i

saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
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com

FUNCTI
ONALWRI
TING/
ORALS
KILLS
/POETRYANALYS
IS

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEENGLI
SHSYLLABUSI
NKENYANSECONDARYSCHOOLS

Thesyl
labuscover
sthef
oll
owi
ngar
easasexami
nedi
ntheKeny
aCer
ti
fi
cat
eofSecondar
y
Educat
ion(KCSE).

PAPERONE

Thesear
ethear
easexami
nedunderpaperone

1.Functi
onalwri
ti
ng—t
hisent
ail
sit
emsorcomposi
ti
onswr i
tt
enforaspecif
icpurpose;
For
example,appl
yi
ngforaj
ob,wri
ti
ngminut
esformeet
ings,
writi
ngrepor
ts,
recipes,
memosetc.

2.Clozet
est—thi
sisatestonhowt obestchoosevocabular
iesorwordsthatf
il
lbl
anksi
nthe
gi
vencontextofthepassage.Itisalsoatestonknowledgeofcategor
iesofwordsandf
unct
ions
ofthosecat
egori
esinasent ence.

3.Funct
ionalski
ll
s—thesearelanguagemanner i
smsski
lls.Theyarepracti
calski
ll
sonhowto
behaveinapolit
e,cr
eativeandeffecti
vewaywhenusingt heEngl
ishlanguage.Theyar
eski
l
lson
eti
quett
e,spell
i
ngs,pronunci
ati
on, speaki
ng,
dramat
isat
ionandl i
steni
ng.

PAPERTWO

Papert
wohast
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eas

1.Compr
ehensi
on—t
hiscov
ersr
eadi
ngandcompr
ehensi
onski
l
ls.

2.Ext
ract
sorexcer
ptsf
rom sett
ext
—thi
sist
otestt
hel
ear
ner
’scr
it
ical
andanal
yti
cal
ski
l
ls.

3.OralLi
ter
atur
e—thesear
eskil
l
sonor alst
ori
es,songs,r
iddl
es,prov
erbset
cthatfor
m an
i
mpor t
antpartoft
heAfri
cancul
tur
e.Thisareafocusesonanaly
tical
andcri
ti
calski
ll
saswel
las
morali
ty.

4.Poet
ry—Theappr
eci
ati
onandst
udyofpoet
ryandpoet
icl
anguage.

5.Gr
ammar—languageuse,const
ruct
ionofsent
ences,
li
nki
ngpar
agr
aphs,
par
aphr
asi
ng,
creat
ing
andmodi
fyi
ngsit
uationset
c.

PAPERTHREE

Papert
hreei
saboutcr
eat
iveandcr
it
ical
wri
ti
ng.

1.Thef
ir
stquest
ioni
sal
way
saboutwr
it
ingani
magi
nat
ivecomposi
ti
onoracr
it
ical
essay
.

2.Thesecondquesti
onisalwaysbasedonacompulsorysetbooki
nwhi
cht
hecandi
dat
ewr
it
esa
cri
ti
cal
essaybasingil
l
ustr
ationsonitandhi
sorhersoci
ety.

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ls,
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3.Thethi
rdquest
ionisal
waysaboutot
hert
hreesetbooksthatar
eusual
l
yopti
onalsot
hat
candi
datehastochooseonequest
iont
oansweracrit
ical
essaybasedonsoci
etyandt
hebook.

Wr
it
ingl
egi
bly

Themai
naim ofwri
tingi
stocommuni cat
e.Ther
eisnopoi
ntinwr
it
inganyt
hingi
l
legi
bleas
i
nfor
mat
ioni
st her
eforei
naccessi
bleandthepur
poseofwr
ingnoachi
eved.

So,
towr
it
elegi
blyandcoher
ent
lyobser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

a)Beneat
,av
oidunnecessar
yer
asur
e,wr
it
ingi
nthemar
ginet
c.Andspacey
ourwor
ds.

b)Gi
vet
it
lesandsubt
it
lesorheadl
i
nest
oyourt
ext
s.

c)Di
vi
dey
ourwor
kint
opar
agr
aphs.

d)Usepunct
uat
ionmar
kscor
rect
ly.

e)Wr
it
ewor
dsi
nthei
rpr
operf
orm,
forexampl
e,t
hesmal
l‘
i’
mustal
way
shav
eadotast
hehead.

f
)Usecapi
tal
let
ter
s,smal
ll
ett
ersandar
ti
cleswel
l
.

Debat
ingSki
l
ls

Adebatei
saf ormal discussi
ononacont
enti
ousorcont
rov
ersi
alissuebet
weentwogroupsof
peopl
e.Todebateeff ecti
vel
y,member
sofeachgrouppl
usthehostsmustunder
standt
he
debat
ingr
ules,scheduleandskill
s.

Thedebatingscheduleisfixedbythehostsandindicat
esthet i
met hedebat
eissupposedto
begi
nandt hetwoopposi ngt eams.Thescheduleal
soindicatesthefor
matofdebateli
kehow
manymember sperteam, howmanypr oposersandopposer sandhowmanymi nut
esallocat
ed
perspeaker.I
tisal
soi mpor t
antfort
heparti
cipant
st oknowiftheycanusetheenti
restage,be
fi
xedatthemi cr
ophoneordr essi
nadefinedway .

Whenpr
epar
ingf
ordebat
e

1.I
denti
fyt
hetopi
candpreparet
osupportandopposei
t.I
tisimport
antt
otr
ybot
hsi
dessot
hat
youcanbestpr
esenty
ourargument
sobjecti
vel
yandknowledgeabl
y.

2.Car
ryoutamockdebat
efr
om t
heopposi
ngsi
deandpr
oposi
ngsi
deandwor
kont
heuseofnon
ver
balcues.

3.Resear
cht
hor
oughl
yont
het
opi
cfr
om t
hemagazi
nes,
newspaper
s,i
nter
net
,teacher
sand
books.

4.Notedownwhatevery
ouresearchthatisr
elev
antbyindi
cati
ngthedat
eofevent
s,t
heschol
ars
ofori
ginal
inf
ormat
ionetcsothatwheny ouusethei
nformati
onduri
ngdebat
esyouquot
ebooks
andpeoplefr
om whom yousourced.

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ls,
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Dur
ingdebat
e

1.Shar
eresponsi
bil
i
tiesi
.e.f
ir
stspeaker
,secondspeaker
,concl
usi
on,
rebut
tal
etc.

2.Speaki
naconf
identandaudi
blemanner
.

3.Usei
ntonat
ionandot
hernon-
ver
bal
cuest
omakey
ourar
gumentconv
inci
ng.

4.Obser
vet
imeal
l
ocat
ed

5.Li
stencar
eful
lyt
otheotherspeaker
ssot
haty
oucanf
indweaknessi
nthei
rar
gument
sand
di
smissthem whenyourt
urncomesup.

6.Mai
ntai
ney
econt
actwi
tht
heaudi
enceandj
udges.

7.I
nsi t
uati
onswhereyoufor
getpoi
ntsory
ouarenotsureofwhatyouar
esay
ing,
mai
ntai
na
str
aightandconf
identf
acesothatt
heaudi
encecanbel
ieveyourl
i
e.

8.Al
way
sobser
vet
urnt
aki
ng.I
ncaseofaneedt
oint
err
upt
,doi
tthr
ought
hechai
r’
sindul
gence.

Usi
ngadi
cti
onar
y

All
wordsinadict
ionar
yarealphabet
ical
l
yar
rangedi
nor
derofal
ll
ett
ersoft
hewor
dsr
espect
ivel
y.
Thi
sisforconv
enienceofusage.

Adi
cti
onar
ywi
l
lhel
pheuser

-
-Fi
ndoutt
hecor
rectspel
l
ingsofawor
d.

-
-I
dent
if
yhowt
hewor
dfunct
ionsi
nasent
encee.
g.av
erb,
conj
unct
ion,
adj
ect
iveet
c.

-
-Gett
hemeani
ngoft
hewor
d.

-
-Gett
hecor
rectpr
onunci
ati
on.

-
-Fi
ndt
hesy
nony
mst
hehomophonesofawor
d.

-
-I
denti
fycompoundnounst
hatcanbeder
ivedf
rom t
hewor
d.E.
g.Ov
er—ov
ercr
owd,
overr
eact
,
over
achiev
e,ov
erwor
ketc.

Somewor dsinadict
ionar
yarepol
ysemyi.
e.theyhavesev
eralmeani
ngsdependi
ngont he
cont
ext.Itisther
efor
eimport
antwhenchecki
ngupt hemeaningofawordinthedict
ionaryto
knowthecont extwhereyouwantt
oapplythemeaning.E.
g.Minutecanr
efertoti
meor
somethingtiny.

Composi
ti
onwr
it
ing

Whenwr
it
ingacomposi
ti
onconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thecomposi
ti
onshoul
dbeoneaquar
terpagel
ongA4si
ze.

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2.Thest
orymustbewr
it
tencl
ear
lyandl
egi
bly
.Av
oiddi
rt
ywor
kander
asur
e.

3.Agoodcomposi
ti
onwoul
dhaveagoodandcr eat
ingi
ntr
oducti
onful
lofdescr
ipt
iont
osett
he
moodofthest
oryandcr
eat
esuspenseorcur
iosi
tyi
ntheexaminer.

4.Acreati
vecomposi t
ionshouldincludeaf ewepisodesofdialoguef oll
owedbyv i
viddescript
ion.
Thereadermustseeandexper iencewhati shappening.Thestoryshoul dinvolv
eatl eastthe
senseofsight
,senseoft ouch,
andsenseofhear i
ngpl ust
hinkingint hedescri
ption.Letussee
whatthecharact
erswer ewearing,howt heweatherwasl i
ke,yourenv ir
onmentet c.Letusf eel
howy oufel
t:j
oy,sadness,ecst
asyet c.Letushearwhaty ouhear d:thesounds, t
hescr eaming,the
holl
owlaughersetc.Letusknowwhatwasgoi ngt hr
oughy ourmi nd—y ouri
nteri
ormonol ogueat
theti
me.

5.Whenwr i
tingthestor
ymakesur eyouhaveashortplotthatrunsonl
yforaf ewminutes.For
exampleyoucanwr it
east or
yaboutmeeti
ngaf ri
endintownt ocloseabusinessdealbutduri
ng
thenegoti
ati
ons,somethinghappens,
soyouconcentratefi
rstondescri
bingthemeetingplace,
theweather,howheisdressedwhatareyourexpect
ationsetc;sothat
,yousetthemoodandt he
curi
osi
tyinthereader.

6.Beambi t
iousinyourstor
y.Lettheexaminerknowthaty ouar
emoder nandtrendy.Inyourstor
y
besuccessf ul,r
ichandevensti
llambit
ious.Showawar enessoftr
endingtopi
cs,modern
technologylikephones,v
ehicl
es,houses,st
reetsint
heci t
y,TVsets,
lapt
opsetc.Researchonthe
recenttit
lesofphones,clot
hesandcur r
entaffai
rssothatyoucanweav ethem t
ogetherinyour
story.

7.Theset
ti
ngofthest or
yshouldbeurbani
zed.Av
oidgoi
ngtotheforest
,andavoi
dexhaust
ed
pl
otsli
kebei
nghijackedbygigant
icmen,acci
dent
sandweddings.Comeupwi t
hsomethingshor
t,
uni
queandori
ginalifyouwanttoscor
eanAi ncomposit
ion.

8.Makesureyourpunctuat
ioniscorr
ect.Learnhowt opunct
uatedi
alogueandhowt oparagr
aph
di
aloguei
nastory.Bewatchful
ofcapitalandsmalllet
ter
swhenwr i
ting.Al
way sstar
tproper
nounswit
hcapit
allet
ter
sandalway sendy oursent
enceswiththefi
nalpunctuati
onmarks.

9.Arrangey
ourworkincl
earpar
agraphsandbesur
etofloweryourworkusi
ngmodern
ter
minologi
es,
aproverborani
diom andquot
eswherepossi
blebutavoi
doverusedphr
asesor
cli
chés.

Ar
ti
cles

Art
icl
esar
ev er
yshor
twordspl
acedi
nfr
ontofnouns.Theyt
ell
uswhet
herwear
eref
err
ingt
oa
nouninaspeci
fi
corgener
alway.

Defi
nit
earti
clei
sthe.I
tisdefi
nit
ebecausei
tisusedwhenthespeakerandt
hel
i
stenerknowwhat
i
sbeingtal
kedabout.E.g.Thedeskt
hatyouaskedfori
sthi
s.Themanhascome.TheIndian
Ocean.Theguit
ar.

-
-I
tisal
sousedwhent
alki
ngaboutnat
ional
i
tiesbecauset
heyar
efami
l
iar
.E.
g.TheKeny
an,
the

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Br
it
on,
theAmer
icanet
c.

-
-I
tisal
sousedwhenref
err
ingtoinv
enti
onsbecausetheyar
eknownandst
udi
ed.E.
g.Who
i
nvent
edthecomput
er,t
hetel
egram,theel
ect
ri
cit
yetc.

--
Usewithsuperl
ati
veformsbecausetheyr
efert
ouniquet
hingsorpeoplewi
thi
nagroupwhoar
e
known.E.g.Sheisthetal
lesti
nourcl
ass.MountEv
eresti
sthetal
lesti
ntheworl
d.USAist
he
ri
chestcount
ryi
nt heworld.

Indef
ini
teart
icl
es‘a’and‘an’
areusedwithsi
ngul
arnouns.‘a’
isusedwi
thnounst
hatbeginwi
th
consonantsoundsli
keacow, agoat,
ast i
cket
c.whereas‘an’i
susedwi
thnounsthatbegi
nwi
th
vowelsoundsli
keanelephant
,anumbr el
l
a,anhouret
c.

--
Theindef
init
earti
cle‘
a’and‘an’
ismai
nlyusedwhenmenti
oni
ngsomethi
ngorsomeonefort
he
fi
rstt
imeandi ncaseswherenotall
par
ti
esareawareofwhoorwhati
sbeingt
alkedabout
.E.
g.I
sawamanr unaway .Aladycamewasaskingfory
ou.Ineedanumbr
ell
a.

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lineachbl
ankspacewi
thanappr
opr
iat
ear
ti
cle.

_
_mancamei nt
otheroom wi
th__womancarryi
ng_ _umbr
ell
a.Theytooktheirseatsandor
dered
t
ea.__manwhisper
edsomethingin__woman’sear.Sher
emainedtransfi
xedf orawhil
ebefor
e
l
urchi
ngf
orwardandhuggi
nghi m ._
_umbrel
l
awhi chwasont hetablefel
l.

Capi
tal
izat
ion

Acapi
tal
let
teri
susedt
o

a)begi
nasent
ence.E.
g.Hei
scomi
ng.

b)Tobegi
ndi
rectspeech.E.
g.“
Gohomemyf
ri
end!
”hecommanded.

c)Towr
it
etheper
sonal
pronoun‘
I
’.E.
g.JohnandIar
ebr
ave.

d)Tobegi
npr
opernouns.E.
g.Ghana RomeoandJul
i
etKeny
aet
c.

e)Day
soft
heweekandmont
hs.E.
g.Sunday Monday Januar
y Febr
uar
yet
c.

f)Namesofor
gani
sat
ionsandr
eli
giousbodi
ese.
g.TheCat
hol
i
cChur
ch, UnduguSoci
etyof
Kenyaet
c.

g)I
nabbr
evi
ati
onse.
g.KBC,KTN,R.
N.Mbi
thi
etc.

Tur
ntaki
ng

Tur
ntaki
ngi
nvol
vesski
l
lsi
nmaki
ngagoodconv
ersat
ion.

Whenhav
ingaconv
ersat
ionobser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng

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ls,
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a)
List
encar
eful
l
ywhenot
her
stal
k.

b)Showi
nter
esti
nwhatt
heyar
esay
ing.

c)Encour
aget
hem t
ocont
inuebynoddi
ngy
ourhead,
usi
ngi
nter
ject
ionsl
i
kewow!Eheh!Et
c.

d)Speakonl
ywheni
tyourt
urnt
odoso.

Youcant
ell
wheni
tisy
ourt
urnby

1)Li
steni
ngf
orpausesi
ntheot
herpar
ty’
sspeech.

2.Pr
edi
ctwhenhewi
l
lcomet
oanend.

3.Wat
chthebodylanguageoft
heot
herspeakert
hatmi
ghti
ndi
cat
ethathei
sdonespeaki
nge.
g.
l
eani
ngbackwards.

4.Not
ingwhenaquest
ionr
equi
resy
ourr
esponse.

5.Not
ingwhentheot
herspeakerbegi
nst
orepeathi
msel
fneedl
essl
yusi
ngi
nter
ject
ionsl
i
ke‘
you
know’
‘Imean’
.

6.Not
ingt
heot
herspeaker
’si
ntonat
ionpat
ter
nse.
g.t
hef
all
i
ngt
onei
ndi
cat
esf
inal
i
ty.

Gr
oupDi
scussi
ons

Toef
fect
ivel
ypar
ti
cipat
einagr
oupdi
scussi
on

1.Sel
ectat
opi
c—choosef
rom t
hosepr
ovi
dedespeci
all
yonet
haty
oucanmanageasagr
oup.

2.Chooseachai
rper
sonandasecr
etar
y.

Achai
rper
sont
o

-
-gui
det
hegr
oup

-
-t
ocal
luponi
ndi
vi
dual
member
stocont
ri
but
e.

-
-Keept
hedi
scussi
onmov
ingandgui
def
rom di
gressi
onorgoi
ngoutoft
opi
c.

-
-keepemot
ionsi
ncheck.

Asecr
etar
yto

-
-r
ecor
dimpor
tantpoi
ntsofdi
scussi
on

-
-i
dent
if
yandr
ecor
dar
easofagr
eement

-
-makeapr
esent
ati
onofwhatwasdi
scussedt
other
estoft
hecl
ass.

3.Par
ti
cipant
spr
epar
ati
onf
ort
hedi
scussi
on

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ls,
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-
-Resear
chandl
i
stt
hepoi
ntsy
ouwantt
omake

-
-Ar
rangethem i
nsomeor
der
—pr
efer
abl
yfr
om t
hel
eastt
othemosti
mpor
tantpl
ust
hei
r
r
especti
veexamples.

-
-Donotmemor
izet
hepoi
ntsasy
ourspeechmi
ghtnotf
lownat
ural
l
y.

4.Whenhav
ingadi
scussi
on

-
-l
ist
encr
it
ical
l
ytoot
her
s

-
-showi
nter
esti
nthei
rcont
ri
but
ion

-
-andwheni
tisy
ourt
urnt
ospeakdosoi
npl
ainEngl
i
shf
orcl
ari
ty

-
-donotshowof
fforot
her
scant
urnagai
nsty
ou.

-
-bebr
iefandst
ickt
othet
imeal
l
ocat
ed

-
-bepol
i
tet
hought
ful
andconsi
der
ate

-
-don’
tint
err
uptot
her
sify
oudi
sagr
ee.

Di
sagr
eei
ngpol
it
ely

I
fyouar
eindi
sagr
eementwi
thanot
herper
sont
ryt
o

--
li
stenat
tent
ivel
yinordert
ounderst
andtheotherper
son’
spoi
ntofv
iew.Somet
imeswedi
sagr
ee
becausewehav enotunder
stoodeachot
her.

-
-puty
oursel
fint
heshoesoftheotherper
sonanddel
i
ber
atel
ytaket
heot
herper
son’
spoi
ntof
v
iew;tr
ytounder
standt
hatperson’
sposit
ion.

--
Focusonthecurrenti
ssue.Eveni
fyouhav
edi
sagr
eedbef
ore,
donotr
evi
sitpasti
ssues.Doi
ng
sorai
sesunnecessarytensi
ons.

-
-Expl
aincl
ear
lywhaty
oudi
sagr
eewi
th.Donotat
tackt
heper
sonbyhumi
l
iat
inghi
m orhert
ackl
e
t
heproblem.

-
-Exer
cisesel
f-
cont
rol
.Usepol
i
tel
anguaget
hati
ssoundandsi
ncer
e.

-
-Remembert
hatwecanagr
eet
odi
sagr
ee.Ot
herpeopl
ehav
ear
ightt
ohol
ddi
ff
eri
ngopi
nions.

Whendi
sagr
eei
nguset
heseexpr
essi
ons

Iam sor
ryt
osayt
his.
.. Iam af
rai
dyouar
ewr
ongont
hat
..
.. pl
easeconsi
deral
so.
..
.

Par
donmeont
his.
..excuseme.
..Ir
egr
ett
oadmi
tthat
..
.Iunder
standwhaty
oumeanbut
..
.

Thati
spr
obabl
ytr
uebut
..
.Youhav
eapoi
ntbutsuppose.
..

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Thi
sisnoteasyf
ormet
osaybut
..
..

I
nter
rupt
ingCour
teousl
y

I
nt hecourseoflist
eni ng,wemayfinditnecessarytoi
nter
ruptthespeaker
.Thiscouldhappen
whenwef eelthatwehav esomethingimportanttoaddtowhati sbei
ngsaidanditcannotwaitt
il
l
thespeakerfi
nishest alki
ng.Wemayal sointerr
uptwhenwef eelincl
i
nedtourgentl
yexpressdoubt
ordisbel
i
efaboutaf alsehoodonsomet hi
ngi mport
antbei
ngpassedasaf act.I
nterr
upti
ngshould
bedoneonl ywheni tisabsolut
elynecessary
.

Wheny
ouwantt
oint
err
upt

-
-begi
nwi
thpol
i
teexpr
essi
onssuchasexcuseme,
par
donme,
sor
ryet
c.

--
onl
yint
erj
ectwhent
hespeakerpausesbet
weenonesent
enceandanot
her
,noti
nthemi
ddl
eofa
sent
enceoraword.

-
-i
nter
rupti
napol
i
ter
espect
ful
mannerwi
thoutpor
tray
ingi
ntol
erance

-
-donotl
aughatt
hemi
stakesofot
her
sasy
oui
nter
ruptwi
thy
ourcont
ri
but
ion

-
-donotwai
timpat
ient
lyt
osei
zet
heoppor
tuni
tyt
oint
err
uptsi
ncet
hiswi
l
ldi
srupty
ourl
i
steni
ng.

Usi
ngy
ouv
oiceef
fect
ivel
y

Tousey
ourv
oiceef
fect
ivel
yont
hest
age,
iti
simpor
tantt
omanagest
agef
ri
ghtby

-
-doi
ngt
hor
oughpr
epar
ati
ononwhaty
ouar
egoi
ngt
opr
esent

--
Lear
ningt
oacquaintyoursel
fwitht
heaudi
encesot
haty
ouseet
hem asabunchofor
dinar
y
peopl
ewhoshouldn’tscar
ey ou.

-
-St
andi
ngupr
ightwhenspeaki
ng

-
-Looki
ngst
rai
ghtatt
heaudi
encebyest
abl
i
shi
ngey
econt
act

-
-usi
ngappr
opr
iat
egest
uresandf
aci
alexpr
essi
onst
hatt
all
ywi
thwhaty
ouar
esay
ing.

Tobeabl
etousey
ourv
oiceef
fect
ivel
y

-
-openy
ourmout
hwi
deenought
oletoutt
hev
oice

-
-av
oidshr
il
landhi
gh-
pit
chedt
ones

-
-av
oidhor
seandhar
sht
ones

-
-br
eat
hei
nregul
arl
yandsmoot
hly
—takeabr
eakwheny
oupause

-
-f
ini
shononewor
dbef
orest
art
ingonanot
her

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-
-pr
onouncewor
dscor
rect
ly

Bar
ri
erst
oef
fect
ivel
ist
eni
ng

-
-Di
str
act
ionssuchasnoi
seandmov
ementofot
herpeopl
e

--
Fail
uretopayatt
ent
ionorhavi
ngashor
tconcent
rat
ionspun,
whi
choccur
swhensomeonei
s
speakingtousandourmindsbegi
ntowander
.

--
Impat
ience—wegetsoi
mpatientwi
thaspeakerthatwebegi
ntoguesswhatheorshewant
sto
say.Weendupnotunder
standingwhatonesaysbecausewemakewr ongguesses.

-
-Cr
it
ici
singdel
iv
eryandphy si
calappear
ance—asli
stener
s,wemayfocusmoreonthemannerand
l
anguageofthespeaker
,forinst
ance,mispr
onunci
ati
onorthemannerofdr
essi
ngattheexpense
oft
hemessage.

-
-Jumpi
ngtoconcl
usi
ons—wemaynotl
ett
hespeakerf
ini
sht
ospeak;
inst
ead,
wer
eactt
owhat
wethi
nkheisgoi
ngtosay.

-
-Over
react
ingt
oemotionalwords—whenaspeakeruseswor
dsthatpr
ovokeusemot
ional
l
y,we
makejudgementt
hatblockoutthi
ngst
hatwedonotwantt ohear
.

-
-Ourdesi
ret
ospeak—whensomeoneel
sei
sspeaki
ngt
ous,
wemaybebusyt
hinki
ngaboutwhat
t
osaynext.

--
Physi
ologi
calandemot i
onalst
ates—somet
imeshunger
,anxi
ety
,ti
rednessorsi
cknesscan
prev
entusfrom li
steni
ngeff
ecti
vely.

-
-Daydr
eami
ng.

Per
sonalspace

Personalspaceissi
mplythespacear oundsomeonewhenevertheyare.Adistanceofonemet r
e
radi
uscoul dbeseenasanidealpersonalspace.Onthequeue,i
nabus, atapar t
y,i
npublicor
pri
vate,every
onehasthei
rownper sonalspacenomat t
erwhotheyare.Personalspacerepresents
comf or
tzonesforpeopl
eandnotnecessar il
ystat
us.

Exampl
esoft
ipsandt
hingav
oidi
nrespectt
oot
herpeopl
e’
sper
sonal
space

a)Touchi
ngpeopl
e—avoi
dtouchi
ngpeopl
ewi
thwhom y
oudonothav
ecl
oset
ies.Touchi
ng
shoul
dbeconsensual
.

b)St
andi
ngtoocl
oset
opeople—avoidgett
ingt
ooclosewhent
alking,
greet
inget
c.anddonot
hol
dontopeopl
e’
shandsunnecessar
il
y.Al
soavoi
dsitt
ingt
ooclosetosomeoney oubar
elyknow.

c)Brushi
ngyourbodyagai
nstot
herpeopl e—i
nsituat
ionswher
eyoupasseachotheri
nanar
row
space,i
tisbett
ert
opauseandlettheotherpersonpassfi
rstt
hant
osqueezein.I
nsome
si
tuati
ons,t
hiscanbeseenassexualharassment.

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d)Avoi
dtal
ki
ngov
erpeopl
e—t
hebestt
hingi
stomov
enearandt
alk;
notshout
ingataper
soni
n
thecr
owd.

--
Avoidri
fl
ingthroughsomeone’sdeskwi
thouthi
sorherper
missi
on—somewor
kshoul
dnotbe
accessedwithoutpermissi
on.

--
Avoidbei
ngloudasyouspeakovert
hephone,shout
ing,
draggingyourf
eetorchai
rinan
envi
ronmentwhereot
herpeoplear
econcent
rat
ingonsomet hi
ng,eati
ngfoodwit
hav er
ystr
ong
smell
,play
ingmusicl
oudetc.

Ent
eri
ngsomeone’
sspaceusual
l
ymeanst
haty
ouar
edef
ini
nganewr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hem,
whi
chismutual
l
yagreed.

Quest
ion

I
dent
if
ysituat
ionsinwhi
chi
twoul
dbecour
teousf
ory
out
omai
ntai
nar
espect
abl
edi
stanceas
y
ouinter
actwithpeopl
e.

-
-Whenqueui
ngf
orser
vices,
inabank,
whi
l
evot
ing,whi
l
ewai
ti
ngf
oranel
evat
or,
foodet
c.

-
-Whi
l
eshar
ingpubl
i
cfaci
l
iti
esl
i
ket
ranspor
t,ur
inal
sandl
i
fts

-
-Wheni
nter
act
ingwi
thast
ranger

-
-Wheni
nter
act
ingwi
thel
der
s,VI
Ps,
leader
set
c.

-
-Whenot
herpeopl
ear
ebei
ngser
vedi
nanof
fi
ce,
wheni
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thadoct
oret
c.

-
-Whi
l
eint
eract
ingwi
thpeopl
ewhosecul
tur
edemandsi
t.E.
g.Noshaki
ngofhands.

-
-Whi
l
etal
ki
ngonphone.

St
ressonwor
ds

Str
essisaf or
ceplacedonaspeci
fi
csyllabl
einawordoronaspeci
fi
cwordinasent
enceto
changeit
smeani ng.Asyl
labl
eisadist
inctsoundi
naword.Awordcanhaveonetosev
eral
syl
labl
es.Forexample

Go—onesy
ll
abl
e

Tr
ans/
fer
—twosy
ll
abl
es

Edu/
ca/
ti
on—t
hreesy
ll
abl
es

Changeinstr
esswit
hinawordcanleadtoconver
sion.Conversi
onisaprocessofpr
onunci
ati
on
whichi
nvolv
eshif
tinstr
esstochangeawordfrom onecategorytoanot
herli
kefr
om anountoa
ver
boradjecti
vet
oav erbandvi
cevisor
.Forexample

‘
TRANSpor
t(noun)
—tr
ans’
PORT(
ver
b)

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‘
REj
ect(
noun)
—re’
JECT(
VERB)

Quest
ion

Usi
ngadi
cti
onar
yshowhowst
resschangesi
nthesewor
dsf
rom nount
over
bandadj
ect
ivet
o
ver
bwher
eappli
cabl
e.

Rej
ect pr
oject conduct cont
est r
ecor
d i
nval
i
d

St
ressi
nSent
ences

Str
esscanbeusedi nasentenceforcertai
neffect
s.Usuall
y,whenstr
essisplacedonawor d
wit
hinasent ence,t
hatwordwill
bepr onouncedwithahigherpit
chthantherest.Thi
s
automatical
lyaddsweightonitwhichineffectmanipul
atesthemeaningoft
hatsentence.
Considerthesentencebel
ow.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

Wecanusestresstomanipul
atethemeaningofthi
ssentencet
oachi
evethef
oll
owi
ng
i
mpl
icat
ions.Theunder
li
nedwor dineachconst
ruct
ioncarr
iest
hest
ress.

a)Thati
twasCar
olandnooneel
set
hatst
olemybook.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

b)ThanIam t
heowneroft
hebookt
hatwasst
olenandnooneel
se.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

c)Thatt
hebookwassol
dandnothi
dden.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

d)Thatt
hehawker
shav
ethebookandnotanyot
herper
son.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

e)WhatCar
oldi
d.

Car
olst
olemybookandsol
ditt
othehawker
s.

Quest
ion

Usestressint
hefoll
owi
ngsentencestoachi
evet
hefoll
owingimpl
i
cat
ionsi
nmeani
ng.Rewr
it
e
thesentencewi
ththest
ressedword(
s)under
li
nedineachcase.

WhenEuni
cedi
edofmal
ari
a,al
lhopest
hatJohnhadofmar
it
albl
i
ssdi
edwi
thher
.

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a)ThatJohnwasEuni
ce’
sfi
ancéandnotanyot
her
.

b)Whathappenedt
oEuni
ce.

c)WhatJohnl
ostapar
tfr
om Euni
ce.

d)Thet
imet
hatJohnl
osthopei
nmar
it
albl
i
ss.

e)Whatki
l
ledEuni
ce.

Nat
uralSt
ress

Nat
ural
str
esswoul
dusual
l
yfal
lont
hel
astwor
dinasent
ence.Forexampl
e:

Het
alkedofgoi
ngabr
oad.

Buti
fasentenceendswit
hapronounorapr
eposi
ti
onwedonotst
ressei
ther
,inst
ead,
west
ress
thewor
dprecedingei
ther
.E.
g

Somet
hingcameup. Shet
oldhi
m.I
tissomet
hingt
ofi
ghtf
or.Theyki
l
ledher
.

I
fasentenceendswi
thapreposi
ti
onprecededbyapr
onounorapronounpr
ecededbya
pr
eposi
tion,
thenwest
ressthewordt
hatcomesbefor
ethetwo.E.
g.

Thest
rangershout
edatme. Shel
edmeon.

I
ntonat
ioni
nSent
ences

I
ntonat
ionr
efer
stot
hechangi
ngofpi
tchl
evel
sfr
om l
owt
ohi
ghandhi
ght
olowi
nasent
ence.

Pi
tchi
sthei
ntensi
tyoft
hev
oiceorsoundwheny
ouut
terawor
d.

Hi
gherpi
tchi
mpl
i
esl
oudersoundandl
owpi
tchi
mpl
i
esl
owsound.

Wecanusei
ntonat
iont
oencour
agesomeonet
ogoonspeaki
ngordi
scour
agehi
m.

Ri
singintonat
ioncanbeusedt
oencour
agesomeonet
ogoonspeaki
ngorshowt
hatwear
e
i
nterest
ed.E.g.

Speaker
:Oneday

Li
stener
:yes(
ri
sing)

Speaker
:Imet
..
..

Wecanusefal
li
ngi
ntonat
iont
odi
scour
agesomeonef
rom speaki
ngorshowt
hatwear
enot
i
nter
est
ed.E.
g.

Speaker
:Yest
erdayIsawaman.
..

Li
stener
:Okay(
fal
l
ing)

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Ri
singi
ntonat
ioni
sal
sousedwheny
oucal
lfort
heat
tent
ionofsomeone.E.
g.

Shei
l
a?(
ri
sing)Hey(
ri
sing)

-
-Al
lst
atement
sandexcl
amat
ionshav
eaf
all
i
ngi
ntonat
ion.

Iam comi
nghomet
oday
.(f
all
i
ng)

Whatamat
cht
hatwas!(
fal
l
ing)

-
-Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ional
soi
ndi
cat
esf
inal
i
ty.Forexampl
ewhendeny
ingaccusat
ions,
youcansay

Idi
dnotdoi
t.(
fal
l
ing)

-
-Al
lquest
ionst
hatr
equi
reaYes/
Noanswerhav
ear
isi
ngi
ntonat
ion.E.
g.

Di
dyougohome?(
ri
sing)Yes/
No

I
syourmom ar
ound?(
ri
sing)Yes/
No

--
Allquesti
onsthatdonotr
equi
reayes/
noanswerhav
eaf
all
i
ngi
ntonat
ion.Suchquest
ionswoul
d
normallybegi
nwi t
hhorwhelement
.E.g.

Whati
syourname?(
fal
l
ing)Mynamei
sJohnKi
mi.

Howwasy
ourf
li
ght
?Whenwi
l
lshear
ri
ve?Et
c

--
Int
onati
oncanbeusedtomanipul
atest
atement
s;changi
ngt
hem i
ntoquest
ions,
expr
essi
ng
cert
aint
y,pol
i
teness,
doubt
set
c.

Hernamei
sMar
y.(
fal
l
ing)cer
tai
n

Hernamei
sMar
y.(
ri
sing)doubt
ing.

Hav
eyouhady
ourl
unch?(
fal
l
ing)pol
i
te

Hav
eyouhady
ourl
unch?(
ri
sing)i
ndi
ff
erent

-
-Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ioni
sal
sousedi
nal
i
stt
oshowt
haty
ouhav
ereachedy
ourf
inal
item.E.
g.

One(
r)t
wo(
r)t
hree(
r)f
our
(r)f
ive(
fal
l
ing)

Quest
ion

I
denti
fyt
heint
onati
onthatisusedineachoft
hefoll
owi
ngsentencesandst
atewhet
heri
tisa
r
isi
ngorfal
l
ingint
onat
ion.Usearisi
ngorfal
li
ngarr
owrespect
ivel
y.

a)It
oldhert
ogohome.

b)Di
dyouseey
ourmot
her
?

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c)Wher
eisy
ourt
eacherofEngl
i
sh?

d)Johnst
udi
esv
eryhar
d.

e)Howol
disy
ourf
ri
end?

f
)Hav
eyoul
ear
ntgoodst
udyski
l
ls?

g)Fat
imahi
sabeaut
if
ulgi
rl
.

h)OhmyGod!

i
)Whenwer
eyoubor
n?

j
)Shutup!

Coor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ion

Acoordinat
ingconjunct
ionsuchasand,or
,andbutj
oinscl
ausest
hatar
eequal
ini
mpor
tance
t
ogethertoform compoundsentences.

Weuseandt
oshowaddi
ti
one.
g.JamesandJohnar
emi
ssi
ng.

Weusebutt
oexpr
esscont
raste.
g.Hei
scl
everbutar
rogant
.

Weuseort
oshowachoi
ceoropt
ione.
g.Tel
lJamesorCar
olt
ocome.

Cor
rel
ati
veConj
unct
ions

Theseconj
unct
ionsjoi
nclausesofequal
impor
tance.Theyusual
l
yoccuri
npai
rsandbot
hrecei
ve
t
hesameattenti
on.Examples.

1.Bot
h..
.and.
..e.
g.Bot
hMul
iandMusemi
sel
lcl
oths.

2.Notonl
y.
..
butal
so.
..Shewasnotonl
yst
upi
dbutal
soast
ammer
.

3.Ei
ther
..
.or
..
.e.
g.Wewer
etoei
therki
l
lour
sel
vesorbeki
l
ledbyt
hem.

4.Whet
her
..
.or
..
.Sabi
nadoesn’
tknowwhet
hershewi
l
lbeadmi
tt
edi
ntheUni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi
or
Maseno.

5.Nei
ther
..
.nor
..
.e.
g.Shei
snei
therbeaut
if
ulnorhar
dwor
king.

6.Har
dly
/sel
dom/
rar
ely
/bar
ely
/scar
cel
y.
..
when.
..e.
g.I
twashar
dlyoneo’
cl
ockwhenshear
ri
ved.

Shesel
dom eat
swhenangr
y. Her
arel
ygoest
ochur
chwhenst
ressed.

7.Too.
.t
oe.
g.I
twast
oogoodadeal
forhi
mtobet
rue.

8.So.
..
that
..
.Her
ansohar
dthathef
aint
edoncompl
eti
on.

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Exer
cise

Combi
net
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
nganappr
opr
iat
ecor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ion.

1.Sar
ahwasdev
otedt
oherf
ami
l
y

Sar
ahwaski
ndt
ohernei
ghbour
s

2.Theboy
slostt
hei
rmat
ch

Thegi
rl
slostt
hei
rmat
ch

3.Wecangoonhol
i
day

Wecandocommuni
tywor
k

4.Wedon’
tknowi
ftomor
rowwi
l
lbesunny

Wedon’
tknowi
ftomor
rowwi
l
lbewet

5.Ker
endi
ref
usedt
osi
ng

Kar
endi
ref
usedt
osayawor
d

6.Shewasy
oung

Shewant
edt
obepr
esi
dent

7.I
twasnoon

Shedi
ed

8.I
twasgood

I
twasnott
rue

Subor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ions

Asubor
dinat
ingconj
uncti
onj
oinsamai
ncl
ausewi
thi
nasent
encet
oasubor
dinat
ecl
auseor
dependentcl
ause.

Adependentcl
ausei
saclausewithi
nasent
encethatcannotmakesenseoni
tsown.I
tther
efor
e
dependsonthei
ndependentormai
nclauseformeaning.E.
g.

Shecameaf
terf
ourO’
cl
ock.

Mai
n subor
dinat
e

Shemadei
tal
thoughsheal
mostl
ost

Mai
n dependent

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Themostcommonsubordi
nati
ngconjunct
ionsareas,because,f
or,si
nce,
whereas,
aft
er,
bef
ore,
unt
il
,whi
l
e,asi
f,asthough,
except,
if,ot
her
wise,unl
ess,al
thoughetc.

-
-Somet
imesdependentcl
ausesappearatt
heendofsent
encesandot
hert
imesatt
hebegi
nni
ng.
E.
g.

Si
ncei
tisget
ti
ngl
ate,
wehav
etowal
kfast
er.

Dependent mai
n

Whent
hedependentcl
auseappear
sfi
rst
,acommamustbeusedt
osepar
atei
tfr
om t
hemai
n
cl
ause.

-
-Whenasent
encehasasubordi
nat
ingconj
unct
ion,i
timmedi
atel
ybecomesacompl exsentence.
Acomplexsent
encecanhav
eoneormor ethanonesubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionse.g.

Whi
l
ewewer
ewai
ti
ngf
ort
hebus,
anol
dmancameandj
oinedusal
thoughwedi
dnotknowhi
m.

Compoundsent
encesaremadeupoft
woormoremaincl
ausesj
oinedt
oget
herbyacoor
dinat
ing
conj
unct
ion.E.
g.Hecamehomebutdi
dnotseehi
m.

-
-Somet
imesacompoundsent
encecanoccurwi
thoutt
heconj
unct
ione.
g.Herl
i
fewaspur
e,her
marr
iagecal
m.

Asi
mpl
esent
encehasnoconj
unct
ionse.
g.Joani
ssi
ck.

Sent
enceSt
ruct
ure

Asent
encei
sagroupofwor
dsusuall
ycomposedofasubj
ect
,ver
bandobj
ect
.Asent
encecan
st
andoni
tsownasanindependentt
hought
.

Josephwant
edt
obuyt
hebook.

Subj v
erb obj

-
-Asent
encemustnameaper sonorthi
ngt hatf
ormsit
stopi
c(thesubj
ect
)andmakeacomment
abouti
t(pr
edi
cat
e).Thusthesubjectist
hethi
ngorpersonmenti
onedandt
hepr
edi
cat
eis
thecommentmadeaboutit.

Ken i
ssi
ck

Subj pr
edi

Apr
edi
cat
econt
ainav
erb,
obj
ectandsomet
imepr
eposi
ti
oni
nasent
ence.

She camef
ory
ou

-
-Somet
imest
hepr
edi
cat
ecomesatt
hebegi
nni
ngofasent
encee.
g.

Her
ecomet
hebus

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-
-I
nsomesent
ences,
thesubj
ectcanbeassumedorl
eftoute.
g.

(
You)si
tdown. Si
tdown.

Exer
cise

I
dent
if
ythesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
eint
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

1.Theboyst
oodont
hebur
ningdeck.

2.Thesi
ngi
ngoft
hebi
rdsdel
i
ght
sus.

3.Badhabi
tsgr
owunconsci
ousl
y.

4.Nat
urei
sthebestphy
sici
an.

5.Edi
soni
nvent
edt
hephot
ogr
aph.

6.Bor
rowedgar
ment
snev
erf
itwel
l
.

7.Ishotanar
rowi
ntot
heai
r.

8.Ont
het
opoft
hehi
l
lli
vesaher
mit
.

9.Al
lroadsl
eadt
oRome.

10.Theear
lybi
rdcat
chest
hewor
m.

Ot
hert
ypesofsent
encesar
e

St
atement
—Mostsent
encesst
artwi
thacapi
tal
let
terandendwi
thaf
ull
stop.St
atement
scanbe

Decl
arat
ivesi
ftheydecl
aresomet
hingl
i
keIhav
ewon.

Af
fi
rmat
ives/
Asser
ti
vesi
ftheyemphasi
ssomet
hinge.
g.Iwi
l
ltakey
ouhomef
orsur
e.

Commands/
Imper
ati
vesi
ftheyor
dere.
g.Bequi
et.

I
nter
rogat
ives/
Quest
ionsi
ftheyaske.
g.Whati
syourname?

Excl
amat
oryi
ftheyendwi
thanexcl
amat
ionmar
k.E.
gWhatashame!

Negat
ivest
atement
sift
heyhav
ethewor
dnotorno/
nev
ere.
g.Youdonotl
ookt
ir
ed.

FI
LLI
NGI
NFORMS

For
mshel
pust
ocol
l
ectandgi
vei
nfor
mat
ion.Whenf
il
li
ngi
nfor
msconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Readt
heent
ir
efor
m car
eful
l
yandmakesur
eyouunder
standwhati
srequi
redofy
ou.

2.Payat
tent
iont
oinst
ruct
ions

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3.Fi
l
lbywr
it
ingl
egi
blyperi
nst
ruct
ions.

4.Usecapi
tal
let
ter
sandav
oidcr
ossi
ngoutbyt
hinki
ngcar
eful
l
ybef
orewr
it
ing.

5.I
faquest
iondoesn’
tappl
ytoy
ouwr
it
eN/
A ornotappl
i
cabl
e:donotl
eav
ebl
ankspaces.

6.Wheni
ndoubtaboutanyquest
ionaskorr
efert
onot
esont
hemar
gin.

7.Av
oidf
il
li
ngi
nspacesr
eser
vedf
orot
her
sorof
fi
cial
use.

8.Wheny
ouhav
efi
l
ledi
nthef
orm,
proof
-r
eadi
tandmakeal
lthenecessar
ycor
rect
ions.

10.Di
sti
ngui
shclear
lybetweenSirnames(fami
lyname)
,fi
rstname( Chr
ist
ian)l
astname( of
tSi
r
name).Onmostf orms,theSirnameisr
equir
edf
ir
st.Ift
heform asksforyourf
ullname,
star
twit
hy ourf
irstorChri
sti
annameandendwithyourSirname.Donotusei nit
ial
s.

11.Homeaddr
essshoul
dbet hestreetnameandt
hebl
ocknumberpl
ushousenumberi
nthe
townorvi
l
lageofyourresi
dency.

I
NTERJECTI
ONS

Ani
nter
ject
ioni
sawor dorgroupofwordsthatexpressstr
ongfeel
ings.I
thasnogr
ammati
cal
connect
iontoanyotherwor
dsinthesentence.Int
erj
ect
ionsareoft
enfol
l
owedby
excl
amationmarks.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ecommoni
nter
ject
ions

Al
ternat
e/
Wor
d Tr
ansl
ati
on Exampl
e Meani
ng
Simil
ar

aaah, "
Aaaah!I
t'
seat
ingmy
aah! "
Hel
p!" Fr
ight
,shock.Somet
imesi
tmeans"
ahh"i
nst
ead.
aaaahh l
eg!
"

"
Aha!Soyout
ookt
he
aha a-
ha "
Iunder
stand" Under
standi
ng,
tri
umph(
canal
sobeusedas"
ahh"
)
money!
"

Thesoundofclear
ingone'st
hroat
.Usedtogetsomeone'
s
"Attent
ion, "Ahem!Sweari
ngis
ahem att
ent
ion,
especial
l
yiftheydon'
tknow(orappar
entl
y
please!
" againstof
fi
cepol
i
cy."
for
got
)thatyou'
rether
e.

"Ahh,
yes,I Reali
sat
ion,
under
standi
ng.Somet
imesi
tmeans"
aaah"or
ahh ahhh,
ohh "
Ok,
Isee"
under
standnow" "eh"i
nst
ead.

"Ahh.
..Thi
shott
ubi
s
ahh ahhh.
. "
Sor
elaxi
ng" Rel
i
eforr
elaxat
ion
amazing"

"
Argh,thecarwon'
t
ar
gh augh "
Damn!
" Annoy
ance,
anger
,fr
ust
rat
ion
work!
"

"Aww,whatan
aww aw,
awww "
Howsweet
!" Showssent
iment
alappr
oval
(al
soseenextent
ry)
ador
ablepuppy
"

aw,ohh, "Aww,ithithi
mri
ght
aww "
That
'st
oobad" Feel
i
ngsor
ryorpi
tyf
orsomeone
ahh i
nt henuts!"

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"
Aw,don'
tbel
i
ke
aw oh "
Comeon!
" Mi
l
ddi
sappoi
ntmentorpr
otest
t
hat
!"

"Bah,
Ineverl
i
kedhi
m
bah "
What
ever
" Di
smi
ssi
ve,
annoy
ed
anyways.
"

"Boo,getof
fthe
boo booh "
That
'sbad" Di
sappr
oval
,cont
empt
stage!
"

Ijumpedoutfr
om t
he
boo! booh! "
Scar
edy
ou!
" closetandy
ell
ed Anoi
seusedt
oscar
epeopl
ebysur
pri
se
"boo!"

Yourint
erneti
ssl
ow?
boo-
hooboohoo "
I'
m cr
ying!
" Boo-hoo,howsadforUsed,
oft
ensar
cast
ical
l
y,t
oimi
tat
ecr
ying.
you.

br
r br
rrr "
It
'scol
d" "
Brr
r,i
t'
s-20Cout
side"
Bei
ngcol
d,shi
ver
ing

"Thatwas "
Ijustdel
etedal
lmy HomerSimpson'
scat
chphr
asewhensomet
hingbad
d'
oh doh
stupi
d/bad!
" f
il
es.D'oh!
" happens.

"
Duh,y
oudi
dn'
tpl
ugi
t
duh "
That
'sdumb" Ex
pressesannoy
anceov
ersomet
hingst
upi
dorobv
ious
i
n."

eek eeeek "

Hel
p!" "
Eeek,
amouse!
" Gi
rl
yscr
eam.Sur
pri
sed,
scar
ed.

"Eep!Idi
dn'
tmeant
o
eep "
Ohno!
" Sur
pri
se(
femal
e)
saythat!
"

"
Eh?Ididn'
thearwhat
eh? huh? "
What
?" Misunder
standi
ng.Al
sosee"
eh?
"bel
ow
y
ousaid."

"Soshedumpedy
ou,
eh? huh?
,ey
h? "
Ist
hatr
ight
?" St
ereot
ypi
cal
l
yov
erusedbyCanadi
ans
eh?"

"
Ewww,thi
sappl
eis
eww ugh,
ewww "
Disgust
ing" Di
sgust
,di
sl
ike
r
ott
en"

"Thi
sis
gah "
Gah,
Igi
veup" Ex
asper
ati
onanddespai
r
hopel
ess"

gee "
Real
l
y?" "
Gee,
that
'ssuper
!" Sur
pri
se,
ent
husi
asm,
orj
ustgener
alemphasi
s.

Anger
,snar
li
ng,
growl
i
ng.Of
tenusedf
ordogsandot
her
gr
r gr
rrr "
I'
m angr
y" "
Grr
r,I
'
llki
ckhi
sass"
ani
mals.

hm, "Hmm,I'
m notsur
e
hmm "
Iwonder
" Thi
nki
ng,
hesi
tat
ion.
hmmmm aboutt
hat"

"Ther
ear
ekidsonmy
humph har
umph "
Idon'
tl
iket
his" Asnor
t,t
oexpr
essdi
sl
ike,
disbel
i
eforannoy
ance.
l
awnagain,
humph!
"

Thefi
rstsy
ll
abl
eof"
hahaha"
,whensomet
hingi
sjusta
hah heh "
Funny
." "
Heh,
that
'scl
ever
"
l
it
tl
efunny

hehe,
"Haha,t
hat'
s
haha hahaha, "
Funny
!" Regul
arl
aught
er.
hil
ari
ous!
"
bahaha

huh "
Real
l
y?" "
Huh,
youwer
eri
ght
"Mi
l
d,i
ndi
ff
erentsur
pri
se

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hooray
,
hur
rah "
Let
'scel
ebr
ate!
""
Hur
rah,
wewon!
" Gener
icexcl
aimat
ionofj
oy
huzzah

y
uck,
ich, "I
ck,t
hismi
lkhas
i
ck "
Disgust
ing" Di
sgust
,di
sl
ike
y
ak gonebad"

"
Meh,whatevery
ou
meh eh "
Idon'
tknow" I
ndi
ff
erence
t
hinki
sbest"

mmhm,
uh- "
Doyout
hinksot
oo?
"
mhm "Yes" Agr
eement
,acknowl
edgement
.
hu "
Mhm"

"
Mmm, thi
sicecr
eam
mm mmm,
mmh"
Lov
ely
" Pl
easur
e.Somet
imesi
tmeans"
hmm"i
nst
ead.
i
sdel
i
cious"

"Iswi
tchedthesugar
muahahmwahaha,
"
I'
m soev
il
!" andthesalt
! Ev
ilv
il
lai
n'
str
iumphantl
augh
a bwahaha
Muahaha!"

"Thanks,
you'
reso
mwah m-
wah "
Kiss!
" Thesoundofbl
owi
ngaki
ss
sweet!Mwah!"

"
Wantanot
herbeer
?"
nah "
No" Inf
ormal
no
"
Nah,
I'
m good"

nuh-
hu,
nu-"
No,i
t "
Ihi
tyou!""Nuh-uh!
"
nuh-
uh Chi
l
dishnegat
ionorr
efusal
huh i
sn'
t!
"/
"Di
dnot
!""
Yuh-
uh!""Nuh-uh!"

"Oh,y
ouwant
ed
oh "
Isee" Real
i
sat
ion
sugar
,notmi
l
k."

"
Asevenlayer
Anoft
enironi
c(orjustf
unny
)wayindi
cat
ingt
hat
ooh-
la-
laoh-
lal
a "
Fancy
!" weddi
ngcake?Ooh-
la
somet
hingisfancyorhi
ghclass
-
la!
"

ooh oooh "

Wonder
ful
!" "
Oooh,
it'
sshi
ny!
" Wonder
,amazement(
ohhhcanal
someanahhh)

Agruntmadeonsuddenexert
ion.Al
sousedasanount
o
"
I'
m exer
ti
ng "Pushon3.
.1,
2,3.
.
oomph umph mean"power
"or"ener
gy"(
"Thi
ssongneedsmore
mysel
f" oomph!"
oomph!"
)

"Idi
dn'
tmeant
o" Oops,
Iknockedy
our
oops Bei
ngsur
pri
sedatoracknowl
edgi
ngy
ourownmi
stakes
dothat
" cupover"

oww,ouch,
ow "Thathur
ts" "
Oww,
Ihi
tmyt
humb"Pai
n
yeow

Mai nl
yBri
ti
sh:Usedtogetsomeone'
sattent
ion,si
milart
o
"
Oy!Youfor
goty
our
oy oi
,oy
h "
Hey
,you!
" "hey!"
.Al
souseddisappr
ovingl
y("
Oy,youspil
ledyourdri
nk
wal
let
!"
alloverme!
").

"Thebi
ll
sar
ebi
l
ing Mai
nlyJewi
sh:
Usedt
oexpr
esssel
f-
pit
y,si
mil
art
o"woei
s
oy oyv
ay "
Ohno.
..
"
up.Oy.
..
" me!
"

"Pew,thatsmel
l
sso
pew pee-
yew "
Itst
inks!
" Usedf
orf
oul
odor
s
gross!
"

pf
fh,pssh, "Pf
f,Ioncecaughta
pf
f "
That
'snot
hing" Uni
mpr
essed
pf
ft fi
shtwicethatsi
ze"

phew "
Thatwas "
Idi
dn'
tdomy Ex
pressi
ngr
eli
ef

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saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

homewor k,butthe
cl
ose!
" teacherdi
dn'tcheck.
Phew!"

Whi
speri
ng "Psst
.Let
'sski
pthe Usedt
oquiet
lygetsomeone'
sat
tent
ion,
oft
ent
otel
lthem
psst
"
Hey,y
ou!" nextcl
ass!
" asecr
et.

"
Ican'
tbel
i
eve "Sheesh,
nowhe'
s
sheesh j
eez Ex
asper
ati
on,
annoy
ance(
cor
rupt
ionof"
Jesus"
)
t
his!
" drunkagain"

"Shh,I'
mtr
yingto
shh hush,
shush"
Bequi
et" hearwhatthey'
re Usedt
omakesomeonebequi
et
saying!
"

"Getoutofher
e!
shoo "
Goaway
" Usedt
odr
iveawayani
mal
sorsmal
lchi
l
dren
Shoo!"

"Tsk-
tsk,
heisl
atef
ordi
sappoi
ntment
,cont
empt(
thi
sisacl
i
cki
ngsound.Cl
i
p
t
sk-
tsk t
ut-
tut "
Disappoi
nti
ng"
workagain" fr
om Fut
urama)

"
Doyouthi
nksot
oo?
"Agr
eement
,acknowl
edgement(
easi
l
yconf
usedwi
thuh-
uh-
huh mhm,
uh-
hu"
Yes"
"
Uh-
hu" uh)

"Uh-
oh,It
hinkt
he
uh-
oh oh-
oh "
Ohno!
" bearisi
nsi
dethe Concer
nedf
ori
ndi
cat
ionst
hatsomet
hingwi
l
lhappen
house"

"
Eatyourspi
nach!
" Refusal
,especial
l
yi fyourmouthisful
lori
fyour
efuset
o
uh-
uh unh-
unh "
No"
"
Uh-uh!
" openit(easi
lyconfusedwithuh-huh)

"
Wai t
,I'
m "
Seventi
mesei ght
uhh uhm,
err I
ndi
cat
esapausei
n,r
athert
hant
heendof
,asent
ence
t
hinki
ng" i
s..
.uhh.
..56"

"Idon'
twantyout
o
waah waaaaah "
I'
m cr
ying!
" Used,
oft
ensar
cast
ical
l
y,f
ori
mit
ati
ngcr
yingorwhi
ning.
go!Waaah!"

Usedbychi
ldr
enwhendoingsomethi
ngfun,andoft
en
wee whee,
weee"
Thi
sisf
un!
" "
Weee!Fast
er!
"
i
roni
cal
lybyadul
tswhensomethi
ngisfunbutchi
ldi
sh

Canbeusedt osuggestcauti
onasinhere,andalso
stereotypical
l
yusedbymar i
j
uanasmoker stoexpress
whoa "
Hol
don.
" "
Whoa,
takei
teasy
!"
dumbf oundedamazement( "whoa,
lookatthecolors!
")
.
Originall
yasoundusedt omakehor sesstop.

"
Wow,that
's
wow "
Amazi
ng!
" I
mpr
essed,
ast
oni
shed
i
ncr
edi
ble!
"

y
ahoo y
ippi
e "
Let
'scel
ebr
ate!
""
Yippi
e!Wewon!
" Gener
icexcl
aimat
ionofj
oy

y
ay "
Yes!
" "
Yay
!Wewon!
" Al
l
-pur
posecheer
.Appr
oval
,congr
atul
ati
onsandt
ri
umph

"Yeeeaah!Ki
ckhi
s Commonsl angf
or"
yes"
,somet
imesal
sousedasan
y
eah y
eeeeaah! "
Yes!
"
butt!
" i
nter
ject
ion.

"Let
'sgathersome Muchli
ke"
yahoo"
,butal
mostal
way
sassoci
atedwi
th
y
ee-
hawy
eehaw "
I'
m exci
ted!
"
catt
le!Yee-haw!
" cowboy
s.

"IfoundoutIowed
"That
'sabad
y
ikes $5000i nbackt
axes.Fearandal
arm.
surpr
ise.
"
Yikes!"

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ls,
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"
Yoo-
hoo,suger
cup! Theoft
enir
oni
c/comical
,seduct
ivecal
lofawomant
oget
y
oo-
hooy
oohoo "
Heyy
ou!
"
Comegi
vemeahug! "someone'
satt
enti
on

yuh-
hu,
yu- "Yes,i
tis!
"/
"Di
d"Ihi
tyou!""Nuh-uh!" Chi
ldi
shaf f
ir
mati
on,
of t
enusedt
ocount
er"
nuh-
uh!
"(nott
o
y
uh-
uh
huh so!" "
Yuh-
uh!""Nuh-uh!".
..beconfusedwit
hyoo-hoo)
.

i
ck,i
ch, "
Yuck,Iwoul
dn'
twant
y
uck "
Disgust
ing!
" Di
sgust
,di
sl
ike
bl
ech,bl
eh t
otouchthat
"

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lthebl
anksi
nthesent
encesbel
owwi
thanappr
opr
iat
eint
erj
ect
ioni
neachcase.

1._
_!If
orgotmyr
aincoat
.

2._
_!Wewont
hemat
ch.

3._
_!Howar
eyou?

4._
_!Di
dyouseehowKomenl
eapt
?

5._
_!Thatwaspai
nful
.

6._
_!I
treal
l
ywor
ks.

7._
_!Weachi
evedourgoal
.

8._
_!Thatwi
l
lshowt
hem.

9._
_!Whatanexci
ti
ngexper
ience.

10._
_!Letust
ryoutmynewbi
cycl
e.

Remi
nder
s

Ar
emi
nderi
susuall
yali
stofthi
ngsy
ouwantt
odoandappoi
ntment
syouwantt
oremember
.Iti
s
aper
sonaldocument
.E.g.

Sat
urday2Oct
ober2016

-
-Compl
eteEngl
i
shassi
gnment

-
-washcl
othes

-
-hel
pdadt
ri
mthehedge

-
-vi
si
tD.J.I
nhospi
tal

-
-Readchapt
er4ofCaucasi
anChal
kCi
rcl
e—mustdo.

-
-Somet
imeswi
thi
nanor
gani
sat
ion,
remi
nder
sar
eusedt
oref
reshspeci
fi
cpeopl
e’
smemor
y

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ah@g
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abouti
mpendi
ngr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

Thesecret
arycanbeinst
ruct
edt
oremi
ndacer
tai
nwor
kerorev
ent
hebossofanupcomi
ng
meeti
nge.g.i
nfor
m ofamemo.

LUGULUGI
RLSHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOXPRI
VATEBAG

WEBUYE

REMI
NDER

FROM:
Thepr
inci
pal

TO :
theH.
O.Dl
anguages

20thMay2016
DATE:

SUBJECT:
Submi
ssi
onofr
ecor
ds

Youar
eremi haton3rdofJune2016,
ndedt t
hecount
ysuperv
isi
onofschool
swi
l
lbeunder
way
.
Makesureyousubmityourdepar
tment
alr
ecordsi
nti
me.

Si
gn:
-h_
_ysh

Remi
nder
scanal
sobei
nfor
m ofaf
ormal
let
tere.
g.

NZOI
ASUGARCOMPANY

P.
O.BOX411

BUNGOMA

23RD MAY2016

JoashMal
o

P.
O.BOX468

MATUNDA

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RE:
ARemi
nder

Youar
eremi
ndedt
orepor
ttowor
knex hon2ndofJune2016,
tmont at9.
00AM.

Yourper
sonnel
managerwi
l
lbewai
ti
ngwi
thi
nst
ruct
ions.Bepr
ompt
.

TheSecr
etar
y

JaneWakol
i

Wr
it
ingaDi
alogue

Adi
alogueisaconversat
ionbet
weent
wopeopl
eormor
e.Adi
aloguecanbewr
it
tendi
rect
lyi
ntwo
f
orms—playandprose.

Di
aloguei
ncomposi
ti
onorpr
ose

Whenwr
it
ingadi
aloguei
nacomposi
ti
onobser
vest
hef
oll
owi
ng:

--
Usespeechmar
kst
oencl
osespokenwor
dsandsepar
atet
hem f
rom comment
aryand
descr
ipt
ion.

-
-Alwaysst
artquot
ati
onswithacapi
tal
lett
er;
theopeni
ngquot
ati
onmarksshoul
dbebef
oret
he
f
irstl
ett
erandthecl
osingquot
ati
onsaft
erthepunct
uat
ionmarkasshownbel
ow.

“
CanIt
alkt
ohi
m?”askedMoses. “
Tom shoul
dgohome,
”Annesai
d.

-
-t
hecomment
arywordscomi
ngaf
teraquot
ati
onshoul
dal
way
sst
artwi
thasmal
ll
ett
erunl
essi
t
i
sanameofaperson.

“
Ilov
eyou,
”hewhi
sper
ed.“
Whoar
eyou?
”sheasked.“
Got
ohel
l
!”het
hunder
ed.

-
-I
faquotat
ionstar
tswit
hcommentarywords,
thenacommamustbeusedtosepar
atethem f
rom
t
hedi
rectspeechandthespeechmustendinaquest
ionmar
k,excl
amat
ionmar
korful
lstop.E.g.

Heasked,
“Wher
ear
ewegoi
ngt
omeet
?” Shesai
d,“
Ican’
tcopeanyl
onger
.”

Janeshout
ed,
“Ihat
eyou!
”

Wr i
ti
ngdi alogueinacomposi t
ioncanonl ybecreati
vei
fyoumi xthedialoguewi
thvi
vi
d
descri
ptionordr amat i
csit
uati
ons.Alwaysprovideacontextf
orthedialogueint
ermsofwhatwas
goingthrought hemi ndofthespeaker,bodylanguage,
theweather,i
fheorshewasnervous,how
theysaidt hewor dsetc.e.
g.

“
Hi?”shewhi
speredt
ohim.Shewastr
yinghar
dtohideherembarrassment.Theheatoft
heday
wasri
singmaki
ngthest
reet
shost
il
eandinhospi
tabl
e.Sheregr
ett
edwearingtheheavycott
on

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ls,
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out
fi
tthatwasabsor
bingt
her
isi
ngheat
.

“Hey,”heanswer
eddr
awi
nghercl
osef
orahug.Theyhuggedf
orl
ongmoment
sbef
ore
disengagi
ng.

“
Youl
ookdi
ff
erent
.”

“
Ido?
”shehadn’
tnot
icedt
hechangehewast
alki
ngabout
.

--
Whenwr i
ti
ngdial
ogue,al
waysst
artt
hedi
alogueinanewpar
agr
aph.Makesur
eyouspacey
our
dial
oguebydecongest
ingi
tfr
om t
hegener
al nar
rat
ion.

Wr
it
ingdi
aloguei
npl
ayf
orm

Whenwr
it
ingdi
aloguei
npl
ayf
orm,
obser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Aplaymustal
waysstartwithstagedirect
ions.Thestagedir
ecti
onsarealway
scanter
edont
he
pageandencl
osedinbrackets.Theyint
roducet hefi
rstchar
act
ers;det
ail
theset
tingoft
he
di
alogue,
themanneroftal
king,theti
meandbackgr ound.E.
g.

{Acti
ontakesplacei
nasi ngleroom t
hatlooksli
kealiv
ingr
oom commonplaceinri
chsuburbs.A
verycomfort
ablecouchisv i
sibl
eandoni tamiddleagedwomanissit
ti
ngreadinganovel
.Sheis
dressedinpyj
amasandont heothersideofthecouchamanwhol ooksvi
sibl
yannoyedissi
tti
ng
pensiveanduncomfort
able.}

2.Namesofchar
act
ersshoul
dbewr i
tteni
ncapi
tal
let
ter
sandpl
acedont
hel
eftsi
deoft
hepage
fol
l
owedbyacolonbefor
ethei
rspeech.E.
g.

KEN:
Howar
eyoudoi
ngmom?

3.Pr
onounsshoul
dnotbeusedi
npl
aceofnames.Onl
ynamesshoul
dbeusedorot
hert
it
les.E.
g.

I
:ME:HE:
ISNOTALLOWED.

4.Thespeechofchar
act
ersshoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom t
hei
rnamescl
ear
lywi
thoutanyov
erl
ap.E.
g.

SI
MON:Tellmemor
eaboutt
heprobl
emsyoudiscussedy
est
erdaywi
thHi
sExcel
l
encyt
he
pr
esi
dentat thef
uncti
onyouwr
oteabout.

5.Usest
agedirect
ionstoshowemot
ionsandnonv
erbal
cuesusedwi
thi
nthedi
alogueandt
o
makeyourdi
aloguecreati
ve.E.
g.

KEN:
(smi
l
ing)Hul
l
odear
.

JANET:(bl
ushi
ng)Iam f
ineKen.Thanks.(Whi
ler
ansacki
ngi
nherbag)Iwant
edt
oshowy
ou
somethi
ng.Canyousparemeaf ewmi nut
es?

KEN:
(Vi
sibl
yexci
ted)Yes.
..
er.
.huh.Whati
sitmydear
?

6.Speechmar
ksar
enotusedi
npl
ayf
ormatandt
hespeaker
staket
urnst
ospeak.

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ls,
Upda
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Poet
ry

Poet
ryi
sthestudyofpoemsandthepoet
icl
anguage.Apoem i
sacr
eati
vecomposit
ionusual
l
y
wri
tt
eni
nv er
seandthatusesdi
cti
on,
imager
yandeconomyofwordstocommunicat
e.

Apoeti ssomeonewhowr i
tespoems.Thevoi
cespeaki
nginapoem iscall
edt
hepersona.What
thepersonaref
erstoort
alkstoi
napoem wouldbethesubjectandt
heissuet
hati
sbeingtal
ked
aboutorbeingrai
sedist
hesubjectmatt
erort
heme.

I
nmanycasesthevoi
cespeaki
nginthepoem ort
heper
sonaisdi
ffer
entf
rom t
hepoet
.The
per
sonacanbeafemalev
oicedenounci
ngmenbutthewri
teroft
hepoem ismale.

Thegi
rlnextdoorby G.
R.Lazar
us

Shewast
hegi
rlnextdoor

Beaut
if
ulboomi
ngandshy

Ouri
nter
act
ionwasmeasur
ed

Ourchemi
str
yguar
ded

Butshewascur
iousandhi
deous

ThenshewasofageandImar
ri
ed

Butmor
elust
ful
andhi
deous

Inthepoem abov et hepoetisLazarus.Thesubjectofthepoem isthegirlnextdoorbecausethe

personaisreferri
ngt oher.Thesubjectmatterorthemeoft hepoem islove/l
ustbecausethe
personaisattractedtothegirlnextdoorandalthoughhel at
erget
smar riedtosomeoneel sehe
sti
l
l seesher.Theper sonainthepoem i samanwhonei ghboursthegir
l (
shewast hegirl
next
door).Remembert hepersonaisdiffer
entfr
om Lazarus,thepoet.

LapobobyCl
i
ffLumbwa

Lapobo,

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Tal
lbutnott
oot
all

Shor
tbutnott
ooshor
t

Shei
sofmedi
um hei
ght

Lapobo

Hert
eet
har
enotasash

Nort
hecol
ourofmai
zef
lour

Hert
eet
har
easwhi
teasf
reshmi
l
k

Thewhi
tenessofhert
eet
h

WhenIt
hinkofherLo!

Makesf
ooddr
opf
rom myhand

Lapobo

Bl
ackbutnott
oobl
ack

Br
ownbutnott
oobr
own

Herski
ncol
ouri
sjustbet
weenbl
ackandbr
own

Lapobo

Herf
eethav
enocr
acks

Herpal
msar
esmoot
handt
endert
otouch

Herey
es—Ho!Theycandest
royany
body

Thestruct
ureofthepoem ref
erstohowthel
inesi
napoem arearr
anged.Forexample,
apoem
canhav ef
ourst
anzasandeachstanzacancarryf
ivel
i
nes.I
nsomecasesl i
keinthi
spoem by
Lumbwa, t
hestr
uctureofthepoem i
smadetoresembleapi
ctur
eofabeautiful
womanwhose
feat
uresarewel
larranged.

I
nt hi
spoem t
hepoetisCli
ffLumbwa, t
hepersonaisalov
erwhoadmiresLapobo(Lapobo,bl
ack
butnott
ooblack)
,thesubj
ectisLapobo(Lapobo,hert
eet
harewhit
easfreshmil
k),subj
ectmatt
er
i
slove—theper
sonalovesLapobo(Hereyes—ho!Theycandest
royany
body )

Cl
ement
inebyOkotP’
Bit
ek

Ocol
isnol
ongeri
nlov
ewi
tht
heol
dty
pe

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Hei
sinl
ovewi
thamoder
ngi
rl

Thenameoft
hebeaut
if
ulonei
sCl
ement
ine

Br
otherwheny
ouseeCl
ement
ine

Thebeaut
if
uloneaspi
res

Tol
ookl
i
keawhi
tewoman

Herl
i
psar
ered-
hotl
i
kegl
owi
ngchar
coal

Sher
esembl
est
hewi
l
dcat

Thathasdi
ppedi
tsmout
hinbl
ood

Hermout
hisl
i
ker
awmeat

I
tlooksl
i
keopenul
cer
s

Li
ket
hemout
hofanogr
e

Ti
nadust
spowderonherf
ace

Andi
tlookssopal
e

Sher
esembl
est
hewi
zar
d

Get
ti
ngr
eadyf
ort
hemi
dni
ghtdance

Quest
ions

I
dent
if
ythest
ruct
ure,
theper
sona,
thepoet
,thesubj
ectandt
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hepoem.

Rhy
thm i
nPoet
ry

Rhy
thm i
npoet
ryi
sachi
evedt
hroughr
epet
it
ionofwor
dsorsounds.

Rhymeist
herepl
eti
onofsoundsatt
heendoflinesi
napoem.Thisrepeti
ti
oncanbeinf
orm ofa
schemewher
eitf
ormsapatternt
hatrunsacr
ossthepoem orj
usti
naf ewli
nes.E.
g.

Theysai
dweshoul
dbehonest

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ls,
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ah@g
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Andt
aughtust
obet
hebest

I
nst
ayi
ngpur
eandchast
e

ButIf
eel
andl
ookl
i
keaguest

Becauseher
e,t
obebest

I
stobecor
ruptwi
thzest

I
nthi
spoem theendsounds/ est
/hasbeenr epeat
edseveralt
imesandtherefor
et hepoem has
r
hyme.Whenidenti
fyi
ngrhymeonl ysoundsshoudbeconsiderednotwords.Thelasttwosounds
whet
hert
heyconsti
tuteasyll
ableornot.E.
g.–estinbest
,/ei
d/i nmade,/et
/inset .Al
ongsound
i
sconsi
deredasasinglesoundandmustt heref
orebeatt
achedt oanot
herbeforedecidi
ngifit
r
hymesornot.E.
g.

Thewor dsbee,seeandteadonorhy
mealt
hought
heyallendwit
h/i:
/butt
hewor
dsdear
,seer
,
fearandtearr
hy mebecauset
heyendwi
tht
wodist
inctsounds/
ia/.

Sometimeswor dsrhymealthoughtheyhavediff
erentspel
li
ngs,soiti
mportanttoonlyconsi
der
howwor dsarepronouncedandnotwr it
ten.Forexample,t
hewor dsday,
weigh,greyandbouquet
rhymefortheyallendwit
hthe/ ai
/soundsasi n/dei
//wei//gr
ei/and/bukei/buttheyhave
dif
fer
entspell
ingsattheend.

Whenapoem hasaf
ewwor
dst
hatr
hymet
hent
hest
ylei
nthepoem wi
l
lbeuseofr
hymi
ngwor
ds
e.
g.

Wesuf
ferf
rom nor
mal
cy

Andi
gnor
ancei
nourdi
plomacy

Weoughtt
ofi
ndnor
mal
bor
ing

Li
feshoul
dnotgetcomf
ort
abl
e

Toomuchcomf
ortki
l
ls

I
nthi
spoem t
her
eisuseofr
hymi
ngwor
dsi
.e.di
plomacyandnor
mal
cybutt
hepoem hasnot
r
hymescheme.

Inter
nalrhy
mer ef
erstouseofr
hymingwordswit
hinal
i
neofapoem i
fthel
i
nei
sdi
vedi
ntot
wo
clausesandtheyal
lendwit
hthesamesounde.g.

Al
thought
heysetat
arget
,itwasnotmet

Soshedev
isedadi
ff
erentst
ruct
ure,
ami
dstt
het
roubl
edf
utur
e

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Rhymeschemei sapatternthatiscreat
edbyr epet
it
ionofsoundsattheendofl i
nestocreat
e
rhy
thm.Theschemecanber egularorir
regul
ardependingonwhetherthenextsetofsoundscan
bepredi
cat
edornot.Lettersofthealphabetar
eusedt orepr
esentsoundsinarhy mescheme.A
rhy
meschemei swri
tteninaf l
owi ngmannerwi t
houtusesofcommasoranyot herpunct
uati
on.

Thi
sthedebtIpay(
a)

Justf
oroner
iot
ousday(
a)

Yearofr
egr
etandgr
ief(
b)

Sor
rowwi
thoutr
eli
ef(
b)

Payi
t,Iwi
l
ltot
heend(
c)

Unt
ilt
hegr
ave,
myf
ri
end(
c)

Gi
vesmeat
ruer
elease(
d)

Gi
vesmet
hecl
aspofpeace(
d)

Sl
i
ghtwast
het
hingIbought(
e)

Smal
lwast
hedebtIt
hought(
e)

Poorwast
hel
oanatbest(
f)

God!Butt
hei
nter
est(
f)

Therhymeschemeinthepoem abov ewi l

lbeaabbccddeefft
hisrhymeschemeisaregul
arone
becausewecaneasil
ypredictthenextsoundtobegg.Thisrhy meschemecreat
esmusical
i
tyi
n
thepoem andal
sorei
nforcesthemeani ngsoft
hewor dsthatrhyme.

All
it
erat
ioninvol
vesther
epet
it
ionofi
nit
ial
consonantsoundsi
ncl
osepr
oxi
mit
yinor
dert
ocr
eat
e
rhy
thm,forexample,

ShesangasadsongorTheyl
ast
edl
ongert
hant
heyhadl
astt
ime

Consonanceontheot
herhandi
nvol
vesr
epet
it
ionofconsonantsoundspr
esentatt
hemi
ddl
eorat
t
heendofwor dse.
g.

Hef
oughtandt
houghtabouti
torShehadt
alkedabouti
tal
ot

Exer
cise

Descr
ibet
heuseofal
l
iter
ati
onandconsonancei
nthepoem bel
ow.

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Hague

Thegl
oomygal
l
antf
aces

St
aresadl
yatt
hei
rfat
e

Thesi
l
entv
oicessoel
oquent

Beggi
ngf
orj
ust
iceasJesusj
ust
if
ied

‘
Nol
ovebet
weennei
ghbour
s

I
sthebi
ggestsi
nonear
th.
’

Assonancei
npoet
ry

Assonancei
sther
epeti
ti
onofv
owel
soundsi
nwor
dst
hatf
oll
oweachot
hercl
osel
yinapoem
usual
lytocr
eat
emusical
it
y.

Quest
ion

Descr
ibeassonancei
nthepoem bel
ow.

Pol
i
tics

Al
lhi
sli
feJameshadt
hankedher

Pl
eadi
ngheav
ingandl
eani
ngonf
alsef
ort
if
iedf
orce

Fi
l
thsi
ckl
yandsi
nful
toherhat
eful
eyes

Booi
nghi
m shel
ookedgood—sl
yfl
yandl
i
kel
ytopuke

Shehadsl
eptwi
thhi
m andbor
nehi
m aboy

Theboywasbuoy
antandy
oung

Iam t
hei
ronl
ysonandt
heyar
eri
val
pol
i
tici
ans

Imageryinpoet
ryi
stheuseofFigurat
ivelanguageorl
anguagethatcr
eat
ement
alpi
ctur
esof
sit
uat
ions.Suchmental
pict
uresarecreat
edbyt hef
oll
owingst
yles:

Metaphorwhichisthedir
ectref
erencetosomethi
ngusingthequal
i
tyofsomethi
ngelsei
nor
der
toshowt hatt
heysharesuchatrait
.E.
g.Josephisal
ion.ToshowthatJosephisas
str
ong/dangerous/
braveetcasal i
on.

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Simi
lei
smakingacompar
isonoft
wot
hingsusi
ngwor
dsl
i
keas.
..
as,
li
ke,
aki
ntoet
ce.
g.shesung
l
ikeanangel
.

Symboli
sm ref
erstotheuseofobj
ectsorthi
ngsinapoem t
hathavemeaningoutsi
dethepoem.
Forexampleasnakeisgener
all
yconsi
deredtobeanembodimentofev
ilandtri
cker
y;whit
enessa
symbolofpuri
ty,
bloodasymbolofvi
olenceanddeat
hetc.whensucht
hingsareusedinapoem
theycr
eatesymboli
sm.

Per
soni
ficat
ionref
erstogi
vinghumanquali
tiest
oani
mal
sandt
hingsl
i
kepl
ant
sorst
ones.At
ree
whi
sper
ing,astonecry
ing,
anelephantt
alki
ngetc.

Exer
cise

Descr
ibei
mager
yint
hepoem bel
ow.

Het
oil
edf
rom dawnt
oduskf
orapi
eceofsi
l
ver

Hewasal
i
onessi
nthehuntf
ormeat

Manyday
stheneedsgr
ewast
hemuscl
esmoaned

Si
xpackal
bs,
tri
cepsandbi
cepswi
nked

Hi
sleanbodymy
ster
iousl
i
keanaphr
odi
siac

Wasasour
ceofl
ust
ful
admi
rat
iont
othemast
er’
swi
fe

whowi
shedherhusbandhadsuchabody

Yett
hehusbandwasf
ull
ofsi
l
ver

Shedi
dnotwi
shherhusbandt
oloset
hesi
l
ver

Shewant
edt
hel
eanbodyandt
hesi
l
ver

Buti
tseemedi
twasdi
ff
icul
ttohav
ebot
h

Thesil
veri
nt hepoem i
susedsymbol i
cal
lytorepresentweal
thormoney .Themani ssaidt obea
l
ionesswhichmeanshewasv erybraveanddet er
mi nedasali
onessusuallyi
swheni twant sokill
abiggame.Thesi xpackal
bs,bi
cepsandt ri
cepsar esaidt
owi nkwhi
chwoul dbepersoni fi
cati
on
toshowthattheyweretempt
ingandchar ming.Al
sot hemusclesmoaningispersonif
ication.His
l
eanbodymy steri
ousli
keanaphrodisi
ac—thisisasimilewhi
chshowshowsexual lyattracti
vethe
manwas.

I
ronyi
nPoet
ry

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I
ronyinpoet
ryoccur
swhent
her
eisacont
radi
cti
onbet
weenwhatt
her
eaderexpect
sandwhat
happensi
nthepoem.

Descr
ibei
ronyi
nthepoem bel
ow.

TheyRanOutofMudbyMi
ri
am Wer
e

Ther
eisal
i
ttl
ehut

Bui
l
tacr
ossf
rom her
e

They
’vemuddedt
wowal
l
s

Andt
her
estst
andsunmade

Fort
heyr
anoutofmud

Ther
eisadeepgul
l
y

Runni
ngal
ongt
her
oad

Theyhav
efi
l
ledi
thal
fway

Andt
her
esti
sst
il
lgapi
ng

Fort
heyr
anoutofmud

Ther
eisapotyt
heal
ter

Thatt
heybegant
omoul
d

Theyf
ini
shedt
hebase

Butt
heneckr
emai
nsundone

Fort
heyr
anoutofmud

Mud!Mud!

Whocanf
indmud

May
bei
fitwer
egol
d

Someonewoul
d

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Answer

Mudi scommonpl ace—iti

subiqui
tousandhenceal ameexcusef ornotfi
nishingtomudt hewall
s,
orfil
lthegullyorcompletemouldi
ngt healt
er.Thepersonasuggeststhati
fitwasgol dwhichis
veryexpensivetheycouldhavefounditbutnotmud.Thi sshowsthatthewor kersar
ev er
ylazyand
giv
ei nexpl
icableexcusestohi
detheirlazi
ness.I
tisthusir
onical
thattheyhav erunoutofmudbut
i
fitwer egoldtheycouldhavefoundit.

TheBear
d

I
nthepul
pithesway
edandt
urned

Leantf
orwar
d,backwar
d,

Tot
her
ight
:tot
hel
eft

Hi
ssol
emnv
oiceechoed;

Lowl
ythecongr
egat
ionf
oll
owed

“
Doy
oul
ovey
ournei
ghbour
?”

Meekl
ytheybowathi
skeeney
e.

Nowexami
ningagr
eyhead

Heav
ingunderhersobs

Hi
shear
tleaptassur
ed—

“
Hersi
nswei
ghonher
”

Sowi
thherhechatout
side;

“
Weepnotchi
l
d,y
ouar
epar
doned.
”

“
But
,Si
r,y
ourbear
dconj
uredup

Thespi
ri
tofmydeadgoat
!”

Quest
ion

Descr
ibei
ronyi
nthepoem abov
e.

Theladycri
esandthepreachert
hinkst
hati
tisbecausehersi
nsweighonhersohetalkst
oher
andthinkst
hatbyherr
epentanceshehasbeenpardoned.Buti
nreal
it
ythewomanwasweeping
becauseshesawthepreacher’
sbeardwhi
chconjuredupmemor i
esofherdeadgoat
.

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Sat
ir
einPoet
ry

Sati
reisastyl
i
sti
cdevi
cewhereapersonausesamockinglanguagetocrit
ici
sepeopl
e,t
hingsor
si
tuati
ons.Thepoetmi
ghtcr
eatecharact
ersatwhom wecanlaugh,especi
all
ybydepi
cti
ngt hem
i
nar i
dicul
ousway.

Sat
ir
eismai
nlyusedt
oexposet
hewr
ongorf
ool
i
shdeedsorbel
i
efsofaper
sonorsoci
ety
.

Spoi
l
ingOurCel
ebr
ati
ons

Whenl
astJamuhur
iday

Thecer
emoni
alf
lagst
uff
swer
elai
dinourst
reet
s

I
twassoondi
scov
ered

Twent
yoft
henewf
lagshadbeenst
olen

“
Wef
ear
,”sai
dthecounci
l

t
hati
fthet
hef
tcont
inue

t
hewhol
eoft
heJamuhur
icel
ebr
ati
ons

mayber
uined

Weonl
yrecent
lyacqui
redt
hisnewset

Ofonet
housandf
rom t
hegov
ernment

Eachcostsh1000,
wespentsh1,
000,
000onal
l

Pol
i
cear
esear
chi
ngf
ort
het
hiev
es

Thef
lagswhi
char
esi
xfeetbyf
our

Ar
enotbei
ngst
olenf
ordi
spl
ay

Theyar
epr
obabl
yusedasr
ags

Orbedcov
ersbybeggar
s

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Thi
sismi
susi
nganat
ional
embl
em

I
nanundi
gni
fi
edmanner

Whatashamet
hatbeggar
sint
hei
rbeds

Ar
enotdi
gni
fi
edwi
tht
hei
rbedcov
ers

Quest
ion

Descr
ibesat
ir
eint
hepoem abov
e.

Thepersonaismocki ngt hegovernmentf

orputt
ingsomuchemphasisont hedigni
tyofthefl
ag
asanationalembl em butignor
ingthewantsoft
hepoorandbeggarswhohav enobeddingsand
havenowr esortedtost eal
ingt
hef l
agsf
orthi
spurpose.I
tisf
unnyt
hatthegovernmentof f
ici
als
tal
kaboutindignit
yoft hebeggarswhentheyact
uall
yhavebeenabandonedwithnoselfdigni
tyby
thegovernment.

IWentt
oChur
ch

Iwentt
ochur
cht
oday

YesIwentandpr
ayedf
oral
l

Fr
iendsandf
oesal
i
ke

Deadandt
hoseal
i
ve

Ial
sopr
ayedhar
d

Fort
hesoul
oft
hatsol
dier

Whogotshot

Fi
ght
ingf
orourmot
her
land

Whi
l
eIshothotl
i
fei
ntohi
swi
fe

AndIpr
ayedt
oGodt
oo

ThatIl
i
vel
ong

Togoandpr
ayagai
n

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Quest
ion

Descr
ibesat
ir
eint
hepoem abov
e

Thepoetusest
hepoem toridi
cul
echurchgoers.Thatsomeofthem gotheretocoverupthei
r
si
nsanddonotreall
ygowithanaimtor epentandworshi
p.Theper
sonat hi
nksofcarryi
ngonwith
hi
sadult
ererbehavi
ourwhichwil
lkeephim comingtochurch.Hesayshepr aysf
orthesoldi
er
whogotshotwhil
etheper
sonawasshoot i
nghotli
fei
ntohiswif
e.

West
ernCi
vi
li
zat
ion

Sheet
soft
innai
l
edt
opost

Dr
iveni
nthegr
ound

Makeupt
hehouse

Somer
agscompl
ete

Thei
nti
mat
elandscape

Thesunsl
ant
ingt
hrought
hecr
acks

Wel
comet
heowner

Af
tert
wel
vehour
sofsl
ave

Labour

Br
eaki
ngr
ock

Shi
ft
ingr
ock

Br
eaki
ngr
ock

Shi
ft
ingr
ock

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Fai
rweat
her

Wetweat
her

Br
eaki
ngr
ock

Shi
ft
ingr
ock

Ol
dagecomesear
ly

Amatont
hedar
kni
ght
s

I
senoughwhenhedi
es

Gr
atef
ull
y

Ofhunger

Quest
ion

Descr
ibeSat
ir
eint
heabov
epoem.

Thepoetmockswest ernci
vi
li
sati
on.Thereceiv
edwi sdom isthatwester
ncivi
l
isati
onisal
ways
associat
edwithexoti
cmoder nthi
ngsandway soflivingbutthepersonainhi
squestforwester
n
ci
vili
sati
onexperi
enceshardshi
pswor ki
ngonhotandr ainydaysunti
lheagesquickl
yli
vi
ngina
shantyhouse.Thi
sist hedar
kersideoftheciv
il
isat
iont hatmanypeoplegothroughandthatt
he
personaknowswel l
.

MoodAt
ti
tudeandTonei
nPoet
ry

Moodr efer
stothefeel
ingsyougetwhenyoureadapoem ortheatmospherethatsur
round
eventsinapoem andthatcoul
dinfl
uencehowther
eaderortheaudiencef
eelsafterr
eadi
ngor
l
isteni
ngtothepoem.

Apoem t
hatcent
resonafuneral
/deathwill
cert
ainl
yhaveasor
rowfulorsadmood,whereas,
one
t
hatcent
resonaweddingoranycelebrat
ionofanachiev
ementshoul
dhav eahappy
,content
edor
j
ovi
almood.

Att
itudereferstothefeeli
ngsthattheper
sonahast owar dsthesubjectthepersonai stalking
about.Forinstance,i
nthepoem thepersonamaydescr ibesomeonewhoi scorrupti
ngchi ldr
en
andoppr essi
ngpeopl eusi
ngwor dsli
kedisgusti
ng,bl
emi sh,rogueetc.Theatti
tudet herefore
wouldber esentfulorhat
efulorevenmali
cious.I
ftheper sonausespol i
teandlov i
ngt er
mst o
descri
beanev entorapersonli
kecharming,amiabl
e,kindet c.Thentheatti
tudeoft heper sona

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t
owardst
hesubj
ectisapprov
ing,
welcoming,
sympathet
icet
c.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ouset
heper
sona’
s
wor
dsindet
ermi
ninghisorherat
ti
tudetowar
dsthesubj
ect.

Toner ef
erstothenatureofthev oi
ceusedi napoem.I ti simportanttoknowwhatt hepoem is
tal
kingaboutinordertoident
ifythetoneoft hepersona.Thet oneoft hepersonaisclosel
y
i
nfluencedbytheattit
udetowar dsthesubjectandt hegener almoodoft hepoem.Fori nstance,if
thepersonalovedthesubjectandhi satt
it
udet owardsitwasl ovi
ng; i
fthesubjectisdead,thenthe
tonewouldbesad, ift
hesubjecti sarounditmi ghtbelovingtoneetc.Ifthepersonaisafat her
tal
kingtoasoni napol i
tewaythent hetonecanbepat ronizi
ng.

Adj
ect
ivesf
ort
onei
npoet
ry

Sarcasticremor sefulobnoxiousdul lgui l

tyalarmedf r
esh dr ear ylightst ar
tl
edsadi st
ic
happyheav yhor r
ifi
edsecul arsadqui zzi
cal/inquisi
ti
vedi sgrunt l
edpoliti
calnar ci
ssisti
c
sardonic/mockinghur t f
ulsocialdevoted foolishlovi
ngl iberal
/ democratic bit
ter/sour
sympat heti
cmy steri
ous conser vat
iveangr yintel
li
gent/enli
ghtened/ cleverreli
gious
resentf
ul/hatef
ul i
rri
tateddespitefulpr ayerf
ul annoy edsuspi cious/doubtfulmel ancholi
c

At
ti
tude

Joyousangry sadcol
d Warm agr
eeable cont
empt
uouscal
m del
i
ght
ful
kind t
rust
ful
sadi
sti
c
cheer
ful
play
fulappreci
ati
vefearf
ulr esent
ful

Mood

Serene/cal
m respect
fulhappy fear
ful
sorrowfulsombr
e mel
anchol
i
cjov
ial
ref
lecti
ve/medi
tat
ive angr
ynostalgi
ct hought
ful

Quest
ion

Readt
hepoem bel
owandest
abl
i
shi
tsmood,
toneandat
ti
tude.

APr
egnantSchool
Gir
l

Hepai
dherseati
nthemat
atu

Andwal
kedaway
:

Ashedi
sappear
edi
ntheci
tycr
owd

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Al
lherdr
eamsv
ani
shed

Onemor
epassengersqueezedi
n

Andl
i
taci
gar
ett
e

Sheopenedt
hewi
ndow

Andspatcol
dsal
i
vaout

Ast
heci
gar
ett
esmokei
ntensi
fi
ed

Shewant
edt
ovomi
t

Sher
emember
edt
hewar
m ni
ght
s

Whenshewasherman’
spet

Sher
emember
edt
hepr
omi
ses

Thegi
ft
s,t
hepar
ti
es,
thedances

Sher
emember
edhercl
assmat
esatschool

Whoenv
iedherexpensi
veshoes

Li
pst
ick,
wri
stwat
ch,
handbag

Whi
chshebr
oughtt
oschool

Af
teraweekendwi
thhi
m

Thef
utur
est
oodagai
nsther

Dar
kli
keani
ghtwi
thoutt
hemoon

Andsi
l
entl
i
ket
heendoft
hewor
ld

Ast
hemat
atuspedawayf
rom t
heci
ty

Shebegant
otr
embl
ewi
thf
ear

Wonder
ingwhatherpar
ent
swoul
dsay

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Wi
thal
lhopegone

Shef
eltl
i
keacor
pse

Goi
nghomet
obebur
ied

Themoodoft hi
spoem issadbecausewhenyouready
oufeel
sadandabi
tsympatheti
cfort
he
pregnantschoolgi
rlwhohasbeenusedbyherlov
eranddumpedandwhonowfeel
slikeacor
pse
withnofuture.

Theat t
it
udeofthepersonat
owar
dstheschoolgi
rli
ssympathet
ic.Theper
sonaf
eel
ssy mpathy
forthegir
landthati
swhyhedwell
sontheconsequencesofhercondi
ti
onbysay
ingthefut
ure
stoodagainsther
;shebegantot
rembl
ewithfearet
c.

Thetoneoft
hepersonai
scal
m/i
ndif
ferentbecausetheper
sonaremai
nscal
mthroughoutthe
poem onl
yshowingabi
tofsy
mpathyforthegi
rl
’scondi
ti
onbutnotget
ti
ngemot
ional
lyinv
olvedi
n
thel
i
feofthegir
l.

Dr
amat
isat
ioni
nPoet
ry

I
ntr
oduct
ionbyRi
char
dNt
ir
u

Per
hapsi
twashi
sugl
yshi
rt

Themi
ssi
ngbut
ton

Theunasser
ti
vecol
l
ar;

Per
hapsi
twashi
sknot
tyhai
r

Thatboast
edl
i
ttl
eacquai
ntancewi
tht
hecomb

Ormay
bei
twashi
susual
ness

-
-onemor
eimper
sonal
handshake

Al
ongt
heconst
antst
reet
—

Thati
nducedt
hef
unct
ional
smi
l
e

Andoper
atedt
hemechani
cal
handshake.

Hi
snamedi
dn’
thel
pei
ther
;

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MugamboMugenge—y
ou’
dheart
hename

I
ntheout
-pat
ient
’sat
tendancequeue;

Noti
nthecur
rentt
elephonedi
rect
ory

Youcer
tai
nlyneededpr
ompt
ing

Isai
dhewasanol
d-t
imef
ri
end

Buty
oucont
inuedt
owav
etopassi
ngcar
s;

Iaddedt
hathewasahi
ghpl
acedman

Andy
oupr
ompt
lyt
ooy
oucue

-
-“
Auni
ver
sit
yteacher
,aut
horofsev
eral
wor
ks”
—

“
RE-
E-E-
all
y?Er
-um-
oh!
..
.”

Andy
oubecamewor
dandemot
ional
per
fect

Li
keadogt
hatmi
stakesat
hieff
orav
isi
tor

Andr
emember
stobar
kathi
smat
er’
scoughi
ng,

Your
enewedandpumpedt
hehandshake

-
-r
eshapedy
ourmout
htoapr
opersmi
l
e

-
-r
ecal
l
edhi
sfamouspubl
i
ctal
k

Thaty
ouhadr
egr
etf
ull
ymi
ssed.
..

Andobser
ved,
thought
ful
l
y,

Howunl
i
kehi
sphot
ogr
aphhel
ooked

Youwer
etuned—

Del
veddeepi
ntohi
slat
estnov
el

Andwonder
edwhyhi
smai
nchar
act
ers

Donotwal
kont
hesol
i
dear
th

Andf
ail
toef
fectl
i
vingcommuni
cat
ion

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You’
dhav
erambl
edon,
nol
ongerl
ooki
ngathi
m

Buthequi
pped:
“Theyar
eingoodcompany
!”

Andwasaboutt
oaddwheny
ouknowl
edgeabl
yint
err
upt
ed

“
Soci
etyi
samar
ketst
all

Andmengoodsondi
spl
ay

Wher
ethel
abel
ismor
eimpor
tantt
hant
hel
abel
l
ed

Andpr
icemor
efasci
nat
ingt
hant
hev
alue.
”

Wepar
tedhopi
ngt
omeetagai
n

Youwentawayr
ehear
singhi
sname

Butpr
obabl
yunr
emember
inghi
sface

Quest
ions

1.Howwoul
dyousayt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nes?

a)Per
hapsi
twashi
sugl
yshi
rt
.

b)Per
hapsi
twashi
sknot
tyhai
r.

c)Thati
nducedaf
unct
ional
smi
l
e.

d)Buty
oucont
inuedt
owav
etopassi
ngcar
s.

e)Butpr
obabl
yunr
emember
inghi
sface

Pr
onouns

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Apronounisawordthatcanrepl
aceanouni nasentence.E.g.Tom lov
esMarybutshedoesn’t
l
ovehim.Sherepl
acesMar yandhimrepl
acesTom.Nounst hatarerepl
acedbypronouninthe
samesentencear
eknownasant ecedent
s.ToandMar yareant ecedent
sinthesentenceabov
e
becauset
heyarerepl
acedbyhim andsherespect
ivel
y.

-
-Apronouncanoccurasasubject(comebef oreaverbi
nasentence)oranobj
ect(
comeaftera
v
erborpreposi
ti
oninasentence).I
fapr onounoccursassubj
ecti
twill
beinsubj
ect
ivef
orm andif
i
toccursasanobject
,itwi
l
lbeinobj ect
ivefor
m.

Per
sonalpr
onounsar
epr
onounst
hatr
efert
opeopl
e.

Subj
ect
iveandobj
ect
ivef
orms

Si
ngul
arsubj
ect
ive Si
ngul
arobj
ect
ive Pl
uralsubj
ect
ive Pl
uralobj
ect
ive

I Me WE us

YOU You YOU You

HE Hi
m THEY Them

SHE Her THEY Them

I
T I
t THEY Them

Fi
rstpersonpr
onounref
erst
oapr
onount
hati
susedassubj
ect
soraspeakeri
nasent
encebot
h
si
ngularandpl
ural
.E.
g.

(
Subj
ect
ive)Iwenthome.Weat
ethemangoeset
c.

(
Obj
ect
ive)Shegav
emet
hebook.Br
ingust
hebot
tl
es.

Secondper
sonpronounreferst
othepr
onount
hati
susedast
hel
i
stenerort
heper
sonort
hing
bei
ngtal
kedtoi
nasent ence.E.
g.

(
Subj
ect
ive)Whatdoy
ouwant
?Youshoul
dgohome.

(
Obj
ect
ive)Shecamef
ory
ou.Themoneywasf
oral
lofy
ou.

Youisusedinsubj
ecti
veandobj
ect
ivef
ormsandagai
n,bot
hsi
ngul
arandpl
ural
for
msi
nthe
secondper
sonpronouns.

Thethir
dpersonpronounrefer
stot
hepr
onount
hati
susedast
heper
sonort
hingbei
ngt
alked
aboutbuti
snotpresent.E.
g.

(
Subj
ect
ivef
orms)Hewenthome.Shei
snotf
eel
i
ngwel
l
.Itr
ainedheav
il
ylastt
ight
.Inpl
ural
,they

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i
susedi
nal
lcases.Theywenthome.Theyar
enotf
eel
i
ngwel
l
.

(
Object
ivef
orms)Theygavehimthejob.Johncamef
orher
.Kensawi
trun.I
npl
ural
obj
ect
ive
f
orm, t
hem i
susedinal
lcases.Annegavethem t
hemoney
.

Possessi
vepronounsshowpossessi
on.E.
g.Thi
sismybook.Thi
sismine.Apossessi
ve
pr
onounreplacesnotj
ustanounbutanadj
ecti
vepl
usanounasseeni
nt heabov
eexamplewher
e
minerepl
aces‘mybook’.

--
Weusepossessi
vepr
onounswheni
tisnotnecessar
ytouset
hepossessi
veadj
ect
iveanda
noun.

I
sthi
shi
sbook?No,
iti
syour
s.

-
-Thepossessi
veadj
ect
ive,
its,
doesn’
ttakeanapost
rophe.E.
g.Thecatdr
unki
tsmi
l
k.

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSI

VE POSSESSI
VE
ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

SI
NGULAR PLURAL SI
NGULAR PLURAL

MY OUR MI
NE OURS

YOUR YOUR YOURS YOURS

HI
S THEI
R HI
S THEI
RS

HER THEI
R HERS THEI
RS

I
TS THEI
R

Possessi
veadjecti
vemeansthewor
doccursbeforeanounandatthesameti
meshows
possessi
on.E.g.Mybook,y
ourcow,
hisdesk,
itsboneandinPl
ural
ourbooks,
yourcows,
thei
r
desks,t
heirbonesetc.

Possessi
vepr
onounmeanstheonewordthatcanr
epl
acet
hepossessi
veadj
ecti
veaboveplust
he
nouninasent
ence.E.
g.Thi
sismybookbecomes Thi si
smine,Thisisourbooksbecomes
Theseareour
s.

Your
s,hi
s,her
srespect
ivel
y;i
npl
ural
itwoul
dbe,
your
s,t
hei
rs,
thei
rsr
espect
ivel
y

Refl
ect
ivepronounsarepronounsthatr
eferbackt ot hesubj
ectordoeroft
heact
ion.Theyalways
endwit
ht hesuff
ix-sel
finsingul
arand- sel
vesinpl ural
.Theyareusedtoshowt
hatactionofthe
ver
bisperfor
medont hedoeroront hesubjecti
tselfbythesubject
.

-
-Ref
lex
ivepr
onounsar
eusedf
oremphasi
sandar
esomet
imescal
l
edemphasi
spr
onouns

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-
-Ref
lexi
vepr
onounscanst
il
lbel
eftoutoft
hesent
enceandwi
l
lmakesense.

E.
g.She,
her
sel
f,escor
tedt
heboy
.

Ref
lexi
vepr
onouns

Si
ngul
ar pl
ural

My
sel
f Our
sel
ves

Your
sel
f Your
sel
ves

Hi
msel
f Themsel
ves

Her
sel
f Themsel
ves

I
tsel
f Themsel
ves

Onesel
f Themsel
ves

-
-Ref
lex
ivepr
onounsonl
yoccuri
nobj
ect
ivef
orms.

Subj
ect
iveandObj
ect
ivecaseofpr
onounsi
nasent
ence

-
-Whenapr
onounoccur
saf
terapr
eposi
ti
on,
itshoul
dbei
nobj
ect
ivef
orm.E.
g.

Shecamef
orher
/me/
them/
him/
it.I
tisbet
weenhi
m andme,bet
weenusandt
hem.

-
-Whenapr
onouncomesaf
terav
erb,
inasent
ence,
itshoul
dbei
nobj
ect
ivef
orm.E.
g.

Sar
ahhel
pedhi
m/her
/them/
it/
me

-
-Whenapronounoccur
sbef
oreav
erborasasubj
ecti
nasent
ence,
itshoul
dbei
nsubj
ect
ive
f
orm e.
g.

I
/We/
He/
She/
They
/Itwi
l
lgeti
tsoon.

-
-Apr
onount
hatcomesaf
tert
hephr
ase‘
I
tis’wi
l
lbei
ssubj
ect
ivef
orm e.
g.

I
tisI
/they
/she/he/i
t/thatdi
ditandnotI
/they
/she/he/i
t/(
thatdi
dit
)al
thought
hisl
astpar
tis
omit
tedandonl
yimpl
ied.

I
twashewhocame.I
tisshet
hati
ssi
ckandnotI
.

-
-Pr
onounsaf
tert
her
equestwor
d‘l
et’
alway
sappeari
nobj
ect
ivecasee.
g.

Letusgohome.LetmeseewhatIcando.

Unl
i
kepr
onounsaf
tert
hewor
d’shal
l
’thatt
akesubj
ect
ivecase.E.
g.

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Shal
lIgohome?Shal
lweseehi
m?

-
-Pr
onounsaf
tert
hewor
d‘t
han’
takesubj
ect
ivecasee.
g.

Shei
sbet
tert
hanIam/Shei
sbet
tert
hanI

Ot
hert
hanhe,
whoel
seshowedup? Youar
ebet
tert
hanI
.

Ademonst r
ati
veadjecti
veref
erstothewor dsl
i
ket hi
s,t
hat
,thoseandthese thatindi
catethe
posi
ti
onofanouni nagivencontextordemonstrat
esthemannerofacti
on.Theyoccurbef or
e
nounstheydemonstrat
einasentence.E.g.Thi
sbook,thathouse,
thosetreesetc.Thesehouses
aremine.

Ademonstrat
ivepr
onounontheot
herhandref
erst
owor
dssuchasthis,
that,
thoseandthese
thatr
epl
aceanouninasent
enceandthatwoul
donl
ybeval
i
dinabsenceofthenounitr
efer
sto.
E.g.

Thati
ster
ri
ble Thi
sismi
ne Isawt
hem.

I
ndef
ini
tePr
onouns

I
ndefi
nit
epronounsref
ertopeopl
e,pl
acesort
hingsi
naunspeci
fi
edway
.Theyt
her
efor
edonot
hav
especif
icrefer
enceorant
ecedent
s.

-
-Ther
ear
emai
nlyt
wot
ypesofi
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns

a)‘
of—I
ndef
ini
tePronoune.g.eachof,
eitherof
,enoughof
,oneof,
manyof,
all
of,
anyof
,sev
eral
of,
noneof
,muchof,anotherof,
neit
herof,oneof,f
ewof ,
someof,
manyof,

Eachoft
heboy
shasbeenf
ed.

Wehadhadenoughofhercompl
aint
s.

Al
lofmybr
other
sar
emar
ri
ed.

Somet
imest
he‘
of’
phr
asemaybeomi
tt
edi
fwhati
tref
erst
oiscl
earf
rom t
hesi
tuat
iongi
vene.
g.

Af
terpay
ingf
ormangoes,
wedi
scov
eredt
hatsomewer
erot
ten.

Many(
oft
he)pr
obl
emswef
acecanbesol
vedt
hroughdi
alogue.

Al
thought
heboy
swer
ehungr
y,manycont
inuedwal
ki
ng.

b)Compoundindef
ini
tepr
onounsar
ecal
l
edsobecauset
heyar
efor
medbycombi
ningt
wowor
ds
suchasever
y+body=ever
ybody.

POSI
TIVE NEGATI
VE

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Ev
ery
one Any
one

Ev
ery
body Any
body

Someone Noone

Somebody Nobody

Somet
hing Any
thi
ng

Ev
ery
thi
ng Not
hing

Anyi
susednegat
ivel
yandsomei
susedposi
ti
vel
ye.
g.

Any
onecanbedef
eat
edi
namat
ch.(
Negat
ive)

Someonei
sal
way
swat
chi
ng.(
Posi
ti
ve)

Ev
ery
thi
ngwi
l
lbef
ine.(
Posi
ti
ve)

Not
hingwi
l
lev
erwor
k.(
Negat
ive)

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lineachbl
ankspacebel
owwi
tht
hecor
recti
ndef
ini
tepr
onoun.

1._
_peopl
edi
eddur
ingt
hewar
.

2.Wehav
ehad_
_ofhi
sout
bur
sts.

3._
_oft
heabov
ement
ionedt
urnedup.

4.I
tis_
_ofhi
sfunnybooks.

5._
_cal
m down.

6._
_wassai
datt
hemeet
ing.

7.Iwi
l
lgi
ve_
_tobey
ou.

8._
_ofhi
sbr
other
sar
edead.

Thesi
mpl
epast

Si
mplepastt
enseisusedt
odescr
ibeev
entsthatt
ookplacei
nthepast
.Mostver
bsf
ormt
hei
r
pastt
ensebyaddi
ng-dor-edatt
heend.Theseareknownasregul
arver
bs.E.
g.

Pl
ay—pl
ayed.Pose—posed.Ki
ss—ki
ssed.Cr
y—cr
ied.Spi
t—spi
tt
ed.

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-
-Somer
egul
arv
erbsendi
ngwi
th‘
y’t
ake‘
i
ed’
int
hei
rsi
mpl
epastt
ensef
ormse.
g.

Bur
y—bur
ied.St
udy
—st
udi
ed.Hur
ry—hur
ri
ed.

--
Somer egul
arver
bsendingwit
haconsonantpr
ecededbyashortv
owel
sounddoubl
ethei
rfi
nal
consonantsbef
oreaddi
ng‘ -
ed’
tof
orm si
mplepasttense.E.
g.

Nod—nodded.St
op—st
opped.St
ep—st
epped.

I
rr
egul
arVer
bs

Thesear
ever
bswhi
chdonotf
oll
owar
egul
arpat
ter
nwhenchangi
ngi
ntosi
mpl
epastt
ense.

a)Ther
ear
ethoset
hatcant
ake‘
-
ed’
inpastt
enseorsi
mpl
yadd‘
t’
e.g.

Spel
l
—spell
edorspel
t.Spi
ll
—spil
l
edorspi
l
t.Dr
eam—dr
eamedordr
eamt
.Dwel
l
—dwel
l
edor
dwel
t.Bl
ess—bl
essedorbl
est.

b)Ther
ear
ethoset
hatchanget
hev
owel
‘i
’i
nto‘
a’
.E.
g.

Spi
t—spat
,shr
ink—shr
anket
c.

c)Thoset
hatchanget
hev
owel
‘i
’to‘
o’e.
g.

Dr
ive—dr
ove, wi
n—won

d)Thoset
hatchanget
hev
owel
‘i
’to‘
ou’
e.g.

Fi
nd—f
ound. Gr
ind—gr
ound.

e)Thoset
hatchange‘
i
’int
o‘u’
insi
mpl
epaste.
g.

St
ri
ke—st
ruck.St
ing—st
ung.Di
g—dug.

Si
mpl
epr
esentt
ense

Simpl
epr
esenttensei
sanaspectoft
hev
erbi
nit
spr
esentst
ateandi
tist
her
efor
eusedt
o
expr
esst
hefol
lowingsi
tuat
ions:

a)Habi
tse.
g.Iwal
ktoschool
ever
yday
.Shepl
aysf
oot
bal
l
.Sheswi
ms.

b)Todi
scusshobbi
es.E.
g.Ipl
ayf
oot
bal
l
,Iwr
it
e,Hepr
eaches

c)Toshowt
hecondi
ti
oni
nwhi
chsomebodyi
sin.E.
g.Iam unwel
l
,Euni
cei
sOk.

d)Tost
ateaper
son’
soccupat
ion.E.
g.Keni
spoet
,Myf
atheri
sadoct
oret
c.

e)Toexpr
essf
eel
i
ngsandemot
ions.E.
g.Shehat
eshi
m.

Per
fectt
ense

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Averbi
ssaidtobeinaperfectt
enseifi
tshowst hattheact
ioni
nthesent
encewascompleted
j
ustbef
orethespeechorhasbeencompl etedj
ustbeforet
hespeechorwi
llbe.Toshowt
hisform,
t
heword‘have’
anditsvar
iants(
had,has)isused.E.g.

Hehadf
ini
shedt
het
estwhent
het
eacherar
ri
ved.

Shehasar
ri
ved. Theyhav
egi
venhert
hemoney
.

Themainverbinaperfectt
ensei
susual
lyapastpar
ti
cipl
ee.
g.gi
ven,t
aken,eat
en,
sai
det
coran
–ingpar
ti
cipl
eprecededbytheword‘
been’
.E.
g.Shehasbeeneat
ingugal
i.

Aparti
cipl
eisaform ofaver
bending–edf orr
egul
arver
bsbutf
oll
owedbyhas,
hadorhave,
e.g.
ki
ll
—haskill
ed,
cry—hadcri
ed,box—hadboxedetcbutv
ari
esfori
rr
egul
arv
erbse.
g.hasbor
ne,had
sought
,hascome, hadseenetc.

Bot
hregul
arandi
rr
egul
arv
erbsuse–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
esi
nper
fectpr
ogr
essi
vet
ensese.
g.

Shehasbeencooki
ngr
ice. Hehadbeengi
vi
nghermoney
.Shei
scl
eani
ngut
ensi
l
s.Wear
e
seei
ngthem of
f.

Anyhel
pingv
erbapar
tfr
om has,
hadandhav
ecanbeusedwi
than–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
e.

Rememberan–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
eoni
tsowncanactasanouni
nasent
encee.
g.

Swi
mmi
ngi
smyhobby
. Il
ovesi
ngi
ng.

I
fan–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
eact
sasanounasshownabov
ethenwecal
lthenounager
und.

Weepingi
sasi
gnofweakness.Weepi
ngi
sager
undbecausei
tan–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
ebei
ngusedas
anoun.

An–i
ngpar
ti
cipl
eagai
ncanbeusedasanadj
ect
ivei
nasent
encee.
g.

Youshoul
dn’
tsaysuchannoy
ingr
emar
ksorsuchr
emar
ksar
eannoy
ing.

PUNCTUATI
ON

Af
ullst
op,
alsoknownasaper
iod,
isusedatt
heendofasent
encee.
g.

Mar
yissi
ck.

-
-I
tisal
sousedi
nabbr
evi
ati
onse.
g.K.
N.H.
I.
F N.
S.S.
F

Acommai
susedt
oindi
cat
eashor
tpausei
nasent
enceespeci
all
yinal
i
ste.
g.

Shewentt
othemar
kett
obuybr
ead,
soapandsugar
.

-
-I
tisusedi
nwr
it
ingdi
aloguet
osepar
atet
hespeechf
rom comment
arye.
g.

“
Iwi
l
lseey
out
omor
row,
”shesai
d.

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-
-I
npar
ent
hesi
s(ext
rai
nfor
mat
ioni
nasent
ence)e.
g.

Dani
elArapMoi
,thesecondpr
esi
dentofKeny
anr
epubl
i
c,i
svi
sit
ingNakur
uNat
ional
li
brar
y
t
omorrow.

Af
ewoft
hest
udent
,byt
heway
,wi
l
lnotat
tendt
hecer
emony
.

--
Aft
ery es,
noandpl
ease.Yes,
Iknowt
heman.Pl
ease,
letusdi
scusst
hemat
ter
s.No,
iti
snot
possi
ble.

-
-I
nquest
iont
agse.
g.Adhi
ambov
isi
tedy
ou,
didn’
tshe?

--
Inseparat
ingint
roduct
orywor
dsofasent
encef
rom t
her
este.
g.t
her
efor
e,hewasf
orcedbyt
he
publi
cpressuretoresi
gn.

-
-Bef
oret
henameoft
heper
sonbei
ngspokent
oe.
g.Comeandhel
pmepusht
hiscar
,John.

Col
onandsemi
-col
onar
ecommonl
yusedt
oconnectpar
tsofasent
encet
hatar
ecl
osel
yrel
ated.

Acolonisusedtoint
roduceali
ste.
g.Youshoul
dbr
ingt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
temst
omor
row:
bananas,
spoons,
cups,kni
vesandplat
es.

--
Toint
roduceal
ongquot
ati
onorspeeche.g.Theemploy
mentactsstates:Wagesshal
lnotbe
paidi
nabaroratapl
acewherei
ntoxi
cati
ngdrinksar
eavail
abl
eforsupply.

-
-Toseparatetwoclauses,i
fthesecondclari
fi
esthefi
rst.E.
g.OgingaOdingaplay
edanimport
ant
r
olei
nKeny anpolit
ics:heagi
tatedfortherel
easeofJomoKeny att
a,part
ici
pat
edinthewri
ti
ngof
t
hefir
stindependentKenya’
sconstitut
ionandbecamet hefi
rstvi
cepresi
dent.

--
Tosepar atetwopart
sofasent
encet
hatcompar
eandcontrast.Thi
screat
esabal
ancedand
eleganteffect
.E.
g.Theboywhocameinwasshor
tandl
ight
-skinned:t
heonewhowentoutwas
tallanddark.

-
-Tosepar
atet
hehourf
rom t
hemi
nut
esf
orexampl
e.10:
30P.
M.

Semi
-col
oni
susedt
o

--
joi
nt woindependentcl
ausesthatar
erel
atedandthatar
enotconnect
edbyacoor
dinat
ing
conjucti
on.E.g.Thi
sschooli
stheoldesti
nKenya;i
twasbuil
tin1906.

-
-toj
oini
ndependentcl
ausesconnect
edbyconj
uncti
veadv
erbsuchas‘ ot
herwise’and‘
howev
er’
ortr
ansi
ti
onalphr
asessuchas‘ontheot
herhand’
or‘asaconsequence.E.g.

Don’
tcomel
ate;
other
wise,
youwi
l
lmi
sst
hepar
ty.

I
nsomeschool
s,cl
assesar
esmal
l
;asar
esul
t,t
eacher
scangi
vest
udent
sindi
vi
dual
att
ent
ion.

--
toseparat
eit
emsinaserieswhenoneormoreoftheseit
emsaretaggedtootherdef
ini
tionsor
subdi
visi
onssepar
atedbycommas.E.g.TheKeny
anf or
eignmi
nist
ervisi
tedsever
alAfri
can

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capi
tal
s:Lusaka,
Zambi
a;Har
are,
Zimbabwe;
Abuj
a,Ni
ger
ia;
Accr
a,GhanaandCai
ro,
Egy
pt.

Adash(
—)i
susedasf
oll
ows

-
-i
nadi
aloguet
oint
roduceacl
ari
fi
cat
ionorf
urt
herdet
ail
s.E.
g.

Idon’
tknowwhyshehasn’
tar
ri
ved—Imean,
sheshoul
dhav
ebeenher
etwohour
sago!

-
-t
oindi
cat
ehesi
tat
ioni
nadi
alogue

Jo—Johnhasgone—goneho—home.

-
-t
osetofi
nfor
mat
iont
hatneedemphasi
se.
g.

Boy
scanbesweet
—whent
heywantt
obe.

-
-Canr
epl
aceacol
oni
nasent
encef
oremphasi
se.
g.

Youhav
etwoopt
ions—t
oshutuporr
aisey
ourhand.

-
-canbeusedinparenthesi
stoshowt hatt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nbet
weendashesi
sext
raandnotpar
t
oftheor
igi
nal
structur
eofthesentence.E.
g.

Thef
ourboxer
s—Al
i
,Joe,
Oti
andTy
son—wont
hegol
dmedal
s.

Anapost
rophe(‘
)ismai
nlyusedt
oshowt
hatsomewor
dshav
ebeenl
eftout
,forexampl
e.
Don’
t—donot.

-
-I
tcanal
soshowpossessi
one.
g.Mai
na’
sbagorMoses’
book.
.

--
Itcanal
soshowel
i
sion(
wher
esoundsar
eint
ent
ional
l
ylef
toutbutt
hewor
dst
il
lmakessense)
e.g.

Howar
eyoudoi
ng—how’
rey
oudoi
n’

-
-Remembert
hati
npl
ural
for
msanapost
rophei
sremov
edf
rom t
hepossessi
vee.
g.

Lugul
uGi
rl
s’Hi
ghSchool
—LUGULUGI
RLSHI
GHSCHOOL

--
‘
Ofcanbeusedwi
tht
hepossessi
ve‘
stoshowdoubl
epossessi
one.
g.Hei
sacousi
nofCi
ru’
s
brot
her
.

Hyphenisusedtol
i
nkwordst
hatf
orm compoundnounsbutl
ookconf
usi
ngt
oget
here.
g.
Fat
heri
nlaw—fat
her
-i
n-l
aw.

-
-Theyareal
sousedt
oshowt
hedi
ff
erencei
nmeani
ngofwor
dst
hatsoundorseem si
mil
are.
g.r
e
-
cover/
recov
eret
c.

-
-Somepr
efi
xoccurwi
thahy
phene.
g.anti
nant
i-
Chr
istet
c.

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Wor
dst
hatoccurwi
thahy
phenar
esai
dtobehy
phenat
ed.

PUNCTUATI
ONI
NTI
TLESOFPUBLI
CATI
ONS,
QUOTATI
ONSANDHEADI
NGS

Therearerul
esabouthowt owr i
teti
tl
esofpubli
cati
onsuchasbook,shor
tst
ori
es,oralnar
rati
ves,
essays,
poems, magazinesandnewspapers.Acrucial
disti
nct
ioni
smadebetweenfull
length
publi
cat
ionandpartsofapublicati
on.
Anovel,f
orexampl e,
exi
stonit
sownasaf ul
ll
ength
publi
cat
ion.Theseshouldther
eforebeunderl
i
nedasf oll
ows 1.ComingtoBi
rth 2.
AdavancedGrammar

Shortstori
es,oral
narrat
ives,
essaysandpoemsareusual
l
ypartofalar
gerbook.Toshowt
his
di
fference,t
it
lesoftheseworksareencl
osedinquot
ati
onmarkse.g.

“
Tekay
o”i
nEncount
ersf
rom Af
ri
ca—shor
tst
ory

“
Bei
j
ingBei
j
ing”i
nEchoesacr
osst
heVal
l
ey—poem

“
TheHar
eandt
heLeopar
d”i
nEastAf
ri
canOr
alLi
ter
atur
e—or
alnar
rat
ive

--
Magazinesandnewspaper
sar
etr
eat
edaf
ull
lengt
hpubl
i
cat
ionsandt
hei
rti
tl
esar
ether
efor
e
under
li
nedasf ol
l
ows:

Shewasr
eadi
ngt
heDai
l
yNat
iony
est
erday
.

BuymeTheSt
andar
dont
hemar
ket
.

Inal
lcases,
wecapital
i
zethef i
rstlet
terofall
importantwordsinthetit
le.I
mport
antwordsare
cont
entwordsornouns,adj
ecti
v esandadv er
bs.Ar t
icl
esandpr eposi
ti
onsarenotusuall
yseenas
cont
entwordsandtheref
oretheyar enotcapit
ali
zedunlesstheyappearatthebegi
nningorendof
thet
it
le.Thisr
uleal
soappli
eswhenwr i
ti
ngallheadi
ngsandsub- headi
ngs.

TheRi
verandt
heSour
cei
sanov
elbyMar
gar
etOgol
l
a.

I
tisnormalwhenwr i
ti
ngtoquotefr
om v ar
iouspubli
cat
ions.Thi
sismeantt ol
endaut hori
tytoour
wri
ti
ngsandreinf
orceourarguments.Ofcourse,weshouldnotoverquot
e,andotherpeople’
s
opi
nionshoul
dnotov er
shadowours.Inquoting,
however,weshouldobservethefol
lowingrules:

--
shor
tquot
ati
onsofnomorethant
hreeli
nesar
eincor
por
atedi
nthet
extofourwr
it
ingsand
encl
osedi
nquotat
ionmar
ks,f
orexample:

I
nThi
ngsFall
Apart
,Obir
iekasay
s:“Thewhi
temanhasputakni
fei
nthet
hingst
hathel
dus
t
oget
herandwehavefal
lenapar
t.”

--
Longerquot
ati
ons,
thati
s,ofmor
ethant
hreel
i
nesar
esetof
ffr
om t
her
estoft
het
ext
,for
example:

I
nthebook,
Howt
oWr
it
eandSpeakBet
ter
,wear
etol
d:

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Mostwr i
tingisapriv
ateacti
vi
tybutapubl i
cser vi
ce.Youmaydashof faprotestl
ett
erinthe
solit
udeofy ourst
udy,orcompil
ear eportint
heof fi
ceaf t
erev ery
onehasgonehomef ortheni
ght,
orscr i
bblesaf ewsecretpar
agraphsofy ourromanticnov elatthekitchentablewhil
ethebabyis
sleepingbuti neachcaseyouri
ntentionisthesame—t hateventuall
yy ourwri
ti
ngwillbecomethe
readingmat terofsomeoneelse,thatyourpri
v at
ewor dswi l
lgopubl i
c.

Mi
nimalPai
rs

Mini
malpai
rsar
ewor
dst
hatar
eal
mostpr
onouncedt
hesamewaybutonl
ydi
ff
erbyonesoundas
shownbel
ow:

Pi
n,ki
l
l,pi
t,cap,
bag,
load,

Bi
n,gi
l
l,bi
t,cup,
bug,
road

Adv
erbs

Anadv
erbi
sawor
dthatmodi
fi
est
hemeani
ngofav
erb,
anadj
ect
iveoranot
heradv
erb.

Anadv
erbcanber
epl
acedbyanadv
erbphr
asei
nasent
encee.
g.Hepai
dhi
sdebt
sful
l
y.

Hepai
dhi
sdebtdownt
othel
astpenny
.

-
-Adv
erbst
hatappearatthebegi
nni
ngofasent
enceusual
l
ymodi
fyt
hewhol
esent
encer
ather
t
hananypart
icul
arwordse.g.

Pr
obabl
y,hei
smi
staken.Obv
iousl
y,t
heydon’
tlov
eeachot
her
.

Ty
pesofadv
erbs

Adv
erbsoft
imeshowwhent
heact
ionhappened.E.
g.Janewenthomet
oday
.

Adver
bsoff
requencyshowhowof
tensomet
hingort
heact
ionhappened.E.
g.Ihav
eseenhi
m
twi
ce.

Adv
erbsofpl
aceshowwher
etheact
ionhappenedori
shappeni
ng.E.
g.st
andher
e.

Adv
erbsofmannershowhowsomet
hinghappenedorbehav
ed.E.
g.Shewassi
tt
ingawkwar
dly
.

Adver
bsofdegr
eeorquant
it
yshowhowmuch,
ort
owhatdegr
eeorext
entsomet
hingoccur
red.
E.
g.

50Centwasshot9t
imesbuthedi
dn’
tdi
eorThemar
ri
agel
ast
edf
oral
ongt
ime.

Adv
erbsofr
easonshowt
hecause,
consequenceorr
easonwhysomet
hinghappenede.
g.

Hecoul
dnotaf
for
dtopaysohel
eftschool
.

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Whenadv
erbsar
eusedi
naski
ngquest
ions,
theyar
ecal
l
edi
nter
rogat
ives.E.
g.

Wher
eist
hatboy
?

Somewor
dsar
eusedasadj
ect
ivesoradv
erbs,
dependi
ngonwher
etheyappeari
nasent
encee.
g.

Hespokei
nal
oudv
oice.(
adj
ect
ive)

Don’
ttal
ksol
oud.(
adv
erb)

Ot
her
sar
eenough,
fast
,next
,wel
let
c.

Someadv
erbsoccuri
ntwo:
wit
h–l
yandwi
thoute.
g.

Romawor
kshar
d andRomahar
dlywor
ks.

Someadv
erbsar
eusedasnounsaf
terapr
eposi
ti
one.
g.

Hest
aysf
arf
rom her
e.

Hecomesf
rom t
her
e.

Or
derofAdj
ect
ives

Whenanount akesmor et hanoneadject

ive,
iti
simportanttonotethattheadjecti
veswouldhave
totakeaspeci ficorderusuall
yfrom moregeneralopi
nionstospecif
icfactualdescri
pti
on.The
orderistobegi nfrom quantit
ati
veornumberadjecti
vesliketwent
y,hundreds,apairetc.t
o
controver
sialorsubj ect
iveopini
onsli
kebeauty,t
hengener al
opini
onslikeproud,thensizeand
shapebef orefactsasshownbel ow.

Number
—e.
g.si
x,many
,some

Lessagr
eeabl
eopi
nion—e.
g.beaut
if
ul,
ugl
y,char
ming,
exci
ti
ng

Mor
eagr
eeabl
eopi
nions—e.
g.pr
oud,
clev
er,
mad,
promi
scuous

Si
ze—e.
g.Huge,
smal
l
,tal
l

Shape—e.
g.r
ound,
rect
angul
ar,
squar
e

Age—e.
g.y
oung,
old,
twel
ve-
yearol
d,

Col
our
—e.
g.r
ed,
gol
den,
greeni
sh,
brown

Nat
ional
i
ty/
Ori
gin—e.
g.Keny
an,
Japanese,
Chi
nese

Mat
eri
al—e.
g.Met
all
i
c,pl
ast
ic,
chi
na,
sli
ver
,st
eel

e.
g.20,
beaut
if
ul,
smal
l
,round,
old,
red,
Keny
anbal
l
s.

5,
ugl
y,huge,
rect
angul
ar,
Japaneset
ract
ors.

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Pr
edi
cat
iveadj
ect
ivesoccuraf
tert
henount
heymodi
fy,
forexampl
e:

Johni
ssi
ck Joshuai
ssuppor
ti
veet
c

At
tri
but
iveadj
ect
ivesoccurbef
oret
henount
heymodi
fye.
g.

Hei
sat
all
man. Beaut
if
ulwomenar
etempt
inget
c.

Publ
icNot
ice

Anoticei
sasmal ladv
erti
sementorannouncementinanewspaperormagazi ne,ornoti
ceboard;
i
tcanalsobei nfor
mationorawarninggiv
eninadvanceofsomethi
ngt hatisgoingtohappene.g.
onemaywantt oannounceanupcomi ngmeeti
ng,enter
tai
nmentevent
, spor
tsdayet c.i
nsuch
casesyouissueapubl i
cnoti
ce.

Feat
uresofPubl
icNot
ice

1.Thenameandt
it
leoft
hegr
oupt
hati
stomeete.
g.DRAMACLUBMEETI
NG

2.TheWhat
?Theev
entt
otakepl
acee.
g.I
NTERCLASSDRAMACOMPETI
TION

3.TheWhen?Thi
sist
het
imeoft
heev
ent
.E.
g.Sat
ur ober15th2016at10.
dayOct 00AM

--
Dependi
ngont
henat
ureoftheev
ent,
itmaybenecessar
ytogi
vet
woi
temsoft
imei
.e.t
hear
ri
val
anddepar
tur
eti
meorstar
ti
ngandendi
ngti
me.E.
g.

Ar
ri
val
—10.
00AM

Mat
chKi
ckof
f—10.
30AM

4.TheWher
e?Thi
sist
hev
enueorl
ocat
ionoft
heev
ente.
g.Venue—Assembl
yHal
l

-
-Thenot
iceshoul
dbecapt
ivat
ingi
.e.cat
cht
heat
tent
ionoft
hei
ntendedr
eader
.

--
Itshouldbewr
it
tenonwhitepapersothati
tcanbesencl
ear
ly.Youcanusemor
ethanone
colourtomakei
tcatchybutdonotover
doi t
.

-
-Af
ormal
publ
i
cnot
iceshoul
dhav
eaf
ewdecor
ati
ons.

-
-I
tshoul
dbewr
it
teni
ncapi
tal
let
ter
sespeci
all
yinf
ormat
iononwhat
,whom andwher
e.

-
-Spel
l
ingsandpunct
uat
ionsmustbeaccur
ate.

-
-Oncet
henot
icei
sready
,pl
acei
tinast
rat
egi
cpl
acewher
ecr
owdst
endt
ogat
her
.

Exampl
e

Nove
ls,
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LUGULUGI
RLSDEBATI
NGCOMPETI
TION

SATURDAY23MARCH
2017

ATTHEASSEMBLYHALL

FROM 10AM TO1PM

FORM 2RVSFORM 3W

COMEONECOMEALL

Post
ers

Apost
eri
salar
gepri
ntedpict
ureornot
icewhi
chy
oust
ickont
hewal
lorboar
dtoadv
ert
iseor
communi
cat
especi
fi
cinfor
mation.

Whenpr
epar
ingapost
ermakenot
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thepost
ershoul
dhav
eat
hemeorsubj
ectmat
tert
hati
sver
ybr
iefandcl
eari
ncapi
tal
let
ter
s.

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ls,
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2.Deci
deonthegr
aphicsorpi
ctur
est
ouse.Theyshoul
dbecol
our
ful
andat
tract
ive.Br
ight
col
oursshoul
dbepri
ori
ti
zed.

3.Thepost
ershoul
dbesi
mpl
eanddecongest
ed.

4.Thepost
ershoul
dbedi
spl
ayedatanappr
opr
iat
epl
ace.

NB

Adver
ti
sementsarelikepost
ersbutar
eusuall
ysmal
lerandputonnewspapers.Theyareusual
ly
desi
gnedtopersuadepeopletobuyorusecer
tai
npr
oducts.Warni
ngsforsi
deeffect
sinadvert
s
shoul
dbeinsmal ll
etter
s.

Quest
ion

I
magi net
heschooladmini
strat
ionwoul
dwi shtoenrol
morestudent
sint
oyourschoolinf
orm one.
Assecret
arytothel
anguageClubinyourschool,
thepri
nci
pal
asksyoutowri
teanot i
cetobe
posi
tedinthel
ocalnewspaper.

Wr
it
ethenot
iceandwi
thi
tincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

-
-St
atet
heschool
’
sgeogr
aphi
cal
locat
ion

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-
-I
nabout120wor
dsdescr
ibet
heschool

-
-I
nabout50wor
dsdescr
ibet
heschool
’
senv
ironment

-
-I
nfor
mthepubl
i
caboutt
heacademi
cqual
i
ficat
ionsr
equi
redf
oradmi
ssi
on.

Thedeadl
i
nef
orappl
i
cat
ion.

I
nvent
ori
es

Aninvent
oryi
sadetai
leddocumentofal
lthei
temsi
napl
acesuchasanof
fi
ce,
acl
assr
oom,
a
chur
ch,ashop,acl
i
nicandsoon.

Thi
sdocumentgivesdet
ail
soft hequant
it
yandcondi
ti
onofwhat
everi
sav
ail
abl
einapl
ace.An
i
nvent
orycont
ainscol
umnst hatshow

-
-Dat
ewhent
her
ecor
dwasent
ered

-
-Dat
eofdel
i
ver
yofi
tems

-
-Quant
it
yoft
hei
tem

-
-Descr
ipt
ionofapar
ti
cul
ari
tem

-
-Dat
eofi
ssue

-
-Si
gnat
ureoft
heper
sonbei
ngi
ssuedwi
tht
hei
tem.

-
-I
temsr
emai
ningaf
teri
ssue.

I
tisanimport
antdocumentinanor
gani
sat
ionbecausei
tcont
ainsi
nformati
ononal
li
temst
hatan
i
nsti
tut
ionhasandther
efor
ehelpst
okeeprecor
dsofthest
ockorstock-
taki
ng.

Glor
ySecondar
ySchool
I
nvent
ory

Dateof Del
iver
y Quant
it
y Descr
ipt
ion Dat
eof Si
gn Bal
ance
recor
d dat
e i
ssue

5/
2/1017 4/
2/2017 60 Macmil
lan 10/
2/2017 _
gr 33
Bk4Engli
sh
text
s

13/
2/2017 13/
2/2017 20 Reamsof 15/
2/2017 Te_
js 15
fool
scaps

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I
mpor
tanceofani
nvent
ory

-
-Keepcheckonwhati
sther
eint
ermsofst
ock

-
-Tokeepcheckonwhatneedst
ober
epl
acedorr
epai
red.

-
-Toeaset
hej
obmanagement

-
-Togi
vei
nfor
mat
iononi
temst
hatneedconst
antr
epl
acement

Quest
ion

Youar
etheSchoolLibr
aryassi
stantandy
ouhav
erecei
vedbooksf
rom asuppl
i
er.Recor
dthe
i
temsi
ny ouri
nvent
ory.

Fact
sandOpi
nions

Factsar
estat
ementsthatcanbeproved,
veri
fi
edandar
econsi
der
edt
obet
rue.Fact
sar
e
i
ndisput
abl
ee.g.Thef
irstpr
esi
dentofKenyawasJomoKenyat
ta.

Al
lhumansdi
e.

Opini
onsarefeeli
ngst
owardsanidea.Theyar
enotr
eli
abl
esourceofi
nfor
mat
ionandcannotbe
ver
ifi
edadequatel
y.Opi
nionsar
etherefor
edebat
abl
eanddisput
abl
e.

Opini
onscanbeident
ifi
edfr
om aspeaker
’schoiceofphrasessuchas:i
tisbel
iev
ed,
inmyopi
nion,
apparent
ly,
seemi
ngly
,Ithi
nk,If
eel
,possi
bly
,presumably
, i
tshoul
d,qui
teetc.

-
-Somespeakersmixfactsandopini
onswi
thoutmaki
ngacl
eardi
sti
nct
ione.
g.Youknowt
hatI
wasthebestspeakeri
nlastyear
’sAGM.

I
sn’
titaf
actt
hatIam t
hebestpl
acedper
sont
orepr
esentt
hepeopl
eofBungoma?

Exer
cise

Pi
ckoutandexpl
ainf
ivef
act
sandf
iveopi
nionsi
nthepassagebel
ow.

Wet eachst udent stobeobedi ent,

kind,rel
igi
ousandhar dwor kinginor dertosucceedi nli
febut
thereal it
yist hatthesev i
rtuesarenotreall
yrequir
edi nthemoder n,cruelandmat eri
ali
sticworl
d,
especi all
y,ifsomeonei stosucceedi ngetti
ngwealthandpower .Majorit
yofr ichKeny ans,for
exampl e,gott hei
rweal t
hf rom cor
ruptdeals,gr
abbingpubl i
clandorcol l
udingwi thpower ful
polit
icianst ogetf avours.Thereisev i
dencethatuntil
recently,whent henewconst i
tut
ionwas
adopt ed, manyr i
chKeny answer ebarelypayi
ngtaxesespeci all
yoni mpor ts.Anot herobv i
ous
exampl eisthoseKeny answhower eaccusedofmast er
mi ndingcr i
mesagai nsthumani tywere
electedi ntoof fi
ceandar ecelebrated.Reali
sti
cal
ly
,v i
cespaymor ehandsomel ythanv i
rtuesand

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asMachi
avel
l
ioncesai
d,‘
theendwil
ljust
if
ythemeans’
.May
bei
tist
imet
orev
iewwhatwet
each
i
nschool
sandsanct
if
yanyeffor
ttogetwealt
h.

Homophones

Homophonesar
ewor
dst
hathav
esi
mil
arpr
onunci
ati
onbutdi
ff
erentmeani
ngsanddi
ff
erent
spel
l
ings.

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1. accessor y ,accessor
y 111. dew, due 221. l
each, leech
2. ad, add 112. die, dy e 222. l
ead, led
3. ai
l, ale 113. discr eet , discret
e 223. l
eak, leek
4. ai
r ,hei r 114. doe, dough 224. l
ean, lien
5. ai
sl e, I'll
, isle 115. done, dun 225. l
essen, l
esson
6. al
l, awl 116. douse, dowse 226. l
ev ee, levy
7. al
lowed, aloud 117. draf t,dr aught 227. l
iar, l
y re
8. al
ms, ar ms 118. dual , duel 228. l
icence, license
9. al
t ar, al ter 119. ear n, ur n 229. l
icker ,liquor
10.arc, ar k 120. eer i
e, eyr i
e 230. l
ie, l
y e
11.aren' t, aunt 121. ewe, y ew, you 231. l
ieu, loo
12.ate, ei ght 122. faint ,feint 232. l
inks, lynx
13.auger , augur 123. fair,far e 233. l
o, low
14.auk, or c 124. farther ,father 234. l
oad, l
ode
15.aur al, or al 125. fate, fêt e 235. l
oan, lone
16.away , awei gh 126. faun, fawn 236. l
ocks, lox
17.awe, oar , or ,
ore 127. Fay , fey 237. l
oop, l
oupe
18.axel ,axl e 128. faze, phase 238. l
oot , lut e
19.aye, ey e, I 129. feat ,feet 239. made, mai d
20.bail,bal e 130. ferrul e, ferule 240. mai l,mal e
21.bait, bat e 131. few, phew 241. mai n, mane
22.baize, bay s 132. fi
e, phi 242. mai ze, maze
23.bald, bawl ed 133. fi
le, phi al 243. mal l,maul
24.ball,bawl 134. fi
nd, fined 244. manna, manner
25.band, banned 135. fi
r, fur 245. mant el ,mant l
e
26.bar d, bar red 136. fl
ai r,flare 246. mar e, may or
27.bar e, bear 137. fl
aw, floor 247. mar k, mar quee
28.bar k, bar que 138. fl
ea, flee 248. mar shal ,mar ti
al
29.bar on, bar ren 139. fl
ex, flecks 249. mar t en, mar ti
n
30.base, bass 140. fl
ew, flu, fl
ue 250. mask, masque
31.bay ,bey 141. fl
oe, flow 251. maw, mor e
32.bazaar ,bi zar r
e 142. fl
our ,flower 252. me, mi
33.be, bee 143. foal ed, f
ol d 253. mean, mi en
34.beach, beech 144. for, for e, four 254. meat , meet ,
35.bean, been 145. forewor d, forward mete
36.beat , beet 146. fort, fought 255. medal ,meddl e
37.beau, bow 147. forth, f our th 256. met al ,met t
le
38.beer , bi er 148. foul ,fowl 257. met er , met re
39.bel, bel l
, bel l
e 149. franc, frank 258. mi ght , mi te
40.ber ry, bur y 150. freeze, f
rieze 259. mi ner , mi nor ,
41.ber th, bi rth 151. fri
ar ,fr yer mynah
42.bight , bi te, byte 152. furs, fur ze 260. mi nd, mi ned
43.bil
led, bui ld 153. gai t
, gat e 261. mi ssed, mi st
44.bitten, bitt ern 154. gal i
pot ,gal l
ipot 262. moat , mot e
45.blew, bl ue 155. gal l
op, gal op 263. mode, mowed
46.bloc, block 156. gambl e, gambol 264. moor ,mor e
47.boar , bor e 157. gay s, gaze 265. moose, mousse
48.boar d, bor ed 158. genes, jeans 266. mor ning,
49.boar der , bor der 159. gild, gui l
d mourni
ng
50.bold, bowl ed 160. gilt,gui lt 267. muscl e, mussel
51.boos, booze 161. giro, gy ro 268. nav al, nav el
52.bor n, bor ne 162. gnaw, nor 269. nay ,nei gh
53.bough, bow 163. gnei ss, nice 270. nigh, ny e

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54.boy ,buoy 164. gor il

la, guer il
la 271. none, nun
55.brae, br ay 165. grat e, gr eat 272. od, odd
56.braid, br ay ed 166. greav e, gr ieve 273. ode, owed
57.braise, br ay s, braze 167. grey s, gr aze 274. oh, owe
58.brake, br eak 168. grisly ,gr izzly 275. one, won
59.bread, br ed 169. groan, grown 276. packed, pact
60.brews, br uise 170. guessed, guest 277. packs, pax
61.bridal, br idle 171. hail,hal e 278. pail,pal e
62.broach, br ooch 172. hair, har e 279. pain, pane
63.bur ,bur r 173. hall,haul 280. pair,par e,pear
64.but ,but t 174. hangar ,hanger 281. palate, palet t
e,
65.buy ,by , by e 175. har t,hear t pall
et
66.buy er, by re 176. haw, hoar ,whor e 282. pascal , paschal
67.calendar ,cal ender 177. hay ,hey 283. pat en, pat ten,
68.call,caul 178. heal , heel ,he'l
l patter
n
69.canv as, canv ass 179. hear , her e 284. pause, paws,
70.cast ,cast e 180. hear d, her d pores,pour s
71.cast er, cast or 181. he'd, heed 285. pawn, por n
72.caught , cour t 182. her oin, her oine 286. pea, pee
73.caw, cor e, cor ps 183. hew, hue 287. peace, pi ece
74.cede, seed 184. hi,high 288. peak, peek,
75.ceili
ng, seal ing 185. higher ,hi re peke,pique
76.cell,sel l 186. him, hy mn 289. peal ,peel
77.censer , censor ,sensor 187. ho, hoe 290. pear l
, pur l
78.cent ,scent ,sent 188. hoar d, hor de 291. pedal ,peddl e
79.cereal , ser ial 189. hoar se, hor se 292. peer ,pier
80.cheap, cheep 190. holey ,hol y,wholly 293. pi,pie
81.check, cheque 191. hour , our 294. pica, pika
82.choi r,qui re 192. i
dle, idol 295. place, pl aice
83.chor d, cor d 193. i
n, inn 296. plain,pl ane
84.ci
te, si ght ,sit e 194. i
ndi ct ,indi te 297. pleas, pl ease
85.cl
ack, cl aque 195. i
t'
s, i
ts 298. plum, plumb
86.cl
ew, cl ue 196. j
ewel , joul e 299. pole, pol l
87.cl
imb, clime 197. key ,quay 300. poof ,pouf fe
88.cl
ose, cl oze 198. knav e, nav e 301. pract i
ce,
89.coal ,kohl 199. knead, need practi
se
90.coar se, cour se 200. knew, new 302. praise, pray s,
91.coign, coi n 201. knight ,ni ght preys
92.colonel ,ker nel 202. knit, nit 303. principal ,
93.compl acent , compl aisant 203. knob, nob pri
ncipl
e
94.compl ement , compl i
ment 204. knock, nock 304. prof i
t,pr ophet
95.coo, coup 205. knot , not 305. quar ts, quar tz
96.cops, copse 206. know, no 306. quean, queen
97.counci l,counsel 207. knows, nose 307. rain,rei gn, rein
98.cousi n, cozen 208. l
aager ,lager 308. raise, ray s,raze
99.creak, cr eek 209. l
ac, l
ack 309. rap, wr ap
100. cr ews, crui
se 210. l
ade, lai d 310. raw, roar
101. cue, kyu,queue 211. l
ain, lane 311. read, reed
102. cur b, kerb 212. l
am, lamb 312. read, red
103. cur r ant,current 1. l
aps, lapse 313. real,reel
104. cy mbol ,
symbol 213. l
ar va, lav a 314. reek, wr eak
105. dam, damn 214. l
ase, laze 315. rest,wr est
106. day s, daze 215. l
aw, lor e 316. retch, wr etch
107. dear , deer 216. l
ay ,ley 317. review, revue
108. descent ,di
ssent 217. l
ea, l
ee 318. rheum, room

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109. deser
t,desser
t 319. r
ight,ri
te,
wri
ght
,writ
e
331.rouse, rows 320. r
ing,wring
332.rung,wr ung 321. r
oad,rode
333.rye,wr y 322. r
oe,row
334.saver, sav our 323. r
ole,r
oll
335.spade, spay ed 324. r
oo,roux,rue
336.sale,sai l 325. r
ood,rude
337.sane, sei ne 326. r
oot,route
338.satir
e, sat yr 327. r
ose,rows
339.sauce, sour ce 328. r
ota,rotor
340.saw, soar ,sore 329. r
ote,wrote
341.scene, seen 330. r
ough, r
uff
342.scull
,skul l
343.sea,see 348.sew,so,sow
344.seam, seem 349.shake,shei
kh
345.sear,seer ,sere 350.shear,
sheer
346.seas, sees, sei
ze
shoe,
shoo
110. devi
ser
,divi
sor
111. sl
ay,sl
eigh si
c,si
ck

sl
oe,
slow si
de,
sighed

sol
e,soul si
gn,
sine

some,
sum si
nk,
synch

son,
sun sl
ay,
slei
gh

sor
t,sought sl
oe,
slow

spa,
spar sol
e,soul

st
aid,
stay
ed some,
sum

st
air
,st
are son,
sun

st
ake,
steak sor
t,sought

st
alk,
stor
k spa,
spar

whi
rl
,whor
l st
aid,
stay
ed

whi
rl
ed,
wor
ld st
air
,st
are

whi
t,wi
t st
ake,
steak

whi
te,
wight st
alk,
stor
k

who'
s,whose st
ati
onar
y,st
ati
oner
y

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woe,
whoa st
eal
,st
eel

wood,
woul
d st
il
e,st
yle

y
aw,
yor
e,y
our
,you'
re st
orey
,st
ory

y
oke,
yol
k st
rai
ght
,st
rai
t

y
ou'
l
l,y
uleswat
,swot sweet
,sui
te

t
acks,
tax wat
t,what

t
ale,
tai
l wax,
whacks

t
alk,
tor
que way
,wei
gh,
whey

t
are,
tear we,
wee,
whee

t
aught
,taut
,tor
t weak,
week

t
e,t
ea,
tee we'
d,weed

t
eam,
teem weal
,we'
l
l,wheel

t
ear
,ti
er wean,
ween

t
eas,
tease weat
her
,whet
her

t
erce,
ter
se weav
er,
weev
er

t
ern,
tur
n wei
r,we'
re

t
her
e,t
hei
r,t
hey
're wer
e,whi
rr

t
hrew,
thr
ough wet
,whet

t
hroes,
thr
ows wheal
d,wheel
ed

t
hrone,
thr
own whi
ch,
wit
ch

t
hyme,
time whi
g,wi
g

t
ic,
tick whi
l
e,wi
l
e

t
ide,
tied whi
ne,
wine

347.t
ir
e,t
yre whi
rl
,whor
l

t
o,t
oo,
two whi
rl
ed,
wor
ld

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t
oad,
toed,
towed whi
t,wi
t

t
old,
tol
l
ed whi
te,
wight

t
ole,
tol
l who'
s,whose

t
on,
tun woe,
whoa

t
or,
tor
e wood,
woul
d

t
ough,
tuf
f y
aw,yor
e,y
our
,
y
ou'
re
t
roop,
troupe
y
oke,
yol
k
t
uba,
tuber
y
ou'
l
l,y
uleswat
,swot
v
ain,
vane,
vei
n
t
acks,
tax
v
ale,
vei
l
t
ale,
tai
l
v
ial
,vi
l
e
t
alk,
tor
que
wai
l,
wal
e,whal
e
t
are,
tear
wai
n,wane
t
aught
,taut
,tor
t
wai
st,
wast
e
t
e,t
ea,
tee
wai
t,wei
ght
t
eam,
teem
wai
ve,
wav
e
t
ear
,ti
er
wal
l
,waul
t
eas,
tease
war
,wor
e
t
erce,
ter
se
war
e,wear
,wher
e
t
ern,
tur
n
war
n,wor
n war
t,wor
t
t
her
e,t
hei
r,t
hey
're

t
hrew,
thr
ough

t
hroes,
thr
ows

t
hrone,
thr
own

Pr
eposi
ti
ons

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Apreposi
ti
onisawordplacedbef
oreanounorapronountoshowi
nwhatr
elat
ionshi
ptheper
son
ort
hingdenot
edbyitst
andsinregar
dtosomethi
ngelse.

-
-Apr
eposi
ti
onsi
mpl
ymeanst
hatwhi
chi
spl
acedbef
ore.

-
-Thepr
eposi
ti
oncanj
oinanount
oot
hernounse.
g.Ther
eisacowi
nthef
iel
d.

-
-Thepr
eposi
ti
oncanal
soj
oinanount
oanadj
ect
ivee.
g.Hei
sfondoft
ea.

-
-Apr
eposi
ti
oncanj
oinanount
oav
erbe.
g.Thecatj
umpedof
fthechai
r.

--
Thenounorpr
onounusedwi
thapreposi
ti
oni
scal
l
edi
tsobj
ect
.Iti
stheaccusat
ivecaseandi
s
saidt
obegover
nedbythepr
eposi
ti
on.E.g.

Ther
eisadogi
nthehouse.Accusat
ivecase

-
-Apr
eposi
ti
onmayhav
etwoormor
eobj
ect
sasi
n:Ther
oadr
unsov
ert
hehi
l
lsandpl
ains.

-
-Somet
imesapr
eposi
ti
oni
spl
acedaf
teranobj
ect
.E.
g.Her
eist
hewat
cht
haty
ouaskedf
or.

Thati
stheboyIwasspeaki
ngof
.

Si
mpl
epr
eposi
ti
onsar
eat
,by
,for
,fr
om,
in,
of,
off
,on,
out
,thr
ough,
til
lto,
upandwi
th.

a)Pl
ace-
-about
,at
,agai
nst
,among,
bel
ow,

b)Ti
me—at
,on,
in,
from,
unt
il

c)Agency
—at
,by
,thr
ough

d)Manner
—wi
th

e)Cause/
Reason—f
or,
of,
wit
h,t
hrough

f
)Possessi
on—on,
of,
wit
h

g)St
andar
d—at
(pr
ice)
,by
(inches)

h)Mot
ive—f
rom whatIknowofhi
m,Idi
ditf
rom gr
ati
tude

Compl
expr
eposi
ti
onsconsi
stofmor
ethanonewor
d.Theyexpr
essdi
ff
erentmeani
ngsasf
oll
ows:

a)Pl
ace—cl
oset
o,awayf
rom,outof
,nextt
o,aheadof
,

b)Causeorr
eason—becauseof
,duet
o,wi
thav
iewt
o,i
nvi
ewof

c)Except
ion—exceptf
or,
apar
tfr
om

d)Cont
rast
—Inspi
teof

Mostcompl
expr
eposi
ti
onsar
emadeupoft
wowor
dsbutsomet
hreewor
dsl
i
ke‘
wit
hregar
dto’

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-
-Not
icet
hatt
het
ri
ple-
wor
dedpr
eposi
ti
onsbegi
nwi
thasi
mpl
epr
eposi
ti
onandendwi
thone.

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lthebl
anksi
nsent
encesbel
owwi
thanappr
opr
iat
epr
eposi
ti
on.

1.Nodoubthehasachi
evedmuchbutIcannotgi
vehi
m cr
edi
t__al
lthatheboat
__.

2.Shewast
heonl
yhi
ndr
ance_
_hi
sachi
evement
.

3.Hei
sindebt
ed_
_hi
sfr
iend_
_al
argesum.

4.I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoagr
ee_
_thosecr
it
icswhoascr
ibet
hewor
kofShakespear
e—Bacon.

5.Thesol
dier
s__t
hef
ortwer
epr
ovi
ded_
_pr
ovi
sionst
olastt
hem ay
ear
.

6.Wear
eaccount
abl
e__
God_
_ouract
ions.

7.Measur
ey our
sel
f__
yourequal
sandl
ear
n__
frequentcompet
it
iont
hepl
acewhi
chnat
urehas
al
lot
ted–you.

8.Att
heel
event
hhourher
eti
red_
_thecont
estl
eav
ingt
hef
iel
dopen_
_hi
sopponent
s.

9.Dogshav
eant
ipat
hy_
_cat
s.

10.Hehasbeenv
eryi
ndul
gent_
_hi
schi
l
dren.

11.Ipur
posel
yref
rai
ned_
_say
ingmor
e.

12.Ii
nsi
sted_
_goi
ng.

13.Iassent
ed_
_hi
spr
oposal
.

14.Iam notsat
isf
ied_
_yourexpl
anat
ion.

15.Hedi
dnotpr
ofi
t__hi
sexper
ience.

16.Hei
sinnocent_
_thecr
ime.

17.Hi
svi
ewsdonotaccor
d__mi
ne.

18.Theav
ari
ciousmani
sgr
eedy_
_gai
n.

19.Hei
ssuspi
cious_
_al
lhi
snei
ghbour
s.

20.Hei
sindi
ff
erent_
_hi
sowni
nter
est
s.

21.Hei
spr
ompt_
_car
ryi
ngoutor
der
s.

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Ant
ony
msandSy
nony
ms

Antonymsarewordswithopposi
temeaninge.
g.good—badwhil
eSynony
msarewor dswi
th
si
mi l
armeani
ngthatcanrepl
aceeachotheri
nasentencee.
g.get
—acqui
re,
run—scamperetc.

Not
emaki
ng

Notemakingent
ail
spi
cki
ngoutthemosti
mport
antpoi
ntsf
rom agi
venpieceofwri
ti
ng.Themai
n
aim ofnot
emaki
ngist
ocondenseinf
ormat
ioni
napassageint
oabri
efandsimplefor
m andst
il
l
ret
ainclar
it
y.

Whenmaki
ngnot
esconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts

1.Readt
hegi
vent
extcar
eful
l
yatl
eastt
hreet
imes.

2.I
dent
if
ythemai
npoi
ntsbymar
kingt
hem outorunder
li
ningt
hem.

3.Wr
it
ethemar
kedpoi
ntsdowni
nnot
efor
m usi
ngnumber
sorbul
l
ets.

Summar
yWr
it
ing

I
fyouar
erequi
redt
omakesummar
yofapi
eceoft
extobser
vest
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Readt
hrought
hest
oryandt
hequest
ionsatl
eastt
wot
imes.

2.Pi
ckoutt
hemai
npoi
ntsbyunder
li
ngt
hem ormar
kingt
hem outi
nthei
rpr
operor
der
.

3.Tr
ansf
ert
hepoi
ntsont
oar
oughdr
aftpar
toft
hequest
ionoranyspacey
oucanget
.

4.Thenfr
om detai
lsinther
oughdr af
t,wr
iteafai
rcopyi
ncont
inuousprose;separ
ati
ngthepoints
i
nt heor
dertheyappearedi
nr oughdr
aftusingacommaandjoini
ngthem upusingco-or
dinat
ing
andsubordi
nati
ngconjunct
ions.

5.Useat
opi
csent
encet
oint
roducey
oursummar
yatt
hebegi
nni
ng.

6.Sti
cktot
hewor dl
imi
tandmakesur
eyoucountt
hewor
dsbyi
ndi
cat
ingt
het
otal
numberatt
he
bott
om onther
ightoft
hefai
rcopy
.

7.Av
oidgr
ammat
ical
err
orsbecauset
heyat
tractpenal
ti
es

Sy
nopsi
s

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Asy nopsisisasummar yofapieceofwr it

ing.Inordertowri
teasy nopsis,i
tisi
mpor tanttoful
ly
compr ehendthethemeandsubj ectmatterofthesour cemater
ial
.Wr i
ti
ngasy nopsiswilli
nvolv
e
thesamest epsyouwoul dusetowr i
teasummar y.Agoodsy nopsisshouldcondensei nformati
on
withoutomitti
nganyimportantpoint
s.Asy nopsis,
unlikesummary ,shouldbeexpressedi nyour
ownwor dsandshouldincl
udeyourownv oiceoropini
on.Iti
sadvisabletomakeadr aftyoucan
revi
seunt i
lyouaresati
sfi
edbeforewr i
ti
ngt hefi
nalcopy .

Occasi
onal
l
y,y
oumi
ghtber
equi
redonl
ytowr
it
easy
nopsi
sofapar
tofat
extorbegi
venwor
d
l
imit
.

Quest
iont
ags

Atagisaspecialconst
ruct
ioninEngl
ish.Itisastat
ementfol
lowedbyami ni
-questi
on.Thewhole
sent
enceisatagquestionandthemini-questi
onattheendiscal
ledaquesti
ont ag.Atagis
somethingsmallweaddtosomet hi
nglarger.Weusuall
ytagaquestionatt
heendofast atement
toaskforconf
irmati
one.g.Sheiscoming, i
sn’
tshe?Ortoencouragearepl
yfrom someone.

Thebasi
cst
ruct
urei
s

st
atement
—quest
ion,

posi
ti
vest
atement
—negat
ivet
ag,hehasgone,
hasn’
the?

Negat
ivest
atement
—posi
ti
vet
ag,I
twasn’
ttheboy
,wasi
t?

Thequest
iont
agbor
rowst
heauxi
l
iar
yorhel
pingv
erbi
nthest
atement
.

E.
g.Youmi
ghtseehi
m,mi
ght
n’ty
ou?

Mostquest
iont
agsar
efor
medf
rom hel
pingv
erbsusedi
nthest
atementwhet
hersubor
dinat
eof
mai
nasf ol
l
ows:

Wear
eher
e,ar
en’
twe?

Shedoesl
i
kehi
m,doesn’
tshe?Et
c.

Whenthever
binthemainsent
enceisi
nt hesimpl
epr
esentorpastt
ensewi
thoutt
hehel
pingv
erb,
wefor
mt hequest
iont
agwith‘
do’‘
does’or‘di
d’

Youpl
ayt
hegui
tar
,don’
tyou?

Al
i
sonl
i
ket
enni
s,doesn’
tshe?

Theywentt
otheci
nema,
didn’
tthey
?

Shest
udi
edi
nNewZeal
and,
didn’
tshe?

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Hehar
dlyev
erspeaks,
doeshe?

Whenthestat
ementcont
ainsawor
dwi t
hanegat
ivemeaningwit
hout‘
not
’thequest
iont
agwoul
d
st
il
lneedt
obepositi
ve.E.
g.Theyr
arel
yeati
narestaur
ant
,dothey?

Somev
erbshav
edi
ff
erentquest
iont
agse.
g.

Iam at
tract
ive,
aren’
tI?

Forcommands,
thet
ag‘
wil
lyou’
isusede.
g.

St
opi
t,wi
l
lyou?OrDon’
tmakenoi
se,
wil
lyou?

Request
sthatbegi
nwi
th‘
l
et’
taket
he‘
shal
lwe’
tag.E.
g.Letusgohome,
shal
lwe?

I
rr
egul
art
agsar
ethoset
hathav
eindef
ini
tepr
onounse.
g.

Noonei
sher
e,i
sther
e?

Noonei
sunhappy
,ar
ethey
?/i
she?

Somebodysawher
,di
dn’
tthey
?

ORALLI
TERATURE

Orall
it
erat
ure,someti
mescal
l
edoratur
e, v
erbalart
soror
alt
radi
ti
onisaspoken,act
edor
perf
ormedar twhosemedi
um i
swords.Itispassedonfr
om onegener
ati
ontotheotherbywor
d
ofmouth.

Funct
ionsofOr
alLi
ter
atur
e

1.f
orent
ert
ainment

2.Tocr
eat
esel
f-
awar
eness—or
all
i
ter
atur
emakesusunder
standour
sel
ves.

3.Or
all
i
ter
atur
eteachesusaboutourhi
stor
yandt
hisenabl
esust
ounder
standandi
nter
preti
t.

4.Theteachi
ngofOral
li
ter
atur
epromot
esnat
ionbui
l
dingandi
nter
cul
tur
alunder
standi
ng,
thus
hel
pingcreat
inghar
monyinanati
on.

5.Oral
li
ter
atur
eshar
pensanddev
elopsl
anguageski
l
lssuchasspeech,
li
steni
ng,
creat
ivi
ty,
wit
etc.

For
msofor
all
it
erat
ure

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Or
all
i
ter
atur
eiscat
egor
izedi
ntot
hreemai
nfor
ms

1)Nar
rat
ives.

2)Songs.

3)Shor
tfor
ms.

Nar
rat
ives

Anar
rat
ivei
sastor
yorpr
oseaccountofpeopl
eev
ent
sandpl
acest
hatmaybef
ict
ional
orf
act
ual
.
Anar
rat
ivei
sal
socall
edatal
eorafolkt
ale.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofNar
rat
ives

Cl
assi
fyi
ngreferstogr
oupingofst
ori
esbasi
ngont
heshar
edf
eat
uresl
i
ket
hemannerofact
ionof
mainchar
actersandsett
ing.

Nar
rat
ivesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntomy
ths,
legends,
dil
emma,
expl
anat
oryogr
eandt
ri
ckst
er.

My
ths

Mythsar
estori
esofcreat
ionandalway
sinvol
veasuper
nat
ural
char
act
er.My
thsdeal
wit
h
super
nat
uralphenomenaandori
ginofpeopl
e.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofmy
ths

1.My
thsal
way
sseekt
oexpl
ainor
igi
nofmy
ster
ioust
hingsl
i
kel
i
feanddeat
h.

2.Theydon’
thav
eopeni
ngandcl
osi
ngf
ormul
ae.

3.My
thsar
eal
way
sregar
dedasf
act
sbyt
hei
rcommuni
tyofor
igi
n.

4.My
thsr
efert
othi
ngst
hathappenedatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
ime.

5.My
thsi
nvol
veasuper
nat
ural
char
act
erl
i
keGodorgodsandspi
ri
ts.

6.Theyar
eal
way
sseti
ntheear
lymy
ster
iousormagi
cal
wor
ld.

7.Peopl
etakemy
thsassacr
edorr
eli
giousst
ori
es.

Legends

Thesear
est
ori
esaboutmemor
abl
ehi
stor
ical
event
sandpeopl
e.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofl
egends

1.Legendsar
eunder
stoodt
obest
ori
esoft
ruehi
stor
ical
event
sandpeopl
e.

2.Thechar
act
ersi
nlegendsar
eal
way
sgi
veni
magi
nar
ydet
ail
sorabi
tofexagger
ati
on.

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3.Legendar
ystor
iesarenott
reat
edasholybutsecul
ar.Thati
s,theyt
alkabouther
oesand
heroi
neswhoinhabit
edeart
handsucheventsdeemedt ohavetakenpl
ace.

Di
lemma

Thesearestor
ieswhichhav
eacharact
erorcharact
ersburdenedwi
tht
womoralchoi
ceswhi
ch
theymustchoosebutsuchadeci
sioni
susuall
ydiff
icul
ttomake.Somet
imest
hestor
yendswit
h
adebati
ngquestionwhicht
heaudi
encecandebateon.

Expl
anat
oryorEt
iol
ogi
cal

Thesear
estor
iest
hatt
ryt
otr
aceorexpl
aint
heor
igi
nofbehav
iour
,bot
hphy
sical
andcul
tur
ali
n
peopl
eandani
mals.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

1.Theyseekt
oexpl
ainbehav
iourofpeopl
eandani
mal
s.

2.Thesest
ori
esl
i
nkpastdeci
sionsormi
stakest
opr
esentt
rai
tsi
nani
mal
sandpeopl
e.

3.Thestori
esarebasedonobservabl
efeat
uresi
npeopl
eandani
mal
sbutt
hatcannotbe
expl
ainedcl
earl
ybythehumanr eason.

Ogr
eorMonst
er

Thesear
est
ori
est
hatf
eat
ureanon-
humanchar
act
ert
hati
susual
l
ygr
otesque,
fri
ght
eni
ngandev
il
.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

1.Thechar
act
eri
nthest
oryi
susual
l
yamonst
ert
hati
simagi
nedasanev
ilcr
eat
ure.

2.Themonst
erusual
lyi
nter
act
swi
thhumanbei
ngsi
nadest
ruct
iveway
:eat
ingchi
l
dren,
swall
owi
ngpeopl
eetc.

Tr
ickst
er

Thesear
est
ori
est
hatf
eat
ureachar
act
ert
hatpl
ayst
ri
cksonot
her
s.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

1.Ther
eisusual
lyasmal
l
erorweakerani
mal
thatusesi
tsi
ntel
l
igencet
otr
ickaf
ool
i
sh,
bigger
andstr
ongerani
mal.

2.I
nthesest
ori
es,t
heanimalmaysi
mplyexpl
oitt
heoppor
tuni
tyt
hatcomesi
tswayt
hatot
her
s
havef
ail
edtoseeortakeadv
ant
ageof.

3.I
notheroccasi
ons,theani
mal
maybet
ri
ckedf
ir
stbutl
ateri
tusest
hesamet
ri
cksorbet
ter
onest
oout wi
ttheother.

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODSTORYTELLER

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1.Sheshoul
dbeaudi
bleandf
luent
.

2.Shoul
dbeabl
etousegest
uresandt
onal
var
iat
ions.

3.Heshoul
dbecr
eat
iveandi
magi
nat
ive.

4.Sheshoul
dbepr
oudofhercul
tur
e.

5.Heshoul
dbepl
easantandent
ert
aini
ng.

6.Sheshoul
dhav
eagoodmemor
y.

7.Sheshoul
dbeconf
ident
.

8.Heshoul
dbeabl
etoconnectt
hepastwi
tht
hepr
esent
.

ANALYSI
SOFORALNARRATI
VES

Pl
ot

Thi
sist
heorderev
entsinastor
y.Or
alnarr
ati
vesoft
enhavesi
mplest
rai
ghtfor
war
dpl
ots.Ev
ent
s
i
nanarr
ati
vewouldconsti
tut
ethr
eepart
s:abeginni
ng,
middl
eandanending.

Begi
nni
ngpr
esent
stheaudi
encewi
thpr
obl
emsf
aci
ngt
hemai
nchar
act
ers.

Themi
ddl
eshowst
heat
tempt
sbyt
hechar
act
erst
osol
vet
hepr
obl
ems.

Theendi
ngshowshowt
hepr
obl
emsar
efi
nal
l
ysol
ved.

Somest
ori
eshav
ecompl
expl
otsandt
her
efor
ewoul
dnotf
oll
owt
hisor
der
.

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionswhenanal
yzi
ngt
hepl
ot:

1.Howmanymaj
orchar
act
ersar
eint
roducedatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hest
ory
?

2.Ar
ether
epr
obl
emsorapr
obl
em f
aci
ngmaj
orchar
act
ersi
nthest
ory
?

3.Thr
oughwhi
chact
ionsdot
hechar
act
erst
ryt
osol
vet
hepr
obl
ems?

4.Whatki
ndofr
esol
uti
oni
sof
fer
ed?

5.Dot
hechar
act
ersemer
get
ri
umphantort
heyar
edef
eat
ed?

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

Cl
assi
fyanar
rati
veandgivereasonsf
oryourcl
assi
fi
cati
on.E.
g.i
tisat
ri
ckst
ernarr
ati
vesi
ncet
he
st
oryhasori
nvol
vestr
icks;t
heharetr
ickst
heyhyenaint
okil
li
nghi
sownmot her
.

Char
act
eri
zat
ion

Char
act
ersar
epeopl
eorani
mal
sinv
olv
edi
nast
ory
.Inor
alnar
rat
ives,
char
act
ersi
ncl
ude

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—humanbei
ngs —Ani
mal
s —Bi
rds

—Tr
ees —Mount
ains —Spi
ri
ts —gods —monst
ers

Nodist
incti
onismadebetweenani
mal
s,pl
antsandmaninor
all
i
ter
atur
e.Theycani
nter
actf
reel
y.
Thi
sstyleofrepr
esent
ati
oni
sknownaspersoni
fi
cat
ion.

Hence,nar
rati
vesusesymbol
i
ccharact
ersasfict
ionalmaskssot
hatnar
rat
ivescanact
ual
l
y
mimicus,descri
beusandcor
rectuswi
thoutcausingoff
ence.

Charact
ertr
ait
sareusedtoref
ertotheuni
quenessofchar
act
ersi
nthei
rspeech,
behav
iour
,
act
ionsandint
eract
ionswi
thotherbei
ngs.

Wecant
ell
thechar
act
ert
rai
tofachar
act
erby

1.Whatt
hechar
act
erdoes.

2.Whatt
hechar
act
ersay
s.

3.Whatot
herchar
act
erssayabouther

Char
act
ert
rai
tsdonoti
ncl
udet
hephy
sical
appear
anceofaper
sone.
g.beaut
if
ul,
fatdef
ormedet
c.

Weuseadj
ect
ivest
odescr
ibechar
act
ert
rai
tse.
g.gr
eedy
,lov
ing,
grat
eful
etc.

I
nident
if
yingchar
act
ert
rai
ts

1.I
dent
if
ythet
rai
t.

2.Gi
vei
l
lust
rat
ionsoranexpl
anat
iont
ojust
if
yyouri
dent
if
icat
ion.

Donotusegener aladject
ivesli
kegoodorbadt odescr
ibecharacter
s.Usespeci f
ictr
aitsonlyli
ke
cruel.I
tissomet imesusef uloidenti
fytherol
eeachcharacterhasinthestor
yi nrel
ationt ot
heir
charact
ert r
ait
s.Ther olecanprov i
decontextandli
mityourchoiceofcharact
ert r
ait
sy oucan
assigne.g.i
fsomeonewhohasbeenmi str
eatedf
oralongtimedeci dest
okilltheoppr essor
,the
tr
aitmightbev engeful,cr
uel,br
av eorinhumandependingont herol
eandcont ext.

Commonr
olesar
e

Vi
l
lai
n/Ant
agoni
st—t
heev
ilchar
act
er,
ort
heant
i-
her
oinast
ory
.

Pr
otagoni
st—t
hegoodchar
act
er,
ort
heher
oinast
ory
.

Sy
mbol
i
cchar
act
er—char
act
erst
hatr
epr
esentot
herpeopl
eofconcept
sinr
eal
wor
ld.

Car
icat
ures—exagger
atedchar
act
ers.

PARALI
NGUI
STI
CFEATURESI
NORALPERFORMANCE

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Thesearefeatur
esthatthenarrat
oremploystoef
fect
ivel
ydeli
vert
hemessageinaspeci
fi
cpiece
oforalnar
rat
ion.Theseparal
ingui
sti
cfeatur
esaddentert
ainmentv
aluet
otheperf
ormance.These
feat
uresare

Mi
micr
y

Thenar
rat
ori
mit
atest
heact
ionandspeechmanner
soft
hechar
act
ers.

I
mpr
ovi
sat
ion

Thisist
heabili
tyofthenarr
atortoincor
por
ateinhisnarrat
ion,object
sonsi
ght
, peopl
eandother
thi
ngsandinvolvethem i
nthenar r
ati
onbypoi
ntingatthem, i
nvit
ingsomeonstageorputt
ing
avail
abl
eobjectsinuseasmusi cali
nstr
uments.

Faci
alExpr
essi
on

Theyinvol
vemomentoff acemuscl
estoshowcontor
ti
on,fr
owning,
gri
macing,
smili
ng,
sneer
ing
andfli
nchi
ng.Faci
alexpr
essionsmai
nlyshowappr
opri
ateemoti
onsatdif
fer
entst
agesof
narr
ati
on.

TonalVar
iat
ionorI
ntonat
ion

Thisi
stheuseofari
singandfal
li
ngpit
chinthevoi
ceoft
henarrat
orappr
opr
iat
ely
,whenaski
ng
quest
ions,
makingst
atementsandforot
herdramat
icpur
poses.

Paceofdel
iv
ery

Thisi
showf astthenar
rat
orspeakswhi
lenarr
ati
ngt hest
ory
.Thepaceofdel i
ver
ycanv ar
y
dependingonthenatur
eofthestor
yandtheemotionstobeimpactedintheaudi
ence.For
i
nstance,tomaketheaudi
encesadaslowtort
urouspaceisappropri
ate.

Onomat
opoei
aandi
diophones

Onomatopoei
ai suseofEnglishwordsi
nastoryt
hatimit
atessounds.Wordslikescratch,scr
eech,
whisper
,hi
ssetc.areEngl
ishwordsthati
mit
atesoundandi fusedinastor
ywoul dconstit
ute
onomatopoei
a.Theeffect
ivenessofOnomat
opoeiaistocreatetheor
igi
nal
ityofevents.

Idi
ophonesinv
olveuseoflocal ornon-
Engl
i
shwor dst
oimit
atesoundsinast
ory
.Wordssuchas
Puff!Ndondondo,orChubwi canbeusedtocapturet
hesoundsheardbyachar
act
erint
hestor
y
andwouldconsti
tut
euseofi diophonesasast
yle.

Gest
ures

Gest
urescanbeusedt
oil
l
ust
rat
emov
ement
sandmi
micact
ion.

BodyMov
ement
s

Toshowt
hemov
ementofchar
act
ersi
nter
msofl
eani
ng,
runni
ng,
wal
ki
ng,
jumpi
ngandsi
tt
ing.

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Accompany
ingi
nst
rument
sandcost
umes

Cost
umescanbeusedt
omakethenarrat
ionmor ecol
our
ful
andenter
tai
ning,whi
leaccompany
ing
i
nstr
ument
sli
kedr
ums,arr
ows,
placar
dset chel
pdramati
zeandmimiceventsinastor
y.

Dance

I
tisimpor
tantt
ocul
tur
aldancesi
nthenar
rat
ive,
thati
s,byuseofsongst
obr
eakt
hemonot
onyof
nar
rati
on.

Dr
amat
icPauses

Pausi
ngdramati
call
ycanbeuseful
toletthepointsink,
drawattent
iontoamaj
ordev
elopmenti
n
astor
y,cr
eatesuspenseori
nvi
teareact
ionfrom theaudienceorappl
ause.

Rhet
ori
calQuest
ions

Rhet
ori
cal
quest
ionsar
eusedt
opr
ovoket
heaudi
encet
othi
nkcr
it
ical
l
yaboutsomet
hing.

Repet
it
ion

Repet
it
ionofsomewor
dsorsegment
stoemphasi
scer
tai
npoi
ntsordr
um i
nmor
eent
ert
ainment
.

STYLEI
DENTI
FICATI
ONI
NORALNARRATI
VES

Openi
ngFor
mul
a

Commonopeni
ngf
ormul
aei
ncl
ude…l
ongago…onceuponat
ime…l
ongagoet
c.

Theopeni
ngf
ormul
ahast
hef
oll
owi
nguses

1.Announcest
hebegi
nni
ngofanar
rat
ive.

2.At
tr
act
stheaudi
ence’
sat
tent
iont
othenar
rat
ive.

3.Separ
atest
hewor
ldofr
eal
i
tyf
rom t
hewor
ldoff
ict
ion.

4.I
dent
if
iest
henar
rat
or.

Cl
osi
ngFor
mul
a

Commoncl
osi
ngf
ormul
aear
e…si
ncet
hatday…andt
her
eendsmyst
ory
.

Cl
osi
ngf
ormul
ahast
hef
oll
owi
nguses

1.Announcest
heendofanar
rat
ive.

2.Moment
ari
l
yrel
easest
heaudi
enceconcent
rat
ion.

3.Cl
ear
sthewayf
ort
henextact
ivi
ty.

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Al
lusi
ons

Thisiswheret
henar
rat
ormakesr
efer
encet
ofami
l
iarobj
ect
sorhi
stor
ical
figur
esknownt
othe
audience.

Per
soni
fi
cat
ion

Non-humanchar
act
ersl
i
keani
mal
sort
reesar
egi
venhumanqual
i
tiesl
i
ket
alki
ng,
laughi
ng,
gossipi
nget
c.

Hy
per
bol
e

Ev
entswit
hinthest
oryar
eexaggerated,forexampl
e,ast
onesheddi
ngt
ear
s,amanchangi
ngi
nto
asnakeet
c.tomakethestor
yint
eresting.

Ti
mel
essness

Timeisnotdef
inedi
natal
ebyuseofv
aguephr
asessuchasonceuponat
ime,
oneday
,lat
eret
c.
usual
l
ytocreat
eamy st
eri
ouspast
.

Di
rectTr
ansl
ati
on

Thest
oryasnar
rat
eddoesn’
tpayat
tent
iont
othegr
ammat
ical
rul
es.E.
g.Hegav
eherast
omach.

UseofVer
nacul
ar

NonEngl
i
shwordsfrom aspeci
fi
clanguage,
thatof
tencannotbet
ransl
atedsuccessf
ull
y,ar
e
usedi
nanar
rat
ive.

Suspense

Thenar
rat
orwi
thhol
dsi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
heaudi
enceunt
ilt
heendt
oincr
easecur
iosi
tyori
nter
est
.

I
rony

Eventsinthest
oryt
urnoutcont
rar
ytoourexpect
ati
ons.Whathappensatt
heendorwi
thi
nagi
ven
contexti
snotwhattheaudi
encewoul
dbyandl ar
geexpectt
ohappen.

Soci
alEconomi
cAct
ivi
ti
esi
nOr
alNar
rat
ives

Or
alnar
rat
ivesr
efl
ectsoci
aleconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esofcommuni
ti
est
hatt
ell
them.

Social
act
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
udeci
rcumci
sion,
cour
tshi
p,mar
ri
agemonogamyandpol
ygamy
,wor
shi
pand
wars.

Economicactiv
iti
esincl
udecropfar
ming,
li
vest
ockkeepi
ng,
bee-
keepi
ng,
fishi
ng,
pot
ter
y,hunt
ing,
tr
ading,
blacksmithi
ng/i
ronsmelt
ingandweavi
ng.

Mor
all
essons

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Thelessonswel ear
nfrom or
alnar
rat
ivesshoul
dbeuniver
sal.I
fthequesti
onasksforamoral
l
esson,thelessonstat
edmustbepositiv
ee.g.weshoul
drespectotherpeopl
e’
sproper
ty.

Alll
essonsident
if
iedmustbeill
ust
rat
edt
oshowt
heact
ionofachar
act
eri
nthest
oryandt
he
consequencesofthatact
ion.

General
l
y ,
oralnar
rat
ivesencour
agev
irt
uessuchashar
dwor
k,co-
oper
ati
on,
brav
ery
,honest
y,
wisdom etc.

Funct
ionsofOr
alNar
rat
ives

1.Ent
ert
ainment
—st
ori
esamuseandr
elaxt
heaudi
ences.

2.Educat
ion—st
ori
eseducat
etheaudi
enceandt
eachmor
all
essons.

3.Soci
ali
zat
ion—st
oryt
ell
i
ngsessi
onsbr
ingt
oget
herpeopl
etoshar
einar
ti
sti
candcr
eat
iveaf
fai
r.

4.Cult
ural
conserv
ation—st
ori
esrevealthewayofl
i
feofapeopl
e,t
hei
rsoci
aleconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es;
hel
pingfut
uregenerati
onadaptandpreserv
ethem.

5.Or
alnar
rat
iveshel
pinshar
peni
ngl
anguageski
l
lssuchasl
i
steni
ng,
goodmemor
yandcr
eat
ivi
ty.

ORALPOETRY/
SONGS

Anoralpoem orasongi
sacompositi
oninver
sef
orm expr
essi
ngi
deasandt
hought
sver
bal
l
y.An
or
alpoem canbesung,r
eci
tedorchant
ed.

Ty
pesofSongs/
OralPoems

Bi
rt
h/Cr
adl
e

Thesear
esongsper
for
medwhenababyi
sbor
norsungt
oencour
ageawomani
nlabour
.

Chi
ldNami
ng

Songssungdur
ingnami
ngofnewbor
ns.Suchnamesar
egi
veni
nsev
eral
way
s:

1.af
terani
mpor
tantev
ent
.

2.Locat
ionwher
ethechi
l
disbor
n.

3.Accor
dingt
oseason.

4.Af
tert
hef
atheroft
hehusband,
mot
heret
c.

5.f
rom r
ecur
rentdr
eams.

6.I
nher
it
ingnamesofi
mpor
tantpeopl
e.

7.Pr
aisenames.

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Lul
labi
es

Songssungt
ocomf
ortababyt
osl
eep.Lul
l
abi
esal
so

-
-educat
eonsoci
alv
aluesandcul
tur
e,

-
-t
ell
mor
eaboutt
hesoci
alor
gani
zat
ionoft
hepeopl
e,t
hei
rfoodandwor
k,

-
-hav
esi
mpl
eandr
epet
it
ivewor
ds,

-
-ar
esungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y,

-
hav
ear
ocki
ngr
hyt
hm.

Chi
ldr
en’
sSongsandGames

Songsper
for
medbychi
l
drendur
ingt
hei
rpl
ayt
ime.Theykeepchi
l
drenbusyandent
ert
aint
hem.

Ci
rcumci
sion

Thesearesongssungduringtheseasonorceremonyofcir
cumcisi
ontoencouragetheini
ti
ates
andri
dicul
ethecowards.Theyareusual
lyful
lofobsceni
ti
esint
hedirectuseofsexuall
anguage
ortal
kaboutrel
ati
onshi
pbet weenmenandwomen.

Cour
tshi
pSongs

Songssungbythosei
nlovet
oexpr
essemoti
onsofhappiness,
prai
sel
over
sandexpressr
omance.
Somet i
mestheyar
esungbyj
il
tedl
over
stoexpr
esssadnessordealwi
thmari
tal
probl
emsor
unrequi
tedl
ove.

Weddi
ng/
Mar
ri
age/
Nupt
ial

Thesearesongsperformedduringmar r
iageceremoni
es.Theyareoftensungt opraisethebri
de
andgroom.Theyalsoexpressthesorrowofleav i
nghomeandpar t
ingwi t
hfriends.Someoft he
marri
agesongswar m abouttheprobl
emsofl iv
ingamongstranger
sori n-
laws.Someadv i
seon
howtocopewi t
hmar ri
edlif
e.Thesesongsal somaybesungasf arewelltothebride’sbel
oved
si
bli
ngsandparent
s.

Theymayt
endt
oscor
nbutgener
all
y,t
heyar
ehappysongs.

Wor
kSongs

Wor ksongsaresungasaccompanimentt
osomechoreslikepoundi
ng,
ploughi
ngetc.Theyare
sunginunisontomakestrenuouswor
kmor ebear
abl
e.Theyalsosungt
odiscouragel
azinessand
extolt
hev al
ueofworki
nghard.

Somewor
ksongsar
especi
fi
c,l
i
kehunt
ingsongs,
fishi
ngsongset
c.

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Sacr
ed/Rel
igi
ous

Thesearesongssungduri
ngrel
i
giousacti
vi
ti
esli
keworshi
p,sacri
ficeet
c.Theyi
ncl
udehy
mns,
prai
seandlamentat
ionst
hatmakerefer
encetosuper
natur
albeings.

Pol
it
ical
/Pat
ri
oti
cSongs

Theyareperformedduri
ngpubli
cholidayandpoli
ti
calr
all
ies.Theyar
eusual
lysungtocreat
e
pol
it
icalawareness,
promotepropaganda,conf
ormit
yortopr ot
estagai
nsti
njust
iceand
oppr
ession.Butmostlyt
heyaresungt oprai
segoodleadersandsati
ri
zebadones.

WarSongs

Thesearesongssungorper
for
meddur i
ngwar.Theyaremeanttoinspi
rewar
ri
orst
ofi
ghtbr
aver
y.
Theyareal
sosungtohonourheroesandgl
ori
fytheachi
evementofwar.

BeerPar
tySongs

Thesearesongssungbydr
inkerstoget
herwithbrewer
satadri
nki
ngparty
.Theyar
esungby
rev
ell
erstoexpr
essenj
oyment,prai
sethebrewersandsat
ir
izet
helazyort
hepoor.

Di
rges/
Funer
alSongs

Thesearesongssungdur i
ngf uneral
sormemor ialcer
emoniesusuall
yaccompanied,i
nsome
communi t
ies,
withl
oudwai li
ngsandsobs.Theyar esungtomour nthedead,shar
egr i
efwi
tht
he
bereavedandconsol
et herel
ativesofthedead.Dir
gesaresometimessungtosatiri
zethe
benefact
orsofthedeceased’sweal t
h.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofSongs

1.Theyhaver
epet
it
ivesegment
s—songswoul
dhav
ear
efr
ainorchor
ust
oemphasi
zet
hemood
andcreat
erhy
thm.

2.Theyhav
edi
rectaddr
essoft
heaudi
encef
ori
mmedi
acyofexpr
essi
on.

3.Theycar
rydi
rectt
ransl
ati
onofor
igi
nal
languagef
orl
ocal
flav
ouroraut
hent
ici
ty.

4.Manysongshaverhet
ori
cal
quest
ionst
oinv
olv
etheaudi
enceandpr
ovoket
hem t
othi
nkabout
i
ssuesthesongsr
aise.

5.Songsarepopul
atedbyi
diophonesandonomat
opoei
atoechol
ocal
soundsandmaket
hem
i
nterest
ing.

6.Songsar
eful
lofexagger
ati
onsorhy
per
bol
etocr
eat
ecomi
corsat
ir
ical
eff
ect
s.

7.Songscarr
yst
ri
ki
ngi
mager
y,l
i
kemet
aphor
sandsi
mil
est
ocr
eat
ement
ali
magesi
nthemi
ndof
theaudi
ence.

8.Songshav
eant
iphonorcal
landr
esponsemode.Manysongsar
esungi
nawayt
hatt
hesol
oist

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cal
landt
hechoi
rorgr
oupr
espond,
oroneper
soncal
l
sandanot
herr
esponds.

9.Manysongsareel
asti
candflexi
ble;whi
chmeanstheycanbestr
etcheddur
ingperf
ormancet
o
accommodatetheti
megivenorshortenedondemand.Somesongscanbemodi f
iedtosui
t
di
sparat
esit
uat
ionsli
kethefamousMwanawambel isong.

10.Somesongsdependonthetoneandtext
ureoft
hev
oiceoftheperformert
oestabl
i
shmood
andevenmeani
ng.Thesamesongcanbesadandatanothercontexthappyorev
enspiri
tual
dependi
ngonhowitissungandontone.

St
ylesi
nOr
alPoet
ry

Whendi
scussi
ngst
ylesi
nor
alpoet
ry,
webaseont
hef
oll
owi
ngaspect
s

a]Thepat
teroft
hepoem

Thepatt
ernft
hepoem r
eferst
othestr
uctur
eandl
ayout
.Howmanyst
anzasdoest
hepoem or
songhaveandhowmanyl i
nesperst
anza?

b]Di
cti
on

Dict
ionr
efer
stothechoi
ceofwordsusedinasong.Whencomposi
ngasong,t
hepoetmust
choosewordscar
eful
l
y,byusi
ngpoeti
cli
cence,
soastomakesurether
eisr
hyt
hm i
nthesongas
wellast
hemessage.

c]I
mager
y

I
mager
yref
erst
ofigur
esofspeechli
keMet
aphor
,si
mil
eandsy
mbol
i
sm t
hatcr
eat
ement
al
i
magesi
nthemindoftheaudi
ence.

Metaphorr
efer
stodirectcompar
isonofqual
i
tiesoft
wot
hingsbyr
efer
ri
ngt
oonet
hingusi
ng
anot
her.E.
g.Yourf
atherisali
on.

Si
mil
eref
erstodi
rectcompar
isonoft
hequal
i
tiesoft
wot
hingsusi
ngwor
dsl
i
ke,
li
keandase.
g.
Shei
sasfatasapig.

Symboli
sm ref
erstousingobject
si nasongthathaveametaphori
calsenseorext
endedmeani
ng
andrunsthr
oughoutthesong.E.g.Asongt hattal
ksaboutasnakebutthesnakeint
hesong
repr
esent
sacor r
uptleaderi
nagi vensoci
ety.

d]Sat
ir
e/Humour

Sati
reist
heuseofmocki ngl
anguagei nasongwhi chinessencecreateshumour.Thesubjecti
n
thesongmaybemockedandr i
dicul
edbyt hepersonaasbeinglikeanelephantt
hatisscar
edof
fi
ghti
ngahare,ordescr
ibi
ngthephysicalf
eatur
esoft hesubjectinari
dicul
ousmannere.g.his
headhastheshapeofamangof ruit
,hishandsresemblelongst i
cksandhisstomach,l
ikeatube
oftoot
hpast
e.

Humouri
sanyuseofl
anguaget
hati
sfunnyorcr
eat
escomi
crel
i
ef.Humourcanbeser
iousor

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l
i
ght
.

Sar
casm isanot
hertool
t hathelpscr
eatessati
reandhumouratthesameti
me.Sar
casm i
ssayi
ng
somethi
ngtosomeonewhi l
eyoumeant heopposi
teofwhatyousayi
nordert
ohur
thisf
eeli
ng
andcr
eatehumour.Forinstance,onecantell
av er
yshortman,api
gmy,

”Mygir
lf
ri
endl
ovest
all
men;
Iam af
rai
dofy
oubecausey
ouar
egoi
ngt
omakeherf
all
inl
ovewi
th
y
ou.”

Ofcour
sewhathemeansi
sthatshewi
l
lnotev
ennot
icehi
m becausehei
sashor
tman.

Anysongt
hathassar
cast
icst
atement
scanbesai
dtohav
easar
cast
icorsat
ir
ical
tone.

e]I
rony

I
r onyoccurswheneventsi
nasongorast or
ygoescontrar
ytotheexpectati
onsoftheaudienceor
reader.Likeinasi
tuat
ionwher
ethechil
dinafamilyist
hebreadwinnerandhispar
ent sdependon
himf orevery
thi
ng.Thi
swouldbecont
rarytoourexpect
ati
onsthatparent
sprovi
def orthei
r
famili
esandchildr
en.

Sit
uati
onalIr
onyoccur
sinsi
tuati
onswher
eev
ent
sgocont
rar
ytoexpect
ati
onsort
heout
comei
s
notexpect
edasintheexampleabove.

Dramat i
cIronyoccursinplaysmostlywheretheaudi enceknowsomet hi
ngthatsurpr
isi
nglysome
thecharacter
si ntheplaydonotknow.ForinstanceifcharacterAsteal
sgoodsfrom charact
erB,
andlatercharacterB,unawareofwhothethiefis,goest oseekhel
pf r
om char
acterAinsearchi
ng
fort
hegoodswhencl earlytheaudi
enceisawar ewhost olethegoods.

Ver
bal I
ronyoccur
swhensomeonesay ssomethi
ngwhil
edoingtheopposi
teofwhathesay s.E.
g.”
Iam coming,
”whenhei sgoi
ngaway.Ver
balIr
onyisdi
ff
erentf
rom sar
casm becausei
tisnot
meanttohurtthefeel
i
ngsoftheaddr
essee.

Suspense

Suspensei
nv ol
vewi thhol
dingi
nformationfr
om thereaderoraudienceasaper
formerornar
rator
toarouset
heircuriosit
yandenhancet hei
rconcentr
ati
on, orev
ent hedi
lemmasit
uati
onsinasong
wherenoconclusiveendingispresenttomaket heaudiencesecondguessonthecontr
over
sial
sit
uati
onpresented.

Al
lusi
on

Occurswhenasongborrowsapat
ter
nfrom anot
herf
amoussong;ormakesref
erencetoa
famoushist
ori
cal
sit
uati
on.Asongcanbesunginthesamestr
uctur
esayafamoussongl ike
Hall
eluj
ahwasstr
uctur
edorbor
rowwordsfrom f
amoussongssuchasDesi
derata.Thatwoul
dbe
useofall
usi
on.

Rhy
me

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Rhymeisther
epet
it
ionofsyl
lablesorendsoundsofl
i
nesi
nasongt
ocr
eat
erhy
thm.Thel
ast
soundst
hesongbelowcarr
yar hymescheme.

e.
g.Shewentaway

andsawl
i
fe

Runni
ngt
hesay

shewasawi
fe

wi
tht
hepay

Somet
imessongshav
eint
ernal
rhy
mei
nli
nesasshownbel
ow

Hesai
d,hewasmade

Theysai
d,t
heymade

Al
li
ter
ati
on

All
i
ter
ati
oninvol
vesrepet
it
ionofthei
nit
ialconsonantsoundi
nli
nesofapoem orsongasshown
bel
ow,usual
lytocr
eatemusical
it
yorrhythm i
nt hesong.

Pet
erpai
dthei
rpendi
ngsal
ari
es

Assonance

Assonancei
nvol
vesrepet
it
ionoft
hevowelsoundsi
nli
nesofasongorpoem usual
l
ytocr
eat
e
musical
it
yorrhy
thm i
nthepoem asshownbelow.

Shesi
tsar
oundsi
l
entandsi
ckl
y

Consonance

Thi
sistherepet
it
ionofconsonantsoundsi
nli
nesofasonglocatedei
theri
nthemi
ddl
eoratt
he
endofwordsasshownbel owtocreatemusi
cal
it
yorrhy
thm i
nt hepoem.

Hesatst
rai
ghtandl
etpet
smetar
oundhi
m

I
diophonesandOnomat
opoei
a

Idi
ophonesarel
ocalornon-Engl
ishwordst
hatdescr
ibesoundsli
ketuf
f!Andonomatopoeiaar
e
Engli
shwordsthatdescr
ibesoundsli
kescr
atch,t
hatareusedi
nsongst ocr
eateor
igi
nali
tyof
experi
enceandtomaket hesongsmoreenjoyabl
eandinter
est
ing.

Howt
oAnal
yseanOr
alPoem/
Song

Anal
ysi
ngasongi
nvol
vest
hef
oll
owi
ng:

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Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

1.Est
abl
i
sht
het
ypeoft
hesong.Thati
sifi
tisadi
rge,
alul
l
aby
,apat
ri
oti
csongset
c.

2.Par
aphr
asethesong.Par
aphrasi
ngasongi
swr i
ti
ngt
hev
ersesi
nthesongi
npr
oseandi
nyour
ownwordswit
houtchangi
ngtheint
endedmeani
ng.

3.Ident
if
ythev
oiceorpersonai
nthesong.I
tisimpor
tanty
ouest
abl
i
shhowmanyv
oicesar
e
thereandwhoistheper
sonspeaki
ngorpersona.

4.Ident
if
ythesubj
ectmatt
erorthethemesintheor
alpoem ort
hemessaget
hatweder
ivef
rom
thepoem.Findoutwhatt
hepersonaistr
yingt
osay.

5.I
dent
if
ythestr
uct
ureoft
hesongbyl
ooki
ngatthepat
ter
nofwor
ds,
li
nesandst
anzas.How
manyli
nesperst
anzaandhowmanyst
anzasi
nthepoem?

6.I
dent
if
yst
ylest
hatt
hepoetempl
oyedt
oconv
eyt
hemessageandcr
eat
erhy
thm.

7.Lookatthedi
cti
on,t
heeconomyofwordsi
nthepoem andhowt
hedi
cti
onbestcapt
urest
he
mood,toneandatt
it
udesi
nrelat
iont
othemessagei
nthesong.

8.Thi
nkaboutt
heper
for
manceoft
hepoem orsongandanswert
hesequest
ions:

-
-Whowoul
dbestper
for
mthesong?

-
-Whatki
ndofanaudi
encewoul
dbesui
tabl
efort
hesong?

-
-Whatwoul
dbet
hebestoccasi
onf
ort
heper
for
manceoft
hesong?

-
-Whi
chaccompani
ment
sandpar
ali
ngui
sti
cfeat
ures/
nonv
erbal
cueswoul
dsui
tthesong?

-
-Whi
chmodeofper
for
mance(
reci
tat
ion,
chant
,chor
al,
sol
o,et
c)woul
dbestf
itt
hesong?

Exer
cise

Consi
dert
hesongbel
owandanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Mamar
eal
l
yloveschi
cken

Mamat
hrowsdownt
hepotpwa!

Li
keascar
eddog

Sher
unsaf
terourcat

I
trunsswi
ft
lyswayi
ngandswer
ving

Sheemer
gesi
nthecour
t

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Mamat
hrowsasi
dehercl
othesf
wa!

Shei
samadcow

Shout
ing,
shegi
ggl
esandl
aughs

I
thadeat
ent
hechi
ckenst
ew

Mamaki
l
lsal
li
tsyoungones

Quest
ions

1.I
dent
if
ysi
xst
ylesusedi
nthesongabov
eandgi
vet
hei
ref
fect
ivenessont
hepoem.

Quest
ion2

Readt
hesongbel
owandanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

ShakaHonour
sMuzi
l
ikazi

Thehi
l
lsechoedwi
tht
hel
aught
eroft
heZul
uar
my.

Att
hesout
her
nmostpoi
ntt
hear
myr
est
ed,

Shakaaddr
essedt
hem:
”Mybr
other
s,ourj
our
neyi
snowpoi
ntl
ess.

Ever
ywher
ewegowef
indonl
ythosewhoacknowl
edgeouraut
hor
it
y,

Zul
upowernol
ongeri
ssuesf
rom conquest

Butf
rom abondofanal
l
-embr
aci
ngnat
ionhood,

Wemustt
urnbackt
oourhomes.

Per
hapsi
nthenor
thSoshanganeandhi
slotneedal
esson.
”

AtBul
awayot
heysanganddancedf
ort
her
etur
ningar
my.

Shakawasst
il
leagert
oconsol
i
dat
ethenat
ion’
sboundar
ies.

Hesai
dtohi
swarcounci
l
lor
s,”Oureasyl
i
fe

Shal
lsoonunder
mineourf
ight
ingspi
ri
t

IwantyouMuzi
l
ikazi
,toheadt
othenor
th

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Andt
her
eest
abl
i
shpeaceamongt
hequar
rel
l
ingnat
ions

Andsubduet
het
roubl
esomepeopl
eofRani
si

Whohavecausedendl
esswar
samongf
ri
endl
ynat
ions,

Youshal
lsei
zef
rom t
hem t
hel
ootofcat
tl
e

Andr
etur
nitt
oit
sor
igi
nalowner
s.”

Theki
ngspoket
oMuzi
l
ikaziwi
thgr
eatwar
mthandf
ri
endl
i
ness,

Hesai
d:”
Igi
veyoumyownaxe,
Muzi
l
ikazi
,

Sot
hatwhenyoupasst
her
uinsofyournat
ivecount
ry

Your
aisei
tandpr
ayf
orgui
danceofyourancest
ors.

Igi
veyout
hissot
hatwher
everyouar
e

YoumayknowIshal
lal
wayshonourt
hosewhoar
eourher
oes.
”

Muzi
l
ikaziofMashobawasmovedbyt
hisact
,

Hesai
d,hi
seyeswetwi
tht
ear
s;

“
Myl
ord,
Idonotknowwhatgr
eatt
hingsIhavedone,

Whatgr
eather
oism Ihavedi
spl
ayed,

ThatIshoul
ddeser
veagi
ftmostcovet
edbyal
lher
oesofZul
uland?

Longagoyoushel
ter
edmewhenIwasor
phaned

Andnowyouhonourme.
”

A]Whatki
ndofanor
alpoem doy
out
hinkt
hisi
s?

-
-Epi
c;becausei
tisnar
rat
edandi
tisaboutr
enownf
igur
essuchasShakaZul
u.

-
-Histor
ical
poem becausepeopl
eli
keMuzi
l
ikazi
whoar
esubj
ect
sint
hepoem ar
ehi
stor
ical
f
igures.

-
-Nar
rat
ivepoem becausei
tnar
rat
est
oust
hest
oryofShakaZul
uhonour
ingMuzi
l
ikazi
.

--
Legendar
y/her
oic/ode/
prai
se/
warsongbecausei
tcel
ebr
atest
heher
oicdeedsoft
heZul
uar
my
anditsl
eadersShakaandMuzil
ikazi
.

B]Br
ief
lydescr
ibet
hecul
tur
eoft
heZul
uasr
efl
ect
edi
nthepoem.

-
-Nat
ional
i
st/
pat
ri
oti
c—t
heyhav
east
rongki
nshi
pbond,
“Zul
upower
..
.i
ssuesf
rom anal
l
-

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embr
aci
ngnat
ionhood.
”

-
-War
li
ke/
war
ri
orse.
g.“
thehi
l
lsechoedwi
tht
hel
aught
eroft
heZul
uar
my”

Past
oral
i
sts/
keptcat
tl
ee.
g.“
Youshal
lsei
zef
rom t
hem al
lthel
ootofcat
tl
e.”

--
Theyarereli
giouse.
g.t
heyhav
eat r
adit
ional
rel
igi
oninwhichancest
orsar
erev
ered/
they
pract
iseancestor-
wor
shi
p;pr
ayforgui
dancefrom y
ourancest
ors.
”

-
-Theyhav
easenseofj
ust
ice;
ret
urnedcat
tl
etoor
igi
nal
owner
s.

-
-Theyareart
ist
ice.
g.t
hei
rar
tincl
udessonganddances,
“AtBul
away
otheysanganddancedf
or
t
her et
urni
ngarmy.”

-
-Theyr
ecogni
seandhonourher
oism e.
g.“
Shal
lal
way
shonourt
hosewhoar
eourbr
aveher
oes.
”

-
-Peacel
over
se.
g.ShakaZul
utel
l
sMuzi
l
ikazi
toest
abl
i
shpeacei
nthenor
th.

C]I
dent
if
yandexpl
aint
woi
magesf
rom t
hepoem.

-
-“
Thehill
sechoedwi
tht
hel
aught
eroft
heZul
uar
my”t
hisdescr
ibehowhappyt
heZul
uwer
efor
v
ictor
yinwar.

-
-“
Oureasyl
i
feshal
lsoonundermineourf
ight
ingspi
ri
t”
:meani
ngthati
fwerelaxorconcent
rat
e
t
oomuchoncelebr
ati
ngourvict
orywemightbecomecomplacentorl
oseourpowerinwar.

-
-“
..
Ther
uinsofy
ournat
ivecount
ry”descr
ibehowMzi
l
ikazi
’
snat
ivecount
ryhasbeenr
avagedby
war.

-
-“
hisey
eswetwi
tht
ears:gi
vesavi
sual
pict
uret
odescr
ibet
heext
entt
owhi
chMzi
l
ikazi
was
movedbyt
hewayShakahonour
edhim.

-
-Bat
tl
eaxe:
poweroraut
hor
it
ysy
mbol
.

-
-Anal
l
-embr
aci
ngnat
ionhood:
asy
mbol
ofuni
ty.

D]Whatdoy
oul
ear
naboutShaka’
schar
act
erf
rom t
hispoem?

-
-Aut
hori
tati
ve/
dict
ator
ial
:thewayheaddresseshisarmyandhi
scounci
l
lor
s.Forexampl
eto
Muzi
li
kazi,
“IwantyouMuzili
kazi
,toheadt
ot henort
h.”

-
-Power
-hungr
y:“
Zul
upowernol
ongeri
ssuesf
rom conquest
”

--
Heisjust:
hegiv
esMuzi
l
ikazi
anaxeasani
l
lust
rat
ionofhi
sreadi
nesst
ohonourt
hosewho
exhi
bitcour
age.

Cunni
ng/
Manipul
ati
ve/t
acti
cal
/wise/
int
ell
i
gent
/;thegest
ureofgi
vi
ngMuzil
i
kazit
heaxei
sjusta
cunni
ngwayofgett
inghi
mt oundert
akethedi
ff
icultmi
ssiononwhi
chhesendshi
m.

Fr
iendl
y/War
m:Hespoket
oMuzi
l
ikazi
wit
hgr
eatwar
mthandf
ri
endl
i
ness.

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-
-Anorat
or;
thewayhet
alksi
scr
eat
iveandseduct
ivee.
g.“
Oureasyl
i
feshal
lsoonunder
mineour
f
ight
ingspi
ri
t.
”

-
-Ambiti
ous:
thewayhecaut
ionsagai
nstcompl
acencyandt
hensendsMuzi
l
ikazi
onanot
her
missi
on.

-
-War
li
ke:
evenwhent
heyhav
ewont
hewar
,hest
il
ll
ooksf
oroppor
tuni
ti
est
ofi
ght
.

-
-Char
ismat
ic:
thearmyandt hecounci
ll
orsobeyhi
m,f
orexampl
e,Muzil
ikazi
ismov edt
otears
whenShakagiv
eshisaxe,y
etthemai nreasonf
ort
heaxeist
opersuadeMuzili
kazi
tosubdueThe
t
roubl
esomepeopleofRani
si.

-
-Patr
iot
ic—Hesol
i
cit
sfor“
anal
lembr
aci
ngnat
ionhood”andt
ell
sthear
my,
“Wemustgetbackt
o
ourhomes.”

-
-Peace-
lov
ing:
“est
abl
i
shpeaceamongt
hequar
rel
l
ingnat
ions”

-
-Rel
i
gious:
tel
l
sMuzi
l
ikazi
topr
ay.

-
-Ki
nd/
Car
ing;
tookMuzi
l
ikazi
inasanor
phanandcar
edf
orhi
m.

E]St
ateandexpl
ainapr
over
bwhi
chcoul
dbeusedt
owar
n/caut
iont
hepeopl
eofRani
si.

-
-Youreapwhaty ousow.Theyt
err
ori
zedf
ri
endl
ynat
ions,
nowt
heywi
l
lexper
iencesi
mil
ar/
wor
se
t
errorf
rom Shaka’swar
ri
ors.

-
-Thosewhol
i
vei
ngl
asshousesshoul
dnott
hrowst
ones.

-
-Thoset
hatl
i
vebyt
heswor
dper
ishbyt
heswor
d.

-
-Ev
erydoghasi
tsday
.

Quest
ion3

Readt
heor
alpoem bel
owandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Thepoormanknowsnothowt
oeatwi
tht
her
ichman.

Whent
heyeatf
ish,
heeat
sthehead.

I
nvi
teapoormanandher
ushesi
n

Li
cki
nghi
sli
psandupset
ti
ngt
hepl
ates.

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Thepoormanhasnomanner
s,hecomesal
ong

Wi
tht
hebl
oodofl
i
ceunderhi
snai
l
s

Thef
aceoft
hepoormani
sli
ned

Fr
om hungerandt
hir
sti
nhi
sbel
l
y

Pover
tyi
snost
atef
oranymor
talman

I
tmakeshi
m abeastt
obef
edongr
ass

Pover
tyi
sunj
ust
.Ifi
tbef
all
sonaman

Thoughhei
snobl
ybor
n,hehasnopowerwi
thGod.

A]Whatevi
dencei
sther
etoshowt
hatt
hisi
sanor
alpoem?I
dent
if
yandi
l
lust
rat
esuchf
eat
ures.

-
-Repet
it
ione.
g.t
hepoorman/pov
ert
y

-
-hy
per
bol
e/exagger
ati
one.
g.“
itmakeshi
m abeastt
obef
edongr
ass”

-
-st
ri
ki
ngchar
act
eri
zat
ione.
g.t
hepoormancasti
next
remet
erms.

B]Descr
ibeapr
obabl
esi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chsuchapoem coul
dbeper
for
med.

-
-Abeerpar
tywher
echeapl
ocal
brewi
sconsumedbypoorpeopl
e.

-
-At
radi
ti
onal
bar
azawher
etheconductofapoormani
sbei
ngcast
igat
edorr
idi
cul
ed.

C}I
fyouwer
etodoasol
oper
for
manceoft
hisor
alpoem,
whatel
ement
swoul
dyouemphasi
ze?

--
Dramatisat
ione.g.eati
ngthefi
shcl
umsily/r
ushi
ngi
nandli
cki
ngone’
sli
ps/
upset
ti
ngt
hepl
ates
onat abl
e/paintf
ingernail
s(bl
oodofl
ice)wal
konall
four
stoimper
sonat
eabeast
sbei
ngf
edon
grass.

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ls,
Upda
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-
-Faci
alexpr
essi
onse.
g.t
oshowhungerandt
hir
st.

-
-Tonal
var
iat
ione.
g.v
aryone’
spi
tcht
oputspeci
alemphasi
sonwor
ds‘
pov
ert
yisunj
ust
’.

D}Whatdoest
hephr
ase“
..
wit
hthebl
oodofl
i
ceunderhi
snai
l
s”r
eveal
aboutt
hepoorman?

Thepoormanl
i
vesi
nunsani
tar
yorunhy
gieni
ccondi
ti
ons.

E]Descr
ibewi
thi
l
lust
rat
ionst
het
oneoft
hispoem.

-
-Compassi
onat
e:t
alksaboutt
hei
njust
icesofpov
ert
ytowar
dst
hepoor

-
-cont
emptuous/cr
it
ical
/sati
ri
calt
hepoormani
sdescr
ibedi
ncont
empt
uoust
ermse.
g.r
ushesi
n
l
i
ckinghi
slips,
upsetti
ngplateset
c.

SHORTFORMS

Ri
ddl
es

Ari
ddleisaquesti
on,st
atementordescri
pti
oni
naf i
gurat
ivel
anguagethati
sint
endedt
otestthe
l
ist
ener’
sabi
li
tytousetheirwi
tstounrav
elthemeani
ng.Riddl
esarewordspuzzl
esinwhi
ch
f
ami l
i
arobj
ectsorsit
uati
onarerefer
redtoinafi
gur
ati
vetermsforustodeci
pherwhati
sactuall
y
meant.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

-
-Ri
ddl
esar
ewor
dpuzzl
es:
agamewher
eyouhav
etot
hinkaboutcar
eful
l
yinor
dert
oanswer
.

-
-Theyhav
eanopeni
ngf
ormul
a‘r
iddl
eri
ddl
e’

-
-Ri
ddl
esar
eshor
twi
tt
yst
atement
susual
l
ycl
everandamusi
ng.

-
-Ri
ddl
esuset
hequest
ion—answerf
ormate.
g.q.
.Ihav
ear
iddl
e?

Ans.
..Sayi
t.

Riddl
eshaveahypot
heti
cal
pri
ze—r
iddl
esar
ebasedonsi
tuat
ionsori
deaswhi
char
eimagi
nedor
possi
bler
athert
hanreal
andtr
ue.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofRi
ddl
es

1.Decl
arat
iver
iddl
esar
edescr
ibedi
nfor
m ofast
atement
.E.
g.Cat
chmyt
ail
andwego.Ans.A

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j
embe.

2.I
nterogat
iver
iddl
esposesquest
ionst
obeanswer
ede.
g.Whati
sbounci
ngi
nthehouse?Ans.A
chur
ninggourd.

3.I
diophoni
c/soundri
ddl
es—i
templ
oysi
diophonest
hatshoul
dbeunr
avel
l
ed.E.
g.Huy
uhuy
upoa!
Ans.Anightrunner
.

4.Si
mpl
eri
ddl
es.Theyar
ebr
iefe.
g.Wat
erst
andi
ngup?Ans.Sugar
cane.

5.Epi
grammat
ic/Compl
exr
iddl
es—Suchr
iddl
esar
epr
esent
edasaser
iesofpuzzl
es.E.
g.

Thef
our
-l
eggedsit
ti
ngont
hef
our
-l
eggedwai
ti
ngf
ort
hef
our
-l
egged.Ans.Acatsi
tt
ingonat
abl
e
wai
ti
ngf
orarat.

6.
Riddl
esonpeopl
ee.
g.Bestf
oodf
orababy
.Ans.Sl
eep.

7.
Riddl
esonpl
ant
s.E.
g.Whatt
reehasonl
yonet
hor
n?Ans.Asi
sal
plant
.

8.Ri
ddlesonpar
tsoft
hebody
.E.
g.Thi
rt
y-t
woseat
ed,
onel
adydanci
ng.Ans.Teet
handt
he
tongue.

Fourgat
est
hatpr
oducewat
er.Ans.Acow’
sudder
.

9.Ri
ddl
esonwast
epr
oduct
s.E.
g.Ahi
l
lont
hev
eranda.Ans.Excr
ement
.

10.Ri
ddl
esonmoder
ntechnol
ogy
.E.
g.Acamer
aonmybody
.Ans.Ey
es.

11.Ri
ddl
esonnat
ural
phenomena.E.
g.Whendr
essedshei
sn’
tasbeaut
if
ulaswhennaked.Ans.
Themoon.

12.Ri
ddl
esonani
mal
s.E.
g.Thewhi
tel
adyi
ntheof
fi
ce.Ans.Thej
i
gger
.

Funct
ionsofRi
ddl
es

-
-f
orent
ert
ainmentorf
unandhumour

-
-f
orshar
peni
ngwi
t/t
oenl
argeouri
magi
nat
ion

-
-t
oexpandourknowl
edgeoft
heenv
ironment

-
-Toenhanceourf
igur
ati
veuseofl
anguageorcr
eat
ivi
tye.
g.descr
ibi
ngt
hingswi
thoutnami
ng

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t
hem

-
-t
oteachv
aluesandmor
als

-
-t
opassasecr
etmessagebyol
dpeopl
e

St
agesi
naRi
ddl
ingSessi
on

1.I
nvi
tat
ion—t
hechal
l
engerorr
iddl
erdr
awst
heat
tent
ionoft
heaudi
encewi
thanopeni
ngf
ormul
a

e.
g.Ri
ddl
eri
ddl
e/It
hrowar
iddl
e/Ihav
ear
iddl
e

2.Accept
ance—Ther
espondentoraudi
encer
espondsbysay
ing;
stat
eit
,sayi
t,t
hrowi
torl
eti
t
come

3.Ther
iddl
eit
sel
f—t
hechal
l
engerst
atesorposest
her
iddl
ee.
g.Ihav
eahouset
hathasnodoor
.

4.Guesses—t
heaudi
encet
ri
est
osol
vet
her
iddl
esbygi
vi
ngguesses.E.
g.Anor
ange.

I
ftheyar
eunabl
etof
indt
hesol
uti
onori
fal
lguessesar
ewr
ongt
hent
her
iddl
ewi
l
lhav
est
age5.

5.Pr
ize—Thechal
l
engerasksf
ort
hepr
izee.
g.Gi
vemeapr
ize.

Sheisgiv
enaprize,
usuall
yat own, aci
tyet
c,whichherej
ect
sunti
l gi
ventheci
tyorpri
zeofchoi
ce
thatshewoul
daccept.Shewillthensayshehasgoneandv i
sit
edthecit
yandbroughtthegr
eeti
ng
from t
hepeopl
ethere.Theaudiencewouldacknowledget
hegreet
ings.

6.Thechal
l
engergi
vest
hesol
uti
on/r
ightanswer
.E.
g.Theansweri
sanegg.

Pr
over
bsandSay
ings

Pr
over
bsarewisesayi
ngsthathi
demeaninginmetaphor
sorsi
mil
est
hattheyempl
oy,
Prover
bs
ar
esli
ght
lydi
ff
erentf
rom sayi
ngsbecausesay
ingsdonotempl
oymet
aphorsandsi
mil
es.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

-
-Theyar
eshor
tandf
ixed

-
-t
heyhav
easummat
ivef
unct
ion

-
-t
heyar
eincor
por
atedi
nspeech

-
-t
heyar
esomet
imesusedt
oint
roduceast
ory

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-
-t
heyar
ecommonwi
thi
napar
ti
cul
arl
anguageorcommuni
tyort
heyar
ecommunal

Funct
ionsofPr
over
bs

-
-Theyar
eusedt
ofl
owerone’
sspeech

-
-Theyactasami
rr
ort
osoci
ety

-
-Theysummar
izesi
tuat
ions

-
-Canbeusedf
orent
ert
ainment

Whenanal
ysi
ngpr
over
bs,
youshoul
dbeabl
etoi
dent
if
y

-
-t
het
ypeoft
hepr
over
b

-
-obj
ect
sofr
efer
ence

-
-t
hecommunal
phi
l
osophyi
nthepr
over
bort
hegener
almessageconv
eyed

-
-asi
mil
arpr
over
bthatcanr
epl
acei
t

Ty
pesofPr
over
bs

1.Pr
over
bsoff
atee.
g.

-
-Acci
dent
swi
l
lhappen.

-
-Absencemakest
hehear
tgr
owf
onder
.

-
-Act
ionspeaksl
oudert
hanwor
ds.

-
-Adv
icei
sleastheededwheni
tismostneeded.

-
-Achai
nisnost
rongert
hani
tsweakestl
i
nk.

-
-Af
ool
andhi
smoneyar
esoonpar
ted.

-
-Easycome,
easygo.

2.Caut
ionar
ypr
over
bs.E.
g.

-
-Hewhost
eal
swi
thawomanwi
l
lli
vei
nfeart
il
lhedi
es.

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-
-Anappl
eadaykeepst
hedoct
oraway
.

-
-Anempt
ypur
sef
ri
ght
ensawayf
ri
ends

-
-Ani
dlemi
ndi
sadev
il
’swor
kshop.

-
-Abi
rdi
nhandi
swor
tht
woi
nthebush.

3.Pr
over
bsoncommunal
li
feE.
g.

-
-Uni
tyi
sst
rengt
h.

-
-Apr
obl
em shar
edi
sapr
obl
em hal
f-
sol
ved.

-
-I
fyouf
all
formeandIf
all
fory
ouwecancal
li
tagame.

-
-Ont
hewayt
oone’
sbel
ovedt
her
enohi
l
ls.

4.Epi
grammat
icpr
over
bs.Thesear
elongert
hanusual
.E.
g.

--Amanwhomar r
iesabeaut
if
ulwi
fei
sli
keanot
herwhopl
ant
smai
zeneart
her
oadi
napoor
neighbour
hood.

-
-Amanst
ungbyabeedoesn’
tgoar
oundsmashi
ngal
lbee-
hiv
es.

-
-I
fagutal
l
owsakni
fet
obeswal
l
owed,
theanusmustwonderhowi
twi
l
lgetout
.

--
Whent r
oubleknocksatyourdoorandy
out
ell
ity
ouhav
enoext
raseat
,itwi
l
ltel
lyounott
owor
ry
becauseithadbroughti
tsownstool.

-
-Whenar
atsmi
l
esatanear
bycat
,justknowt
hati
tshol
eisnear
by.

5.Summat
ivepr
over
bsort
hosepr
over
bst
hatbestsummar
izei
ssuesandst
ori
es

-
-Beaut
yisonl
yski
ndeep.

Changei
sasgoodasr
est
.

-
-Af
ri
endt
oal
li
saf
ri
endt
onone.

-
-Agoodexampl
eist
hebestser
mon.

Anewbr
oom sweepscl
ean.

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-
-Ast
it
chi
nti
mesav
esni
ne.

-
-Awat
chedpotnev
erboi
l
s

-
-Amanwhocausest
roubl
eforot
her
sal
socausest
roubl
eforhi
msel
f.

-
-Amanr
oast
ingmai
zedoesn’
twanderawayf
rom t
hef
ir
epl
acef
ort
ool
ong.

-
-Ay
oungbul
lmount
sthecowf
rom t
hehead.

-
-Adr
um i
sheav
ieront
her
etur
njour
ney
.

Howev
erl
ongi
ttakes,
ast
ammer
erwi
l
lcal
l‘
baba’
.

-
-St
ari
ngatwat
erdoesn’
tquenchy
ourt
hir
st.

-
-Thepeni
smi
ght
iert
hanaswor
d.

-
-Wheni
nRome,
doast
heRomans.

-
-Thesqueakywheel
get
sthegr
eese.

-
-Whent
hegoi
ngget
stough,
thet
oughgetgoi
ng.

-
-Nomani
sisl
and.

-
-For
tunef
avour
sthebol
d.

-
-Peopl
ewhol
i
vei
ngl
asshousesshoul
dnott
hrowst
ones.

-
-Hopef
ort
hebestbutpr
epar
efort
hewor
st.

-
-Bi
rdsofaf
eat
herf
lockt
oget
her
.

-
-Keepy
ourf
ri
endscl
oseandy
ourenemi
escl
oser
.

-
-Api
ctur
eiswor
that
housandwor
ds.

-
-Ther
eisnosuchat
hingasf
reel
unch.

Si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenr
iddl
esandpr
over
bs

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-
-Bot
har
ebr
ief

-
-Bot
hempl
oyf
igur
ati
vel
anguage

-
-Bot
har
efi
xed—ar
iddl
ehasaf
ixedr
esponsewhi
l
eapr
over
bhasaf
ixedwor
ding.

Di
ff
erences

-
-Ri
ddl
eshav
eanopeni
ngf
ormul
a

-
-Ri
ddl
esr
equi
reatl
eastt
woper
for
mer
swhi
l
eapr
over
bjustonet
osayi
t.

-
-Ri
ddl
esar
ecommonwi
thchi
l
drenwhi
l
epr
over
bscommonwi
thadul
ts.

-
-Ri
ddl
esar
eusedaspr
eludest
ost
ory
tel
l
ingsessi
onswhi
l
epr
over
bsar
eusedi
nconv
ersat
ion.

-
-Ri
ddl
esar
ewi
tt
yst
atement
sorwor
dpuzzl
eswhi
l
epr
over
bsar
esay
ingsofwi
sdom.

TongueTwi
ster
s

Atonguetwist
erisawordgamet hati
sint
endedt
otestaspeaker’
sfl
uencytoutt
erwi
thout
hesi
tat
ionorfal
ter
ingasequenceofwordswit
hpart
icul
arpr
oblemsofarti
cul
ati
on.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

-
-At
onguet
wist
eri
sawor
dgamet
hatpl
aysonwor
dswi
thpr
obl
emsofar
ti
cul
ati
on

-
-I
templ
oysal
l
iter
ati
on,
assonanceandconsonance

-
-Theyar
emost
lyungr
ammat
ical
ort
heyneednotmakesense.

-
-t
heyar
ebr
ief

Funct
ionsofTonguet
wist
ers

-
-Theyent
ert
ainorcr
eat
efun

-
-Theyai
dinl
ear
ningpr
onunci
ati
on

-
-Enhancesconf
idencebyhel
pingoneov
ercomeshy
nessandenj
oycommuni
cat
ion

-
-t
heyhel
ptr
ainconcent
rat
ionandmemor
izat
ion

-
-t
heypr
omot
ecr
eat
ivi
ty

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-
-t
heyhel
pdev
elopone’
sabi
l
ityt
oreci
te

-
-Theyhel
ponet
olear
naf
orei
gnl
anguagewi
thpar
ti
cul
arpr
obl
emsofar
ti
cul
ati
on

Exampl
esofTonguet
wist
ers

-
-Shesel
l
sseashel
l
sont
heseashor
e

-
-Adi
sor
gani
sedor
gani
zercannotor
gani
zeadi
sor
gani
zedor
gani
zat
ion

-
-Ther
edl
ongl
orr
yrol
l
eddownt
hel
ongLi
mur
uroad

-
-Fourhundr
edandf
ort
yfourf
ri
ght
enedf
ool
sfoughtf
orf
ood

-
-Pet
erPi
perpi
ckedapeckofspeckl
edpepper

-
-Howhi
ghuphasheheav
edhi
sheav
yhoe?

-
-Kant
aicanti
eati
e,unti
eati
eanddyeati
eli
keDyrewhocanti
eat i
e,unt
ieat
ieanddyeati
e;so,
i
fKantaicant
ieat
ie,unt
ieat
ieanddyeati
e,whycan’
tIt
ieat
ie,unt
ieati
eanddy eat
iel
ikedyre?

Exer
cise

Readt
het
extbel
owandanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Bet
tyBot
terboughtabi
tofbut
ter

Buthesai
dthebut
ter
’sbi
tt
er

“
IfIputabi
tofbi
tt
erbut
teri
nmybut
ter

I
t’
llmakemybet
terbut
terbi
tt
er

Butabi
tofbet
terbut
terwi
l
lmaket
hebi
tt
erbut
terbet
ter
.”

Sosheboughtabi
tofbut
ter

Bet
tert
hanherbi
tt
erbut
ter

Sheputi
tinherbut
ter

Andherbut
terwasn’
tbi
tt
er

‘
twasbet
terBet
tyBot
terboughtabi
tofbet
terbut
ter

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1.I
dent
if
ythr
eecasesofel
i
sioni
nthei
tem abov
eandwr
it
etheexpr
essi
onsi
nful
l
.

But
ter
’s—but
terwas

I
t’
ll
—itwi
l
l

‘
twas—i
twas

2.I
dent
if
ywi
thar
eason,
thei
tem abov
e?

I
tisatonguetwist
erbecausei
thaswordsf
oll
owingeachot
hert
hatar
echal
l
engi
ngi
nter
msof
pr
onunciat
ionandemploysall
i
ter
ati
onandassonance.

3.St
atef
ivebenef
it
saf
orm onest
udentwoul
dgetbyr
eadi
ngt
hisi
tem.

-
-Readi
ngt
het
onguet
wist
erwoul
dent
ert
ainhi
m

-
-I
twoul
dhel
pthest
udentl
ear
nthepr
onunci
ati
onof/
b/i
ndi
ff
icul
tysi
tuat
ions

-
-I
twoul
dshar
pent
hest
udent
’sf
luency

-
-I
twoul
dpr
omot
ecr
eat
ivi
tyi
nthest
udent

-
-I
twoul
ddev
elopt
hest
udent
’sabi
l
ityt
oreci
te

-
-i
twoul
denhancet
hest
udent
’sconcent
rat
ion

4.I
dent
if
yst
yli
sti
cfeat
uresev
identi
nthi
stonguet
wist
er

-
-Al
l
iter
ati
one.
g.Bet
tyBot
terbought

Rhy
mee.
g.but
ter

Bi
tt
er

But
ter

-
-Repet
it
ionofwor
dse.
g.bi
tt
er,
but
ter

5.Thi
sit
em i
sawor
dgame.St
atet
her
ulest
heper
for
merwoul
dappl
ywhenr
eci
ti
ngt
his.

a)Reci
tef
luent
lywi
thouthesi
tat
ion

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b)St
ri
ctl
yfol
l
owt
heor
derofwor
ds

c)Sayi
tqui
ckl
y

e)Whatwoul
dbet
heef
fectoft
ransl
ati
ngt
hisi
tem i
ntoanot
herl
anguage?

-
-Theeff
ectsofsound,
especi
all
y/b/and/
t/wouldbelost
.Onemayendupwit
hasequenceof
wordswhichmaynotberecogni
zedasofthesamekindasthei
tem abov
e.

Puns

Apuni sawordplaywhichinvol
vewor dsthathavesi
milarspel
l
ingsbutdi
ff
erentmeaningor
homony mse.g.can(acontai
ner
),can(auxi
li
aryver
bandhomophones( wordswithsame
pronunci
ati
onbutdiffer
entspel
li
ngsandof tendif
fer
entmeanings)e.
g.someandsum.Puns
thri
veonambiguityofwordstocreatefunwi t
hinasent
ence.Punsalsoemploymetaphorsand
l
iter
almeaningofwor ds.

Aper
sonwhoi
sfondofusi
ngpunsi
scal
l
edapunst
er.

Exampl
es

1.Abi
cycl
ecan’
tst
andal
onebecausei
tist
wo-
tyr
ed.

2.Awi
l
lisadeadgi
veaway
.

3.Abackwar
dpoetwr
it
esi
nver
se.

4.I
nademocr
acy
,iti
syourv
otet
hatcount
s.

5.Shehadaboy
fri
endwi
thawoodenl
egbutbr
okei
tof
f.

6.Wi
thhermar
ri
age,
shegotanewnameandadr
ess.

10.Aboi
l
edeggi
nthemor
ningi
shar
dtobeat
.

11.Whent
woegoi
stsmeeti
tisanIf
oranI
.

12.Sci
ent
ist
shavefi
nall
ydiscov
eredt
hewrongthi
ngaboutaf
emal
ebr
ain:
thatt
hel
eftsi
dehas
nothi
ngri
ghtandt
herightsi
dehasnothi
ngl
eft
.

13.Whatdoy
oucal
lasl
eepi
ngbul
l
?Abul
l
-dozer
.

14.Heboughtadonkeybecausehet
houghthemi
ghtgetaki
ckoutofi
t.

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15.Whyar
efi
shsosmar
t?Becauset
heyl
i
vei
nschool
s.

16.Iwasst
ruggl
i
ngt
ofi
gur
eouthowl
i
ght
ningwor
kst
heni
tst
ruckme.

17.Ti
mef
li
esl
i
keanar
row.Fr
uitf
li
esl
i
keabanana.

18.Hav
eyouev
erhear
dofanhonestcheet
ah?

19.Ihav
ebeent
othedent
istsomanyt
imessoIknowt
hedr
il
l.

20.Speaki
ngi
l
loft
hedeadi
sagr
avemi
stake.

21.If
ir
edmymasseuset
oday
.Sher
ubbedmet
hewr
ongway
.

Or
alLi
ter
atur
eResear
ch/
Fiel
dWor
k

Fi
eldworkistheactandprocessofgoi
ngouttoacommunit
ytocollectoral
li
ter
atur
emat
eri
als
andrel
atedinf
ormati
onforstudyandanal
ysi
s.Fi
eldwor
kisnecessaryfor

a)Thest
udentt
orel
i
vet
heper
for
manceofor
all
i
ter
atur
emat
eri
als(
recor
dings,
videoset
c.)

b)Exper
iencef
ir
sthand,
thecommuni
ty’
scust
omsandbel
i
efs.

c)Recor
dingandst
orageofor
all
i
ter
atur
emat
eri
alst
obeusedbyt
hef
utur
egener
ati
ons.

d)Toenabl
east
udentknowandexpl
orenewknowl
edgenotcov
eredbyear
li
err
esear
cher
s.

e)Tohel
pthest
udentacqui
rer
esear
chski
l
lsi
nacademi
cst
udy
.

KeySt
agesi
nFi
eldWor
k

1.Pr
epar
ati
on

Itinvolv
esstatingthepurposeandscopeofst udyandobjectiv
esorr esearchtoguar dagainst
digression.I
talsoinvol
vesident
ify
ingthelocati
onfortheresearch,f
ami l
iari
zat
ionwi t
hear l
ier
wor ksont hestudyorli
terat
urerevi
ew,establi
shi
ngcontactwithusefulpeoplelikeinformants,
decidingont hekeymet hodstobeusedi ncoll
ecti
ngdatae.g.questi
onnai r
esori nt
erviews,
secur i
ngpermissionstoconductresearchfrom r
elev
antauthorit
ies,
buy i
ngorhi ri
ngofr ecordi
ng
mat eri
alsandbudget i
ngforaccommodat ionandtranspor
t.

2.Mat
eri
alCol
l
ect
ion

Thi
sisdonethroughv
ari
ousmet
hodsofcol
l
ect
ingdat
ee.
g.i
nter
views,
quest
ionnai
res,
obser
vat
ionetc.

3.Recor
dingofI
nfor
mat
ion

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Recor
dingi
sdonet
hroughwr
it
ing,
typi
ng,
usi
ngt
aper
ecor
der
set
c.

4.Pr
ocessi
ngandAnal
ysi
sofI
nfor
mat
ion

Thisi
nvol
vesscruti
nisi
ngofinf
or mati
oncoll
ectedinprepar
ati
onfori
nter
pret
ati
onand
documentat
ion,
transcr
ipt
ion,i
nterpr
etat
ion,
classi
fyi
ngintogenr
es,t
hemes,sty
lesandmaki
nga
concl
usi
on.

5.Di
ssemi
nat
ion

Thi
sist
hespr
eadi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
iongat
her
edt
hroughmedi
a.

CommonPr
obl
emsEncount
eredDur
ingFi
eldWor
k

1.Lossofmemor
yespeci
all
yfordet
ail
snotr
ecor
ded.

2.Out
rageousdemandsf
rom sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionl
i
kepay
ment
s.

3.Har
shorunpr
edi
ctabl
eweat
her
.

4.Br
eakdownorpr
obl
emsoft
ranspor
tat
ion,
del
ays,
hikedf
areset
c.

5.I
nfor
mant
sgi
vi
ngwr
ongordi
stor
tedi
nfor
mat
ion.

6.Acci
dent
sandmi
sfor
tunesori
l
lfat
ee.
g.deat
h

7.Si
cknessi
nthemi
ddl
eoff
iel
dwor
k.

8.Pr
ohi
bit
ions,
lackofaccess,
cust
omset
c.

9.Lossofequi
pmentl
i
kecamer
aet
c.

Fi
eldwor kshoul dbecarriedouti
nrel
evantandappropri
atepl
acesl
iker
uralar
easwher ether
eis
ethnical
lyauthenti
cinformati
onandperformance;
elderswoul
dgivedet
ail
edoraltesti
monyor
mat eri
al,
displaygreatexperi
enceandskil
lwhi
lechil
drenwoul
deasil
yperf
ormriddles,si
ngi
ng
gamesandt onguet wist
ers.

GRAMMAR
Nouns

Anouni
sanameofany
thi
ngorsi
mpl
y,anami
ngwor
d.Nounsar
ecat
egor
izedi
nto

--
Propernouns—namesofspeci
fi
cpeople,
placesort
hings.Pr
opernounsal
way
sst
artwi
tha
capit
all
ettere.
g.Keny
a,Pet
er,
LakeVict
ori
a,Nair
obiet
c.

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ls,
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-
-Commonnoun—t
hesear
enamesofpeopl
e,pl
acesandt
hingst
hatar
enotspeci
fi
c.E.
g.desk,
boy
,
r
iver
,pl
ateet
c.

--
ConcreteNouns—namesoft
hings,
peopl
eet
cthatcanbet
ouched.E.
g.bookdesk,
wat
er,
James,
bott
leetc.

--
Abstr
actnouns—namesofthi
ngsorconcept
sthatcannotbet
ouchedorseen.E.
g.wi
nd,
corr
upti
on,l
ove,hat
e,Godet
c.

-
-Col
l
ect
ivenouns—namesofgr
oupoft
hings.Theseki
ndsofnamesusual
l
ytakeasi
ngul
arv
erb.

Countandnon-
countNouns

Countnounsar
enamesoft
hingst
hatcanbecount
ed.Theyt
husoccuri
nsi
ngul
arandpl
ural
for
ms.

e.
g.boy
—boy
soneboy
—20boy
s.

--
Mostsingul
arcountnounsthatendinthesound/
s/,
/ch/and/
sh/t
ake–esi
npl
ural
e.g.
bus—buses,chur
ch—churches,bush—bushes.

--
Ifasingul
arcountnounendswit
h‘y
’,t
he‘y
’isusual
lydroppedi
npl
ural
andr
epl
acedwi
th‘
i
es’
unlessthe‘
y’comesafteravowel
.E.
g.Lady
—ladies,
cry—cri
es.

-
-I
fthewordendswit
h‘y
’butt
he‘
y’i
spr
ecededbyav
owel
thenonl
y‘s’
isaddedi
npl
ural
.E.
g.
Day—day
s,Key—key
s.

-
-I
fthewor
dendswi
th/
f/wedr
opt
hefandr
epl
acei
twi
th–v
es.E.
g.Li
fe—l
i
ves,
Hoof
—hoov
es.

Non-
countnounsr
efernot
hingst
hatcannotbecount
ed.Thi
ngsl
i
ke

-
-subst
ance—f
ood,
sand,
dust

-
-qual
i
ties—happi
ness,
kindness

-
-i
deas—knowl
edge,
knowl
edge

-
-Li
qui
ds—wat
er,
mil
k

-
-obj
ect
s—f
urni
tur
e,hai
r,l
uggage

Mostcount
ablenounsdonothav
esi
ngul
arandpl
ural
for
ms;
theymer
elyoccuri
nthei
rrespect
ive
nat
ureorquanti
ti
es.

Wat
er—si
ngul
ar,
Wat
er—pl
ural
.Al
otofwat
er. 20gal
l
onsofwat
er.

Someti
mesduet ospeci
fi
cati
onssomenon-count
abl
enounsar
egi
vest
hepl
ural‘
s’t
omean
di
ff
erentl
argequant
it
iesl
ikewater
sinr
efer
encetooceans.

I
rr
egul
arandRegul
arNouns

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Regularnounsarenounsthattakeapredict
abl
eplur
alf
orminrel
ati
ontosingul
arforms.For
examplecup—cups,toy—toys,shi
rt
—shirt
s,Chur
ch—chur
ches,
bus--
buses.Mostregularnouns
ther
eforetake‘
s’or‘
es’i
nplural.

-
-Nounsendi
ngwith‘
o’wi
thav owel
beforet
he‘o’
usual
lyt
ake‘s’
inpl
ural
.E.g.Rati
o—Rat
ios,
buti
f
i
tendswith‘
o’wit
haconsonantbef
orethe‘
o’t
henitwoul
dtake‘
-es’
inpl
ural.E.
g.
Buf
all
o—Buff
all
oes.

-
-St
il
lafewnounsareanexcept
ion,
inthatt
heyendwi
th‘
o’pr
ecededbyaconsonantbutst
il
l
t
akesjust‘
s’i
npl
urall
i
kedynamo—dy namos.

--
Nounsthatendin/f/take/s/inplur
alli
kechief
—chief
s,gul
f—gul
fsbutother
sli
kedwarf
,hoof
andscar
fcant akeboth‘s’i
nplural
or‘-v
es’thati
sdwarf—dwarf
sordwarf—dwarves;
hoof
—hoofs
orhoof
—hoov esandscar f
—scarfsorscarf—scar
ves.

I
rr
egul
arnounsar
enounst
hatdonott
ake‘s’or‘
es’
inpl
ural
for
m.E.
g.man—men,
woman—women,mouse—mice,
chi
l
d—chil
dren.

-
-Ther
ear
ethoset
hatchangef
rom si
ngul
art
opl
ural
li
keman—men,
goose—geeseet
c.

--
Ther
earethosethatdonotchangefrom si
ngul
art
opl
ural
li
keswi
ne—swi
ne,
sheep—sheep,
deer
—deer,
species—speci
es,ser
ies—ser
ies.

--
Someofthem ar
eusedonl
yinpl
ural
for
msl
i
kesci
ssor
s,t
ongs,
spect
acl
es,
trouser
s,j
eans,
shor
ts,
pyj
amasandnews.

-
-Ther
ear
ethoset
hatseem pl
ural
butar
eact
ual
l
ysi
ngul
are.
g.Mat
hemat
ics,
phy
sics,
measl
eset
c.

Col
lect
iveNouns

Thesear
enounswhi
chi
nthei
rsi
ngul
arf
ormsr
efert
oasetorgr
oupofpeopl
e,ani
mal
sort
hings.
E.
g.

Acr
owd—agr
oupofpeopl
ewi
thoutor
der

Aband—agr
oupofmusi
cians

Choi
r—agr
oupofsi
nger
s

Somet
imescoll
ect
ivenounsoccurinphrases.Whenaphrasei
susedt
oindicat
eacollect
ivenoun
wecal
litaphr
asalquant
if
ierbecausei
tshowst hequant
it
yoft
henounpresent
.Forexamplea
pi
eceofcake,

Acupoft
ea—t
wocupsoft
eaet
c.

