INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET SYSTEM (IPA)

IPA stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənəl fəˈnetɪk ˈælfəbet/. It is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin
alphabet, designed to represent the sounds of spoken language. IPA symbols are used to transcribe the sounds of speech in a consistent and standardized
way across different languages. The IPA was first developed in the late 19th century by a group of phoneticians led by Paul Passy. The goal was to create
a universal alphabet for phonetic transcription that could be used to accurately represent the sounds of any language in the world.

The IPA consists of a set of symbols that represent the sounds of speech, including consonants, vowels, and other phonetic features such as stress
and intonation. These symbols are used to transcribe the sounds of speech in dictionaries, language textbooks, and other reference materials.

One of the advantages of the IPA is that it allows for precise and accurate transcriptions of the sounds of speech, which can be useful for
language learners, linguists, and speech therapists, among others. However, learning to use the IPA can be challenging, as it requires a good
understanding of phonetics and the ability to distinguish and produce different speech sounds.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

VOWELS
/iː/ bee, meet, key, piece, believe /biː/, /miːt/, /kiː/, /piːs/, /bɪˈliːv/
/ɪ/ bit, hit, sit, give, busy /bɪt/, /hɪt/, /sɪt/, /ɡɪv/, /ˈbɪzi/
/e/ (ɛ) bed, met, pen, get, airplane /bɛd/, /mɛt/, /pɛn/, /ɡɛt/, /ˈɛrˌpleɪn/
/æ/ cat, man, trap, hand, black /kæt/, /mæn/, /træp/, /hænd/, /blæk/
/ɑː/ car, father, heart, art, calm /kɑːr/, /ˈfɑːðər/, /hɑːrt/, /ɑːrt/, /kɑːm/
/ɒ/* hot, not, dog, stop, job /hɒt/, /nɒt/, /dɒɡ/, /stɒp/, /dʒɒb/
/ɔ/* law, north, saw, talk,walk /lɔː/, /nɔːθ/, /sɔː/, /tɔːk/, /wɔːk/
/ʌ/* cup, run, fun, but, sun /kʌp/, /rʌn/, /fʌn/, /bʌt/, /sʌn/
/ɜ:/* turn, learn, bird, word, work /tɜːn/, /lɜːn/, /bɜːd/, /wɜːd/, /wɜːk/
/ə/* about, pencil, circus, memory, happen /əˈbaʊt/, /pɛnsəl/, /ˈsɜːrkəs/, /ˈmɛməri/, /ˈhæpən/
/ʊ/ book, put, pull, look, could /bʊk/, /pʊt/, /pʊl/, /lʊk/, /kʊd/
/uː/ too, blue, moon, juice, school /tuː/, /bluː/, /muːn/, /dʒuːs/, /skuːl/
/eɪ/ face, rain, day, main, pain /feɪs/, /reɪn/, /deɪ/, /meɪn/, peɪn/
/aɪ/ high, bye, fly, my, pie /haɪ/, /baɪ/, /flaɪ/, /maɪ/, /paɪ/
/ɔɪ/ boy, toy, enjoy, loyal, soy /bɔɪ/, /tɔɪ/, /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/, /ˈlɔɪəl/, /sɔɪ/
/əʊ/ boat, goat, throat, coat, wrote /bəʊt/, /ɡəʊt/, /θrəʊt/, /kəʊt/, /rəʊt/
/juː/ cute, music, few, muse, dew /kjuːt/, /ˈmjuːzɪk/, /fjuː/, /mjuːz/, /djuː/
 CONSONANTS
/p/ pig, pat, stop, happy, hope /pɪɡ/, /pæt/, /stɒp/, /ˈhæpi/, /həʊp/
/b/ big, bet, cab, baby, able /bɪɡ/, /bet/, /kæb/, /ˈbeɪbi/, /ˈeɪbl/
/t/ top, time, cut, party, water /tɒp/, /taɪm/, /kʌt/, /ˈpɑː.ti/, /ˈwɔː.tər/
/d/ dog, day, mad, bedroom, idea /dɒɡ/, /deɪ/, /mæd/, /ˈbɛdruːm/, /aɪˈdɪə/
/k/ cat, kite, school, make, dark /kæt/, /kaɪt/, /skuːl/, /meɪk/, /dɑːk/
/g/ go, get, big, bag, egg /ɡəʊ/, /ɡet/, /bɪɡ/, /bæɡ/, /eɡ/
/f/ fish, five, off, safe, photo /fɪʃ/, /faɪv/, /ɒf/, /seɪf/, /ˈfəʊtəʊ/
/v/ van, voice, leave, evening, love /væn/, /vɔɪs/, /liːv/, /ˈiːvənɪŋ/, /lʌv/
/θ/* think, thought, thin, author, teeth /θɪŋk/, /θɔːt/, /θɪn/, /ˈɔːθər/, /tiːθ/
/ð/* the, this, that, mother, father /ðə/, /ðɪs/, /ðæt/, /ˈmʌðər/, /ˈfɑːðər/
/s/ see, sun, house, kiss, miss /siː/, /sʌn/, /haʊs/, /kɪs/, /mɪs/
/z/ zero, zoo, crazy, easy, lazy /ˈzɪərəʊ/, /zuː/, /ˈkreɪzi/, /ˈiːzi/, /ˈleɪzi/
/ʒ/ vision, pleasure, measure, treasure, mirage /ˈvɪʒən/, /ˈpleʒər/, /ˈmeʒər/, /ˈtreʒər/, /mɪˈrɑːʒ/
/ʃ/* she, shy, fish, nation, action /ʃiː/, /ʃaɪ/, /fɪʃ/, /ˈneɪʃən/, /ˈækʃən/
/tʃ/* cheese, catch, choose, teacher, watch /tʃiːz/, /kætʃ/, /tʃuːz/, /ˈtiːtʃər/, /wɒtʃ/
/dʒ/* just, gym, age, edge, large /dʒʌst/, /dʒɪm/, /eɪdʒ/, /edʒ/, /lɑːrdʒ/
/h/ hello, house, happy, behind, ahead /heˈləʊ/, /haʊs/, /ˈhæpi/, /bɪˈhaɪnd/, /əˈhed/
/m/ me, man, summer, camera, timber /miː/, /mæn/, /ˈsʌmər/, /ˈkæmərə/, /ˈtɪmbər/
/n/ no, now, nice, winner, lunar /nəʊ/, /naʊ/, /naɪs/, /ˈwɪnər/, /ˈluːnər/
/ŋ/ sing, long, king, young, hang /sɪŋ/, /lɒŋ/, /kɪŋ/, /jʌŋ/, /hæŋ/
/l/ like, love, yellow, table, simple /laɪk/, /lʌv/, /ˈjɛləʊ/, /ˈteɪbəl/, /ˈsɪmpl/
/r/ red, run, right, pretty, star /rɛd/, /rʌn/, /raɪt/, /ˈprɪti/, /stɑːr/

1. When the consonant sound /z/ appears at the end of a word, it is usually spelled with the letter "s". This occurs in words where the final sound
is voiced, such as "cars", "dogs", "lens", etc. In these cases, the pronunciation of the "s" sound is actually a voiced /z/ sound. For example, the word
"dogs" would be transcribed as /dɒɡz/ in IPA, with the final sound being represented by the "z" symbol.

2. When /v/ occurs at the end of a word in English, it is typically pronounced as a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. This sound is produced by
bringing the lower lip into contact with the upper teeth and allowing the vocal cords to vibrate, creating friction as air passes through the narrow space
between the articulators. For example, the word "love" /lʌv/ ends with the sound [v].

3. The pronunciation of "ed" at the end of a verb in English depends on the final sound of the verb.

- If the verb ends in a voiceless sound (such as /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/), the "ed" ending is pronounced as /t/: walked (/wɔkt/), laughed (/læft/), kissed
(/kɪst/)
- If the verb ends in a voiced sound (such as /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/), the "ed" ending is pronounced as /d/: robbed (/rɑbd/), played (/pleɪd/), begged
(/bɛgd/)
- If the verb ends in a vowel or voiced consonant sound (such as /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/), the "ed" ending is pronounced as /d/: climbed (/klaɪmd/), opened
(/oʊpənd/), traveled (/trævəld/)
- It's important to note that in some cases, the "ed" ending is pronounced as /ɪd/ when the verb ends in the sounds /t/ or /d/: wanted (/wɑntɪd/),
added (/ædɪd/), needed (/nidɪd/)