment of remote sensing as the
primary tool for diagnosing droughts,
monitoring &forecasting
 Rationalization of Drought Declarations
Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Nuclear/Radiological Disaster

Incidents Fukushima 2016

Bhopal Gas Tragedy,1984 Chernobyl 1986
Jaipur Oil Depot Fire,2009
Korba Chimney Collapse,2009

NDMA Guidelines NDMA Guidelines

 Promote R&D for indigenous manufacture of  Establish set ups for monitoring,
high quality personal protection equipment warning including IERMON system
(PPEs) network
 Studies on improving occupational safety  Strengthening radiation Monitoring
 Industrial zone mapping on basis of hazard and Detection Systems
potential  To set up reliable and dedicated
 Monitoring compliance with safety norms for communication network at the
HAZCHEM and proper disposal of hazardous national level for the last mile
waste connectivity
 Conduct Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment  Install radiation detectors at all
 Build shelters, evacuation, and support identified locations at border posts,
facilities and ports.
 Ensure multiple routes for reliable access and  Identification of safe buildings and
escape sites to serve as temporary shelters
 Promote private participation in off-site near nuclear installations
disaster management facilities Provide legal  Prepare safety and regulatory
support for Mutual Assistance Groups among documents for all nuclear/
industries within clusters radiological applications, transport,
 Capacity Development safe custody, waste handling, personal
o Training of employees, staff safety, medical aspects etc.
o DM courses in college curriculum  Enhancing public awareness on
o Conduct mock drills nuclear/radiological application,
safety
 Training of medical and paramedics
on various aspects of medical
management of radiological events
 Provision for food, water, medicines
and other relief materials at relief
shelters
 Maintain adequate stock of radiation
detection, monitoring instruments,
safety kits, first aid medicines

Value Add
1. Disasters, whether natural or manmade, have been part of man’s evolution
since time immemorial – Dinosaur, Mammoth, IVC – their disappearance is
attributed to disasters
2. But at the end of the day, Disasters do strike. We cannot stop them but we can
minimize them and arm ourselves with knowledge to prevent casualties
3. Benjamin Franklin – ‘An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure’