ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt Thanks to all those who have helped me
directly or indirectly in the successful completion of my project. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to
all of them.
It is my utmost pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude
towards________________________________teacher who directed me to complete this project
successfully. Her valuable guidance, support and supervision are considerably responsible for bringing this
project attain its project form.
I extremely thankful to my principal __________________________for the moral support and extended
during tenure of this project.
I extend my special thanks to my parent for giving encouragement, and invaluable assistance to me and
other faculty members of the school and friends for their valuable suggestion and support given for the
completion of this project.
CERTIFICATE
This to certify that the project work on __________________________________based on the curriculum of
CBSE has been completed by A. SHAILEDHIRAH of class XII of Aditya Vidhyashram residential school,
Pondicherry.
The above-mentioned project work has been completed under my guidance during the academic year 2024-
25.
Signature of the Guide Teacher
INDEX
Sl: No PARTICULARS PAGE No:
1 Objective
2 Acknowledgement
3 Certificate
4 Action plan
5 Introduction of COVID-19
6 Questionnaire for interview
7 Analysis and Interpretation
8 Report
9 Student Reflection
10 Bibliography
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the covid-19 origin and health crisis and role of the government to overcome this
pandemic.
2. To survey on the covid-19 related experiences among people from different walks of life
3. To assess the impact of covid-19 on social life of people
4. To assess the impact of covid-19 on healthy human behavior and learning
5. To study the impact of lockdowns on family relationships and financial conditions of families
ACTION PLAN
Title of the project:
Initiation: I Started this project by searching about the history and severity of covid-19 disease.
Also, about the medication and efficacy towards the victim of covid-19. I gathered information
based on many questions about it.
Planning: I panned the project accordingly with our limited resources. Firstly, I started with
preparing questionnaire to take an interview with a Doctor Mr. R. Chandra Sekaran, M.B.B.S
who attended the Covid-19 patients. Next, I prepared the question for the covid victims Mr. S.
Logaraj who affected undergone the process during the pandemic.
Execution: First, I had an interview with the doctor who treated the covid-19 patient. Secondly, I
had a conversation with patients who affected by covid-19.
Implementation: I implemented this plan, and we collected the results by interviewing both
Doctor Mr. R. Chandra Sekaran, M.B.B.S and the patient Mr. S. Logaraj
INTRODUCTION
The novel human corona virus which has been labelled as SARS-CoV-2 was firstly transpired
in late 2019 in Wuhan, China causing respiratory disease called COVID-19. This virus has roll
out swiftly around the globe. The worldwide threat of contagious infection, corona virus
infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic globally is related with “severe acute respiratory
syndrome” majority of the world population is suffering from this SARS-CoV-2 virus since
December 2019. Corona viruses are a group of associated RNA viruses is a source for respiratory
span infections that can lead from mild to fatal. Mild illnesses comprise of the common cold
(which is also brought about by certain other viruses, especially rhinoviruses), while more mortal
varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Corona viruses are enfolded positive sense
RNA viruses arraying from 60 nm to 140 nm in diameter with spike like prognosis on its surface.
The inoculation period ranges from 2 to 14 d [median 5 d]. Studies have recognized angiotensin
receptor 2 (ACE2) as the receptor through which the microbe enters the respiratory mucosa4.The
basic case reproduction rate (BCR) is estimated to range from 2 to 6.47 in various modelling
studies. In contrast, the BCR of SARS was 2 and 1.3 for pandemic flu H1N1 2009.
COVID 19 Virus
ORIGIN OF COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), originated at Wuhan city of China in early December
2019 has rapidly widespread with confirmed cases in almost every country across the world and
has become a new global public health crisis. The etiological agent was designated as severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was originated in bats and
human transmission primarily occurs through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected
people through infected secretions such as respiratory secretions, saliva or through respiratory
droplets that are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks.
Statistical Report of victims of COVID-19 by WHO around the world
VACCINES AND EFFICACY
Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen)that triggers an
immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens
rather than the antigen itself. Regardless of whether the vaccine is made up of the antigen itself or
the blueprint so that the body will produce the antigen, this weakened version will not cause the
disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will prompt their immune system to respond
much as it would have on its first reaction to the actual pathogen. Throughout history, humans
have successfully developed vaccines for a few life-threatening diseases, including meningitis,
tetanus, measles, wild poliovirus and Covid-19 Under normal circumstances, making a vaccine
can take up to10–15 years. This is because of the complexity of vaccine development. But due to
global collaboration the vaccine against Covid-19 was developed under a year of it being
declared as a global pandemic.
VACCINATION PROGRAM AGAINST COVID-19 IN INDIA
India began administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 16 January 2021. As of 4 March 2023,
India has administered over 2.2 billion doses overall, including first, second and precautionary
(booster) doses of the currently approved vaccines. In India, 95% of the eligible population (12+)
has received at least one shot, and 88% of the eligible population (12+) is fully vaccinated.
India initially approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (manufactured under license by
Serum Institute of India under the trade name Covishield) and Covaxin (a vaccine developed
locally by Bharat Biotech). They have since been joined by the Sputnik V (manufactured under
license by Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, with additional production from Serum Institute of India
being started in September), Moderna vaccines, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and ZyCoV-D (a
vaccine locally developed by Zydus Cadila and other vaccine candidates undergoing local
clinical trials. According to a June 2022 study published in The Lancet COVID-19 vaccination in
India prevented an additional 4.2million deaths from December 8, 2020, to December 8, 2021.
VACCINATION PROGRAMME
Vaccination Program against Covid-19 in India. India began administration ofCOVID-19
vaccines on 16 January 2021. As of 4 March 2023, India has administered over 2.2 billion doses
overall, including first, second and precautionary (booster) doses of the currently approved
vaccines. In India, 95% of the eligible population (12+) has received at least one shot, and 88%
of the eligible population (12+) is fully vaccinated.
COVID 19 Vaccination programme
VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION
As of early May 2021, there were over 30 vaccine candidates in development in India, many
of which were already in pre-clinical trials. The Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) is the
world's largest vaccine maker. This existing capacity enabled India to be a major participant in
the COVAX programme to distribute vaccines to developing countries. In February 2020, SII had
begun animal trials of vaccine candidates. SII announced in April 2020that it would apply for
clinical trials from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) in April 2020. SII president Adar
Poonawalla said that a vaccine would be delivered within a year, but projected an efficacy
between 70 and 80%In August 2020, SII received approvals for phase 2 and phase 3 trials of its
version of a vaccine being developed by AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford's Vacci tech.
SII joined GAVI in a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to produce 100
million doses of vaccine for developing countries. The SII planned to manufacture 1.5 and 2.5
billion doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine per-year under the trade name "Covishield". By its
approval in January 2021, the company had stockpiled 50 million doses, but well short of its own
target of 400 million.112 Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech, in collaboration with U.S.-based
FluGen, expected to begin the first clinical trials of a nasal vaccine by late-2020.
Safety and Precautions during COVID 19 Pandemic
In September 2020, it was reported that in pre-clinical trials on animals, Covaxin was able to
build immunity. In July2021, Bharat Biotech reported the vaccine to be 64% (95% CI, 29–82%)
effective against asymptomatic cases, 78% (65–86%) effective against symptomatic cases, 93%
(57–100%) effective against severe COVID-19infection, and 65% (33–83%) effective against the
Delta variant. On 20April 2021, Bharat Biotech announced that it had expanded its production
capabilities for Covaxin to 700 million doses per-year.
BACKGROUND AND TIMELINE
First phase, initial approvals, launch of vaccination programme.
First Phase, initial approvals, launch of vaccination programme In September 2020, India's
Health minister stated that the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by
the first quarter of 2021. The first recipients were to be 30 million health workers directly dealing
with COVID patients.
On 1 January 2021, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved emergency use of
the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (local trade name “Covishield"). On 2 January, the DCGI also
granted an interim emergency use authorisation toBBV152 (trade name "Covaxin"), a domestic
vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research
and National Institute of Virology.[19] This approval was met with some concern, as the vaccine
had not then completed phase 3 clinical trials. Due to this status, those receiving Covaxin were
required to sign a consent form, while some states chose to relegate Covaxin to a "buffer stock"
and primarily distribute Covishield.
COVID-19 vaccination rolls out in AIIMS, New Delhi, India on 16 January
India began its vaccination programme on 16 January 2021, operating 3,006vaccination
centres on the onset. Each vaccination centre will offer either Covishield or Covaxin, but not
both. 165,714 people were vaccinated on the first day of availability. Difficulties in uploading
beneficiary lists at some sites caused delays. In the first three days, 631,417 people were
vaccinated.
COVID-19 vaccination rolls out in AIIMS, New Delhi, India on 16 January
Of these, 0.18% reported side-effects and nine people (0.002%) were admitted to hospitals
for observation and treatment. Within those first days, there were concerns about low turnout, due
to a combination of vaccine safety concerns, technical problems with the software used, and
misinformation. The first phase of the rollout involved health workers and frontline workers,
including police, paramilitary forces, sanitation workers, and disaster management volunteers. By
1 March, only 14 million healthcare and frontline workers had been vaccinated, falling short of
the original goal of 30million.
SECOND PHASE
The next phase of the vaccine rollout covered all residents over the age of 60, residents
between the ages of 45 and 60 with one or more qualifying comorbidities, and any health care or
frontline worker that did not receive a dose during phase 1. Online registration began on 1 March
via the Arogya Set app and Co-WIN ("Winning over COVID-19") website. Amid the beginnings
of a major second wave of infections in the country, vaccine exports were suspended in March
2021, and the government ordered110 million Covishield doses from SII. The company aims to
produce 100 million doses per month, but by May 2021 its production capacity was only 60–70
million doses. Following the conclusion of its trial, the DCGI issued a standard emergency use
authorisation to Covaxin on 11 March 2021. From 1 April, eligibility was extended to all
residents over the age of 45. On8 April, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a four-day
Teeka Utsav ("Vaccine Festival") from 11 to 14 April, with a goal to increase the pace of the
program by vaccinating as many eligible residents as possible. By the end of the Utsav, India had
reached a total of over 111 million vaccine doses to-date.
Clinical Trials for various COVID-19 vaccination
THIRD PHASE, SPUTNIK V APPROVAL
On 12 April, the DCGI approved Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use in India. A
phase 3 trial was conducted in the country in September 2020, which showed 91.6% efficacy.
The local distributor Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories stated that it planned to have the vaccine in India
by late May2021.On 19 April, it was announced that the next phase of the vaccination
programme would begin on 1 May, extending eligibility to all residents over the age of 18. Under
phase 3, individual stakeholders were also given more flexibility in how they conduct the
vaccination programme. As part of this plan, only half of the vaccines procured by the Central
Drugs Laboratory from manufacturers would be distributed by the central government. This
supply would go to government-run clinics and be offered free-of-charge to residents 45 and over
and priority workers and siphoned off to states based on factors such as the number of active
cases and how quickly they are administering vaccines. The remainder would be offered to
individual states and purchased on the open market (including private hospitals), which would be
able to serve residents over the age of 18. Registration for the next phase began on 28 April; a
single-day record of nearly13.3 million people registered. Due to supply issues, several states,
including Delhi, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh announced that they would delay their wider
rollouts of vaccines to later in the month. The initial shipment of 150,000 Sputnik V doses
arrived on 1 May and began to be administered on 14 May. An estimated 156 million doses are
expected between August and December; initially, doses will be sourced from Russia, but
domestic production is expected to begin by August 2021. On 13 May, the DCGI approved phase
2 and phase 3 trials of Covaxin on children 2–18. On 14 May, health officials projected that
based on the anticipated approval of additional vaccine options, it could receive at least
2.17billion more vaccine doses from August to December 2021. On 25 May, India exceeded 200
million vaccine doses administered in total. On 3 June, the Ministry of Health, and Family
Welfare pre-ordered 300 million doses of a potential fourth vaccine, Corbevax, which is
undergoing phase 3 clinical trials.
SPUTNIK V COVID-19 VACCINE
On 23 May, the union government allowed walk-in registrations for vaccination throughout
the country; a health worker at the vaccination centre would register the recipient in the Co-win
vaccination database. The government claimed in an affidavit to the Supreme Court that as of
June 23 about 78 per cent of vaccines had been administered via walk-in registration. Return to
centralised procurement on 31 May, an affidavit was issued in the Supreme Court of India
requesting are view of the central government's vaccine distribution strategy, suggesting that the
decision to only offer doses at no charge to priority workers and residents over the age of 45 was
"prima facie arbitrary and irrational". On 7 June, Prime Minister Modi announced that India
would migrate back to centralised procurement of vaccines by 21 June. In an address, Modi
stated that multiple chief ministers had requested that the central government reconsider its new
distribution strategy and reinstate the system it had used before May. As before, the centre will
procure up to 75% of the country’s vaccine supplies from manufacturers in bulk and distribute
them to states at no additional charge. Vaccines would now be offered at no charge for those in
the18–44 age group. Private hospitals will still be responsible for the remaining25% of
procurement, but fees for appointments are now capped at!150(US$1.90). On 21 June, the day
these changes took effect, approximately 8,270,000doses were administered—India's largest
single-day total until that point. Ten states to have administered vaccine doses that day, few of
these states had below-average vaccination numbers in the days leading up to 21 June (such as
Madhya Pradesh, which went from 692 doses on 20 June to 1,690,000 the next day, and numbers
had dropped significantly in the state the next day). On 23 June, India surpassed over 300 million
vaccine doses administered in total. On 28 June, India overtook the United States in total vaccine
doses administered. On 29 June, the DCGI approved the Moderna vaccine (which is being
imported by Cipla) for emergency use. Vinod Kumar Paul stated that the Pfizer vaccine was also
likely to be approved soon.500 million mark, Johnson & Johnson Covid-19vaccine approval and
record. On 6 August 2021, India crossed the 500 million doses milestone within 6months from
the onset of the vaccination program.
Statistical report of Vaccinated in India as of April - 4- 2023
On 7 August 2021, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved emergency use of
the Johnson and Johnson single-dose vaccine. On 16Aug 2021, India administered around 8.81
million doses of COVID-19vaccines, achieving the highest single-day record and overtaking its
own previous record of 8.61 million doses, by 16 August the cumulative doses had surpassed the
55 million marks. ZyCoV-D approval for ages 12 & above and single day vaccination records
On 20 August 2021, India granted emergency authorization to Zydus Cadila's vaccine ZyCoV-D,
the world's firstDNA plasmid-based COVID-19 vaccine, for patients 12 and older. India granted
emergency use approval to the world's firstDNA basedCOVID-19 vaccine, manufactured by for
adults and children aged 12 years and above. The vaccine is administered using a needle-free
applicator. The government announced on 30 September 2021 that the ZyCoV-D vaccine will be
a three-dose vaccine and it will be included in the Covid vaccination programme of India. Since
August 10, 2021, foreign nationals residing in India can now receive theCOVID-19 vaccine by
registering themselves on the Cowin platform; like other eligible beneficiaries, the foreign
nationals can book a slot via the portal and use their passport as a document to verify their
identity for the registration process. By 26 August 2021, 50% of the adult population in India
were inoculated with at least one dose of the approved vaccines, which included 99% coverage
among healthcare workers and 100% front-line workers for the first dose.
On 27 August 2021, India crossed the milestone of administering more than 10million (1
crore) doses of COVID-19 vaccine in a single day, setting a new world record. Uttar Pradesh
topped the list with 2.8 million doses, followed by Karnataka with 1 million doses and
Maharashtra at third with 0.98 million doses. On 29 August 2021, Himachal Pradesh became the
first state to complete administering first doses of COVID-19 vaccines to 100% of the population.
On 31 August, India again set another single-day vaccination record by inoculating around 12
million (1.2 Crore) doses in 24 hours.[88]By September 2021, all adult people in Sikkim, Dadra
and Nagar Haveli, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Ladakh, and Lakshadweep have received at least one
dose of Covid vaccine as the cumulative jabs administered in the country crossed 75 crores.
Many city corporations, talukas, gram panchayats and districts had also administered the first
dose of COVID-19 vaccination to 100per cent of their adult population.
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEW / SURVEY
1. What impact has the pandemic had on your family daily activities?
2. Have you or any members of your family lost your jobs because of the pandemic?
3. How has the epidemic impacted the mental health and well-being of your family?
4. Have any members of your family of you personally had any physical health concerns
because of the pandemic?
5. Has the epidemic made it harder for you to get medical care or other services?
6. What impact has the pandemic had on your kid’s education and learning?
7. Have made use of technology to stay in touch with loved ones throughout the
pandemic?
8. Have you or any members of your family received a COVID-19 Vaccination?
9. What kind of assistance, if any, would you prefer to get from your neighbourhood or
the government at this time?
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEW DOCTOR
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The coronavirus pandemic has had a major and wide-range effect on families. The
following are some significant conclusions:
Modifications to everyday routines: Due to the pandemic, many families have seen
considerable adjustments to their everyday routine, including remote work and online
schooling. This led to more stress and anxiety as well as difficulties keeping a healthy work-
life balance.
Financial Difficulties: because of the pandemic’s massive job losses and economic
upheaval, many families are now trouble making ends meet. Food insecurity, housing
instability, and other financial struggles have all increased as result of this pandemic.
Mental health problems: this pandemic has a negative impact on families mental and
health and well-being with many of them now dealing with higher levels of stress, anxiety
and sadness. This has been especially true for people who have had a COVID-19 loss of a
loved one or who have been cut off from friends and relatives.
Healthcare Disparities: the pandemic has brought attention to the current healthcare
inequities, disadvantaged families and communities having a harder time getting access to
resource and care.
Educational challenges: disrupted schooling and remote learning have presented
difficulties for families with young children, especially those without access to dependable
technology or who speak different languages.
Social isolation: social segregation and quarantine measures have exacerbated social
isolation, isolating families from their neighbourhoods and support systems.
Uses of technology: video calls and other internet contact tools have been a lifeline
for many families during the pandemic, helping to keep family relationships intact.
Families’ daily routines have been interrupted by the COVID-19 lockdown in a
several ways, including:
Scheduling adjustments for work and school: with many parents now working from
home and kids attending school remotely, families’ daily routines have undergone major
change. Families have had to adjust to new schedules and habits as a result, which can be
difficult and stressful.
Restricted social activities: the capacity of families to engage in social activities, such
as going to the movies., watch athletic events, pr visiting friends and relatives, has been
restricted by social distancing policies. Increased emotions of loneliness and social isolation
are the result of this.
Workout and outdoor activities have changed because of gyms other exercise facilities
closing, forcing families to discover new methods to keep active and healthy. To stay active
while preserving social distance, many families are turning to outdoor pursuits like biking or
hiking.
Adjustment in food planning and preparation: families have had to modify their meal
planning and preparation because of restaurants being closed or providing restricted service.
This can entail consuming more meals at home or relying more on delivery or takeout
services.
Families now have more domestic chores, such as cleaning, cooking, and childcare,
because many kids got to school online, and parents work from home. For families with a
single parent or little money, this can be particularly difficult.
REPORT/ CONCLUSION
In families all around the world have been significantly impacted y the coronavirus
pandemic. Every element of the family life has been impacted by the pandemics’ aftermath,
from everyday activities and financial security to mental health and social relationships. We
can better understand the difficulties that families are experiencing via study and analysis,
and we can create plans and solutions to help them.
As we go, it is crucial to keep putting family needs first, especially those of those who
are most risk from the pandemic’s effects. This might entail offering financial support,
boosting healthcare accessibility, and promoting mental health and wellbeing.
The perseverance and power of families in the face of hardship must also be
acknowledged. Families have shown tremendous perseverance, ingenuity, and flexibility
throughout this tiring period despite the hurdles they have experienced. We can assist families
in surviving the pandemic and emerging stronger and more resilient than ever before by
learning from their experience and meeting their needs.
STUDENTS REFLECTION
BIBILOGRAPHY