Somephrasalquanti
fi
erscanbeusedwi
thbot
hcountandnon-
countnounse.
g.al
otofst
udent
s,
alotofwat
er,
api l
eofbooks,api
leofwoodet
c.

Nove
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com

Ot
herexampl
esar
e

1.Abundl eofbooks,api
nchofsalt,areal
m ofknowledge,adoseofmedi cine,abal
eofgr ass,a
bladeofgrass,abouquetoffl
owers,asetofpeople,aheapofrubbish, alumpofsugar ,asheetof
paper,aspeckofdust,abarofsoap,aloadofmanur e,apieceofadvice,ani t
em ofcl
othing,a
tonneofsugar,anarmyofants,acolonyofwasps, acl
usterofantel
ope, aherdofcattl
e,atroopof
apes,aflockofsheep,akennelofdogs,ashoaloffi
sh,abandofgor i
llas,af l
angeofbaboons, a
congressofbaboons,acultur
eofbacteri
a,acloudofbats,ahiveofbees, af i
leofci
vi
lservants,a
schoolofdolphi
ns,aswam off l
i
es.

Coll
ect
ivenounsdenotesi
ngular
it
yinchar
acter;
thatiswhytheytendtotakeasingul
arver
be.
g.a
crowdhasbeengatheri
ngsincemorni
ng.Butsomet i
mesmember swit
hinacoll
ecti
venounmi
ght
havedi
vergentopi
nionse.
g.Thecrewhavediff
erentdut
iesandresponsibi
l
iti
es.

Compoundnouns

Acompoundnouni
sanounthati
smadeupofmor
ethanonewor
d.Thenounf
ormedf
rom
combi
ningt
wowordscanbewri
tt
enas

a)asi
ngl
ewor
de.
g.Shop+keeper
—shopkeeper

b)Ahy
phenat
edwor
de.
g.Passer
-by
,fat
her
-i
n-l
aw,
att
orney
-gener
al

c)Separ
atewor
dse.
g.I
cecr
eam,
Cowdung,
assi
stantmi
nist
eret
c.

--
Inmostcompoundnounsthepl
ural
endi
ngi
saddedt
othel
astwor
de.
g.boy
fri
ends,
deput
y
heads,
commanders-
in-
chi
efetc.

Howev
er,
thepl
ural
endi
ngi
not
her
sisaddedt
othef
ir
stwor
de.
g.passer
s-by
,fat
her
s-i
n-l
awet
c.

--
Somewor dstakepl
ural
endi
ngsonei
thert
hef
ir
stwor
dorseconde.
g.At
tor
ney
s-gener
alor
att
orney
-gener
als.

--
Compoundnounscant akeanoun+noune.
g.bookshop,
noun+v
erbe.
g.t
eabr
eak,
adject
ive+noune.
g.Hotdog,
etc.

Conj
unct
ions

Packi
ngLi
st

Whenpacki
ngr
emembert
hef
oll
owi
ng

1.Or
derorhav
eapr
operor
gani
sat
ionofi
temsi
nvol
ved

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2.Hav
eapr
opert
it
il
ee.
g.Backt
oSchool
Packi
ngLi
st

3.Hav
easub-headi
ngi
ndi
cat
ingt
hecat
egor
iesofi
temsi
nvol
ved.Forexampl
eCl
othes,
Shoesand
Cosmeti
cs.

4.Youshoul
dshowclear
lyt
hespeci
fi
cnumberorquant
it
yofi
temsi
nvol
ved.Forex
ampl
e;3shi
rt
s,
onetubeoft
oothpast
eet
c.

5.Youshoul
dal
soshowt
het
ypeofi
temsi
nvol
ved.Forexampl
e,shi
rt
—red.

Ser
ial I
tems Typeof Quant
it
y Descr
ipt
ion
no. i
tems

1 Cl
othes a)
shi
rt
s 3 -
-Newy
ell
ow

-
-Ol
dbl
ue

-
-Whi
te—shor
tsl
eev
ed

-
-bl
ackof
fi
cial

b)
trouser
s 2 -
-bl
uej
eans

2 Shoes a)
rubber
s 1pai
r Bl
ackandwhi
te

b)
leat
her 1pai
r Br
own

c)
sandal
s 1pai
r Red

3 Bathroom a)
towel 1 Br
own
accessori
es
b)
soap 1 Gei
shamedi
um

4 Beddi
ngs a)Sl
eepi
ng 1 Mant
amedi
um
bag

b)
Sheet
s 2 Redandwhi
te

c)
blanket
s 1 Bl
ackdot
ted

5 Camer
a Sony 1 Di
git
al,
20megapi
xel
s

6. Toi
l
etr
ies a)
toot
hpast
e 1 Col
gat
emedi
um

b)
toot
hbr
ush 1 Col
gat
emedi
um

7 Bodyoi
l Vasel
i
ne 1 Smal
l

Nove
ls,
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Bef
orewr
it
ingapacki
ngl
i
st,
onemustconsi
der

-
-Wher
eheisgoing.Thel
ocati
ondeter
minesthei
tems.E.
g.t
hecoastofMombasawoul
dneed
l
i
ghtcl
othesandMTKeny aregi
onheavyones.

-
-Meansoft
ranspor
t—aer
opl
anescanl
i
mitt
heamountofl
uggaget
obecar
ri
edal
ong.

-
-Lengt
hofst
ay—t
hiswi
l
ldet
ermi
net
hequant
it
yofeachi
tem y
oucar
ry.

-
-Pur
pose—e.
g.i
fyouar
egoi
ngt
oswi
myouwi
l
lhav
etocar
rycost
umes.

Quest
ion

Youar
eamemberoftheWildl
i
feClub.Thecl
ubhasor
gani
sedf
orathreedaycampi
ntheMaasai
MaraPar
k.Wr
it
ethepacki
ngli
stoftheit
emsyouwoul
dneeddur
ingthecamp.

Et
iquet
te

Eti
quet
teisasetofr
ulesandnor
mst hatgov
ernourpol
i
teandaccept
abl
ewayofi
nter
act
ion
especi
all
ythr
oughgr
eeti
ngs,r
equest
sandcommands.

Gr
eet
ings

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ogr
eetpeopl
eaccor
dingt
othei
ra)
ageb)
posi
ti
onc)
rel
ati
onshi
ps.

-
-Anol
derper
sonshoul
dbegr
eet
edi
naf
ormal
way
.E.
gGoodmor
ningMr
.Ki
nut
hia.

-
-Aper
soni
namor eseniorposi
ti
onthany
ouareshoul
dalsobegreet
edi
naf
ormal
wayev
en
whent
heyar
eyoungerthanyou.E.
g.HowdoyoudoMr s.Kendi
?

--
Youragemat escanbegr eetedinaninf
ormalwayify
ouar efr
iendsorrelati
ves,
oriftheyarenot
yourseni
ors.E.g.Hi
Jackie,orHi br
o.Agai
nmember sofyourextendedfami l
ycanbegr eetedinan
i
nformalway .E.
g.Hiuncle,Hull
odad.Butpeoplet
hatarenotrelat
edtoy ouandar enoty our
fr
iendsshouldbegreetedinaf or
mal way,
unl
esstheyareyounger/agemat esandnoty our
senior
sinpositi
ons.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Whenint
roduci
ngsomeonei
mpor
tantort
it
led,
ment
iont
hei
rrespect
ivet
it
lesi
nthegr
eet
ingsas
shownbelow.

-
-St
artbyt
hei
rti
tl
esi
fyouwantt
oint
roducet
hem t
osomeoneel
se

YourExcel
l
ency
,mayIi
ntr
oducey
out
oMr
s.Wanj
ala.(
Forpr
esi
dent
s)

Yourhonour
,meetMr
.Omor
i,t
hemanagerKCBbank.

Wheni
ntr
oduci
nganor
dinar
yper
sont
oat
it
ledper
son,
ment
iont
hel
ayper
sont
heni
ntr
oduceby

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ment
ioni
ngt
henameoft
het
it
ledper
sonbef
oregi
vi
ngt
het
it
le.E.
g.

Mom,
meetMs.AnneWai
gur
u,t
heCabi
netSecr
etar
y,Mi
nist
ryofI
nter
iorGov
ernment
.

Commont
it
lesar
e

-
-pr
imeMi
nist
er—TheRi
ghtHonour
abl
e

-
-Memberofpar
li
ament
—Honour
abl
e

-
-Judge/
magi
str
ate—YourHonour
,YourLor
d/Lady
,YourLor
dshi
p/Lady
shi
p

-
-May
or—YourWor
shi
p

Ki
ng/
queen—YouMaj
est
y

Member
soft
her
oyal
fami
l
ye.
g.gr
andduke,
duke,
duchess—Roy
alHi
ghness

-
-Pr
ince,
Pri
nces–Yourgr
ace

-
-Ot
herr
oyal
s—Lady
/Lor
d

Si
r—ni
ght
s

Si
r/
Madam—anyi
mpor
tantper
sonorpr
ofessi
onal

Pr
ofessor
—Hi
ghestUni
ver
sit
yti
tl
eforat
eacher

Mr
.—r
espect
ful
tit
lef
oranyman

Mrs.
—Respect
ful
tit
lef
oramar
ri
edwomanf
oll
owedbyherhusband’
sSi
rNameorherf
ull
mar
it
al
name.

Ms.
—ar
espect
ful
tit
lef
orawomanwhosemar
it
alst
atusi
sn’
tcl
earorknown.

Mi
ss.
—ar
espect
ful
tit
lef
oral
adywhoi
sn’
tmar
ri
ed.

Ar
rmyt
it
les

Of
fi
cercadet
—li
eut
enant
—capt
ain—maj
or—col
onel
—br
igadi
er—maj
or—f
iel
dmar
shal
l
.

Semi
-f
ormalsi
tuat
ions

Someti
mesy oucanint
roduceorref
ertoat
it
ledper
soni
nani
nfor
mal
occasi
on.I
nsucha
ci
rcumstance,avoi
dtheformalt
it
les.

DearMr
.Pr
esi
dent
,meetKennet
hOwour
,MemberofPar
li
amentKanduy
iconst
it
uency
.

--
Wheni nt
roduci
ngsomeoneasaguest ,
itisi
mportantt
oincl
udeinf
ormati
onaboutt
heiri
nter
est
s
andachievementsatthetai
lend.E.
g.Mr.JohnKamau,MDKeny aSeedCompany.Heisthe
founderofSali
maElectr
onicsCompanyandaseniormemberoftheCathol
icchur
ch.

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ls,
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ima
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Sel
fInt
roduct
ion

Whenint
roduci
ngyour
sel
f,donotst
artwi
thanyt
it
le,
justgr
eet
ingst
heny
ourf
ull
namebef
ore
ot
herdet
ail
sfoll
ow.Examples:

Goodmorni
nggent
lemen;
Iam JamesBar
asa,
Prof
essorofMat
hemat
icsatt
heUni
ver
sit
yof
Nai
robi
.

Donotst
artwi
thMr
.orMi
ss.

Request
s

Whenmakingr
equest
susepol
i
tel
anguage.Thef
oll
owi
ngphr
aseswoul
dhel
psomeonesound
morepol
i
te:

Pl
ease—pl
easet
ell
met
het
rut
h.

Excuseme—excusemel
ady
,hav
eyouseenmybag?

Sor
ry—sor
rymadam,
Iam l
ate.

Par
don—par
donmeJane,
Idi
dn’
tgety
ouri
nst
ruct
ions.

Iam afrai
d—usedwhenyouwanttogi
veadisappoi
nti
ngst
atementoranswert
osomeonewhoi
s
probabl
yexpecti
ngsomethi
ngposi
ti
ve.E.
g.Iam af
rai
dIdonothavethebookyouwant
edt
o
borrow.]

Acknowl
edgement

Whensomeonegivesyousomethingyousay‘
thanky
ou’
andthenhecananswerin
acknowl
edgement‘
youarewelcome’or‘
iti
snothi
ng’
or‘
don’
tmenti
onit
’.Thegoal
her
eist
o
soundasmodestaspossi
ble.

Tel
ephoneEt
iquet
te

Whenmaki ngoranswer
ingat el
ephonecall
,thepersonont
heotherendoft
helineobvi
ousl
y
cannotseeyou.Youwil
lther
eforebejudgedsolel
ybywhatyousayandhowy ousayit
.

Poi
ntst
onot
e

1.Gi
veagoodi
mpr
essi
onofy
our
sel
ffr
om t
hebegi
nni
ngbybei
ngcour
teous,
hel
pful
,busi
nessl
i
ke
andbri
ef.

2.Usepol
i
tel
anguagei
.e.wor
dssuchas‘
coul
dyou’
‘mayI
’‘
Iwoul
dli
ket
o’‘
woul
dyoupl
ease’
.

Recei
vi
ngaper
sonalcal
l

a)Openi
ngwor
ds:

Hal
l
o

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ah@g
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l.
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—goodmor
ning/
aft
ernoon/
eveni
ng(
chooseaccor
dingt
oti
meoft
heday
)

b)I
dent
if
yyour
sel
f:

ThisisJohnspeaki
ng(i
tisconsider
edrudet
ogi
vey
our
sel
fat
it
lel
i
keMr
/Mr
s/msbut
professi
onal
tit
lesl
i
kedr
/profareall
owed)

e.
g.Thi
sisEng.Wekesa.

Recei
vi
ngabusi
nesscal
l

a)Openi
ngwor
ds:

Gr
eet
ings—Goodmor
ning/
aft
ernoon/ev
eni
ng

b)Theni
dent
if
yyouri
nst
it
uti
on

Youhav
ereachedPar
adi
seHot
elorLugul
uGi
rl
sHi
ghSchool

c)Askwhoy
ouar
espeaki
ngt
o--
-Whom am Ispeaki
ngt
o

d)Askhowcanhel
p--
-HowcanIhel
pyou

I
tisr
udet
orespondbyaski
ngt
hecal
l
er‘
Whatdoy
ouwant
?’or‘
Whoar
eyou’

Maki
ngacal
l

Yourf
ir
stwor
dsar
esai
daf
tert
her
eci
pient
’sopeni
ngr
emar
ks

-
-Thegr
eet
ingswi
l
ldependmuchonhowwel
lyouknowt
hecal
l
er

Hi
Pet
er,
Whati
sup?

Thi
sisChr
ist
ine,
howar
eyoudoi
ng?

Thi
sisI
ndi
mul
ispeaki
ng.
..

Busi
nesscal
l

Whenmaki
ngabusi
nesscal
l
,fol
l
owt
hepr
ocedur
ebel
ow

a)Gr
eet
ingse.
g.Goodmor
ning

b)I
dent
if
yyour
sel
fe.
g.Mynamei
sAgnessMany
ara

c)St
atet
her
easonf
orcal
l
inge.
g.CanIspeakt
oMr
s.Wenani
please?

Endi
ngacal
l

Attheendofbot
hper
sonal
andbusi
nesscal
l
s,i
tiscust
omar
yfort
her
eci
pientt
othankt
hecal
l
er
forcal
l
ing.

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ls,
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Whent
aki
ngacal
lmessagei
ntheof
fi
cef
oll
owt
hesest
eps.

-
-Not
edownt
hemessage

-
-Wr
it
ethenameoft
hecal
l
erorhi
sbehal
fandt
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hecal
l
err
epr
esent
s

-
-not
edownt
hedat
ewhent
hecal
lwasmade

-
-not
edownt
hephonenumbersot
hati
tiseasi
ert
ocal
lback

-
-I
ndi
cat
ewhet
hery
ourbossory
ou,
oughtt
ocal
lbackandwhet
herur
gent
ly

DI
ARI
ES

Adi ar
yisapr i
vat
edocumentinwhi
chyour
ecor
dacti
vi
ties,
event
sandappoint
mentsyouwantt
o
remember .Itact
sasanaidtomemory
.Manypeopl
efinddiar
ykeepi
ngver
yuseful
becausei
t
helpsthem honourappoi
ntment
s.

Adiarycont ai
nsacal
endarforawhol eyearwithaspacepr ovidedforeachdayoftheweekand
mont h.Thespaceisusuall
ysmal l
,so,y
ouhav etobeselectiveandbr i
ef.Manydiari
esalso
containspaceswhereyoucanr ecordpersonali
nfor
mationlikey ourname,addr
ess,bloodgroup
andtheper sontobecontactedincaseofanemer gency.Atthebackofadi ary,
thereisusuall
y
spacef ornamesaddressandt el
ephonenumber sofpeopley oucontactfr
equentl
y.

I
noffi
ces,
youmayfinddeskdi
ari
eswher
edat
esofmeet
ingsorot
heri
mpor
tantact
ivi
ti
esofan
or
gani
sati
onar
erecorded.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofdi
ari
eswhi
char
eal
soknownasper
sonalj
our
nal
s.

Appoi
ntmentdi
aryi
susedt
orecor
dspeci
fi
cti
meanddat
eoft
hedai
l
yschedul
ee.
g.

Sunday
,1stJune2017

8:
00AM Meetmom att
heAf
yaCent
re

10:
00AM Wat
cht
heVampi
remov
ie

2:
00PM Vi
si
taunt
ieJanei
nBur
ubur
u

4:
00PM Ret
urnt
hebor
rowedbook‘
Sinbadmi
sadv
ent
ures’

Apersonaldiar
yorjournaldi
f f
er sfr
om anappointmentdiarybecauseaper sonaljournal
isa
recor
dofev ent
sthathavealreadyhappenedandi susuall
yinnarrat
iveform.Thet it
lemust
alwaysbethedateinful
lwhent heeventshappened.E.g.Dayone, Monday,23rdOctober2016.
Whenwr i
ngaper sonalj
ournal,capturethefeel
i
ngsandopi nionsthatyouexper i
encedbecause
theyhel
pthewr i
terr
eli
vethoseof t
enexciti
ngmoment s.Eachdayshoul dbeinonepar agraph
whetherl
ongorshor t
.Bedetailedandi maginat
ivewhenr ecounti
ngpastepisodes.E. g.

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ls,
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ah@g
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Tuesday
,4thFebr
uar
y,2017

Fir
stdayinhi
ghschool.Iam excitedandfr
ight
enedatthesamet i
me.Ipr aythatmyfearsdonot
show.IhavetoomanyquestionsbutIdon’twanttoappearstupi
d.So,Ikeepthem tomyself.I
tis
theendofthefi
rstdayandIhav en’tmadeevenonefri
end.Iwil
lhavetochangemyt acti
cs.Oneof
thethi
ngsIhavetolear
nishowt oeathotfoodqui
ckly
.Today,Ihadbarel
yeat enaquart
erofmy
foodwhentheteacherondutysai ditwast
imetoclearfr
om thedini
nghall.If
eltsohel
plessand
sad.

Youcanusethepr
esentper
fectt
ensemixedwi t
hpresentsi
mpl
etensesasi
nthi
sexampl
eorj
ust
si
mplepastt
ensemixedwit
hpastperf
ecttenses.

CLOZETEST

ACl ozeTestr equiresonet ofil

lgapsleftinagi venpassageandcont extsoast omakei t
compl eteusi ngt hemostappr opr i
ateorsui t
abl ewor ds.Thebestwayt ocompl eteacl ozet estis
byfirstreadi ngt hr
ought hepassaget oest ablishthecont extthent r
y i
ngt hef i
llt
heeasi erbl ank
spacesasy our eadt hroughthesecondt i
mebef orecompl eti
ngt hewhol et estthethirdorev en
fourthtimeofr eading.Fi ll
i
ngt heblankspaceswoul di nv olvetestingwor dsi ntheirrespect ive
spacest oseewhet hertheyfi
ti nthecontextunt i
lyoupi ckont hebestsy nonym.I ti
scr ucial tobe
awar eoft hepunct uationmar ksbecauseanyspaceaf teraf ullstop, anexcl amationmar kora
quest i
onmar kmustbef ill
edwi thawor dbegi nningwi thacapi tall
etter .Simi l
arl
y,spacest hatar e
partofpr opernouns—t hatrequireyoutocompl etet henounwoul dr equi reawor dthatbegi nswi t
h
acapi t
al l
etter .Iti
snecessar yt ocheckt het enseoft hesent encewher ey ouhav etof i
llthebl ank
spacet omakesur ey ouusethewor dinitspr opert enset hatwoul df i
t .Acl ozet estonlyt akesone
wordperbl ankspace.

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lineachoft
hebl
ankspacesbel
owwi
tht
hemostappr
opr
iat
ewor
d. 10mar
ks

TheI sr
ael—Ar abconfl
ict
sint heMi ddleEast__causedbyanumberoff actors,centr
alamong
them wast heBelfastDeclarati
on_ _theBr i
ti
shgov er
nmentthatitwantedtohel ptheZioni
sts
returntheJewswhower e_ _persecutedinEur opebacktothei
r‘ancestr
al’l
and.Ofcour sethe
Briti
shwer esurethatPalati
nel andwasnotJewi shlandtobereturnedorrepossessedbutt hey__
theJews, whohadv astr
esour cesinEurope, t
osuppor tt
heempi r
eandf il
li
ndebt edtotheempi r
e
forhelpingthem createt
heirown_ _ofIsrael
.

Manyoft heBr i
ti
shpoliti
ciansdidnotev enl i
kethe_ _andt hei
rpresenceinPal esti
nelandwas
obvi
ouslytoexploitthosel andsforwhat everrecoursest heycouldget ._
_t hef al
loftheOttoman
Empire,Bri
tainwantedtogetapi eceoft heMi ddleEastandhadsucceeded_ _tosomedegr ee.
Cont
roll
ingt heArabswasbecomi ngadi ff
icul
ttask_ _theBr iti
shwishedt hatbyestabli
sha
Jewi
shst ateinPalesti
net heywoul dhav eabet teral
ly.__di dtheyknowt hatthev er
yJewishst ate
wouldturnagainsttheempi reanddeclareitsowni ndependencef orci
ngt heBriti
shsoldi
ersout
andpushingt heArabsbackwar dsint
ot heirowncount r
ies; t
herebycreat
ingaconf l
i
ctthatwould
onl
yendwi thanapocal ypseoft heMi ddleEastespeci all
ybyI r
annukes.

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Si
l
entConsonant
sandVowel
s

Thesear
econsonant
sandv
owel
sthatf
orm par
tofawor
dst
ruct
urebutar
enotpr
onounced.

A:
aest
het
ic,
bread B:
bdel
l
ium,
debt
,andpl
umber

C:
indi
ctment
,muscl
e,sci
ence D:
dji
nn,
handker
chi
ef,
Wednesday

E:
giv
e,l
i
ke,
name(
the'
e'her
eisal
soknownast
he'
magi
ce'
)

F:
hal
fpenny G:
gnat
,gnaw,
gnei
ss,
gnu,
high,
phl
egm,
sign,
though

H:
daught
er,
echo,
hei
r,honest
,hour
,or
chi
d I
:fr
iend,
busi
ness J:
mar
ij
uana

K:
knee,
kni
fe,
kni
ght
,knot
,know L:
cal
f,coul
d,t
alk,
yol
k

M:
mnemoni
c N:
aut
umn,
col
umn,
damn,
hymn,
sol
emn

O:
col
onel
,l
eopar
d,peopl
e P:
cor
ps,
coup,
pneumoni
a,psal
m,psy
che,
recei
pt

Q:
Col
quhoun(
Scot
ti
shname)
,lacquer R:
for
ecast
le,
sar
sapar
il
la(
GA)

S:
aisl
e,bour
geoi
s,debr
is,
isl
and T:
bal
l
et,
cast
le,
rappor
t,l
i
sten

U:
col
l
eague,
guar
d,guesses,
tongue V:
Mil
ngav
ie(
Scot
ti
sht
own)

W:
answer
,gunwal
e,swor
d,t
wo,
wri
st,
wrong X:
bil
l
et-
doux,
fauxpas,
Sioux

Nove
ls,
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Y:
Isl
ay(
Scot
ti
shi
sland)
,Pepy
s Z:
chez
,lai
ssez-
fai
re,
rendezv
ous

Commonl
yMi
sspel
ledwor
ds

Maneuv er- -f
ool scap - -my opi a- -
diarrhea- -
wry--surprise--Endeav our--awry--occasi
on--
convenient--occur rence - -
recommendat ion --commi ttee --necessar y- -
dormitory--
pneumoni a- -
exer cise --abbr eviate- -abundant- -
aby smal- -acquiesce–aggr essive
absti
nenceal l
egi ance- -
privi
lege - -
annoy ance- -entrepreneur- -
apost r
ophe - -
argument-
-ur
ge - -att
orney- -
auxi l
i
ary- -bar gain- -bur eaucrati
c- -
cheet ah --curri
culum --syl
labus--
eti
quette- -
grateful- -absenteei sm - -enmi ty- -i
ntell
igence- -pronunciati
on - -
contempt uous- -laboratory- -li
quor- -messi ah- -medi ocr e- -medieval- -nui
sance- -
onomat opoeia- -par aphernalia- -personnel rendezvous- -
gradablesat el
lite--
souv eni
r--
chauvini
sm - -
silhouet te--tomor row - -
wr est l
e- -sell
otape- -hier
archy–l i
eutenant- -
drunkenness–ser geantr hythm

acci dent ally/accidently accommodat e– achi eve–acknowl edge acquai ntance–

acqui reacqui t acr eage addr ess– adul tery– adv i
sable af fect–ef fect
Aggr essi on aggr essi v
e– al legiance al most al otamat eur– annual l
y
appar ent ar ctic– becomi ng begi nning buoy /
buoy ant– camouf lage– capi t
ol
–capi t
al (bot hwor dsexi st,butar edi stinct)Car ibbean cat egor y caughtcemet er y–
changeabl echi ef col league col lect i
bl e–col lectablecol umn comi ng–
commi ttedconcede congr atulate consci ent i
ous–consci ous consensus
cont r
ov er sy cool ly decei ve def inite –def iantlydesper at e– di fference– di l
emma
– di sappoi nt– di sast rous–embar rass– exhi larateexi stence– exper ience–
extreme– f ascinating– f i
ery– f luor escent f oreign– f riend gauge– gr at ef
ul
– guar ant ee– gui dance har ass– hi er
ar chy– humor ous hy giene– i gnor ance
– i mi tat e– i mmedi atel y i ndependent i ndispensabl e–i ndi spensibl e i noculat e
i
nt el
li
gence j ewel ry l eisure l i
aison– l ibrar y– l icense l i
ghtning–l ightening
l
osemai ntenance– medi eval mement o– mi l
lennium – mi niaturemi nuscul e–
mi ni
scul e mi schiev ous– mi sspell – occur rence– occur red– omi ssion–
origi
nal out rageous- -
par li
ament– past i
me– per ceive– per sev erance–pl agi ari
ze
playwr ight– pr ecede– pr esence pr inciple–pr i
ncipal

Pr
ophecy(
asnoun)–pr
ophesy(
val
i
dasv
erb) quar
ant
ine– queue– quest
ionnai
re

Recei
pt r
ecommend– r
efer
red r
efer
ence–v
acuum

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I
nfor
malLet
ter
s

Thesear
elet
ter
swr
it
tent
ofr
iendsandr
elat
ives.Theyusual
l
yignor
etheel
ementoff
ormal
i
ty.

Thesalutat
ioninthesel
ett
ersshoul
dbesemi-
for
male.
g.DearMr/Mrs/Miss/Ms/Dr
/Pr
of.For
peopl
ey oubarelyknowandsuchlet
ter
sshoul
dendwit
h‘YoursSi
ncerel
y’plust
heini
ti
alsandthe
name.E.g.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely

K.
l.Waf
ula.

-
-Suchl
ett
ershav
eonl
yasi
ngl
eaddr
ess—t
heonet
hatbel
ongst
othewr
it
er.

--
Iti
sal
way
sbet
tert
oendwi
thy
ournameandj
ustst
artt
headdr
esswi
thy
ourboxof
fi
cenumber
e.g.

P.
O.BOX77

KI
SUMU

Forpeopl
ethatar
ecl
oset
oyoul
i
kef
ri
ends,
onl
yuset
hei
rfi
rstnamei
nthesal
utat
ion.Forexampl
e

DearMer
cy,
orDearJohn,
orev
enashor
nver
sionl
i
keDearbr
o.

-
-al
way
shast
hedat
eaf
tert
headdr
ess.Ski
pal
i
newhenmov
ingf
rom onei
tem t
oanot
her
.

Exampl
e

Wri
tealett
ert
oyourf
ri
endi
nanotherschool
.Int
helett
erinf
orm heraboutl
i
fei
nyourschool
,your
ambit
ionandt
hehappymemor
iesyousharedinthepast.

LUGULUGI
RLSHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX33

NAI
VASHA

31stJanuar
y2017

DearSasha,

Howar
eyoudoi
ng?Ihopey
ouar
easf
ineasIam orev
enbet
ter
.

Li
feher
eatschool
isOk.Ihavecometol
i
ketheschool
andmademanyf r
iends.Theweat
herisa
bi
twarmert
hanwhatwear eusedtoi
nEl
dor
etbutIam adapt
ingwel
l
.Themealsaresometi
mes

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chool
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mic
ah@g
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l.
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del
i
ciousandot
hert
imesbadbutt
hati
stobeexpect
ed.

Iwantt
oconcentrat
eonmystudi
esandcometheendofmyf
ouryear
sherei
nschool;
Ishoul
dget
astr
onggrade.Ihopey
ouar
ewor ki
nghar
dtoo.Weusedt
obecompeti
tor
sinpr
imaryschool
,
remember
?

Istil
lrememberourmoment stoget
her,howwewoul dski
ptheropetogether,
howwewoul dgo
singingtheChri
stmaschoralsi
nchurch.Doy ourememberhowy ouforgottheli
nesi
nthemiddle
ofy ourperf
ormance?AndIcutinandr escuedthesit
uati
on;ev
eryonethoughtwehadplanned
thatmov eandpraisedourgeni
usha!Itwaslovely.

Anyway,Imissyousomuchandy ear
ntoseey
ouwhenschool
sclose.I
nthemeant
imeIwi
l
lbe
await
ingyourrepl
ywi
theager
ness.Passmygr
eet
ingst
oyourf
riends.

YourFr
iend

Daph

For
malLet
ter
s

Formal l
ett
ersmustbecl
earconci
seandcomplet
e.Theeffect
ivenessofaf
ormallet
ter
deter
mi nestheki
ndofr
esponsethewri
teri
sli
kel
ytorecei
ve.Goodf or
mall
ett
ersshoul
dhav
ethe
fol
l
owi ngquali
ti
es:

-
-Theyshoul
dref
lectcl
ari
tyoft
hought
.Bef
orewri
ti
ngalet
tert
hinkaboutt
hesubj
ectmat
terand
makesureyouunderst
andwhatyouwanttocommuni
cate.

-
-Useav ar
iet
yofsent
ences—mi
xshor
tsent
enceswi
thr
elat
ivel
ylongonest
ogi
vey
ourwr
it
ing
f
lavour
.

-
-Ther
ightwor
dsshoul
dbesel
ect
edcar
eful
l
ytoconv
eyt
hepr
eci
semeani
ngr
equi
red.

-
-I
deasshoul
dbeexpr
essedl
ogi
cal
l
y.

-
-Usef
ormal
language—av
oidusi
ngsl
ang.

-
-Anyi
rr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dbeomi
tt
ed.

-
-For
mal
let
ter
sshoul
dhav
eapol
i
tet
one.

Addr
ess

Addressesshoul
dbewrit
teni
ncapit
allet
ter.Aformall
ett
erhasgottwoaddr esses.Thefi
rst
addressshoul
dbethesender
’sorwri
ter’
sthefoll
owedbytheaddressee’
s.Donotst artt
he
sender’
saddresswi
tht
hesender’
snamebuty oucanusethenameoft heinsti
tuti
onthesender

Nove
ls,
Upda
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chool
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ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

bel
ongst
o.

-
-Al
way
sskipali
neaft
erwr
it
ingt
headdr
essbef
orey
ouwr
it
ethedat
eorsal
utat
ion.I
tisadv
isabl
e
t
ousethebl
ockfor
matwhenwri
ti
ngl
ett
er.

Sal
utat
ion

For
mallet
ter
susef
ormal
sal
utat
ionsl
i
keDearSi
rorDearMadam andsomet
imesDear
Mr/Mr
s/Ms.

-
-Whenyousal
uteusi
ngDearSi
r/
Madam, al
way
ssi gnoffwi
thYour
sFai
thf
ull
y.Buti
fyousal
ute
wi
thDearMr/Mrs.Al
way
ssignoffwi
thYour
sSincerel
y.

RE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

ForRe: orreasonf orwr

it
ingdonotwrit
eref
:onl
yRE:andthenwri
teaver
ybr i
efandsummativ
e
reasonf orwrit
ing.Thestat
ementshoul
dsummar i
zewhatthel
ett
eri
sallabout.Al
waysski
paline
afterandbef or
eRE.

Body

Thei nt
roductor
yparagraphshouldcl
earl
ystatetheobjecti
veofthelet
ter
.Itprepar
esthereader
forthemai npoint
s.Thebodyshouldbespecifi
c;devoi
dofunnecessar ydetai
l
s.Agoodbody
shouldhav eatl
eastthreeparagr
aphsexpoundingonthei nt
roduct
ionandexplaini
ngclear
lyand
brief
lywhatisatstake.Thelastpar
agraphshouldconcludethelet
terbyshowingopti
mi sm or
stati
ngthemai nmessage.

Let
ter
sofAppl
icat
ion

Whenappl
yi
ngf
oraj
obconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ng

a)Ment
ionunder‘
RE’
theki
ndofv
acancyy
ouar
eappl
yi
ngf
or.

b)I
nyourint
roduct
ion,
indi
cat
ewhati
nfor
medy
ouoft
hev
acancye.
g.aspeci
fi
cnewspaperi
ssue,
websi
teormemo.

c)I
nthebody,shar
eyourabi
li
ti
esandindi
cat
ewhyyout
hinky
oucancont
ri
but
etot
he
i
mprovementofthati
nst
it
uti
onifgi
venachance.

d)Expr
essopt
imi
sm i
nyourconcl
usi
ont
haty
ouwi
l
lgett
hej
ob.

e)Whenwr
it
ingusecur
rentdat
esandbedet
ail
ed.

Quest
ion

Yougraduat
edascer t
ifi
edaccountant
,fouryearsagoandy ouhavebeenwor ki
ngseveral
t
h
accounti
ngjobs.YouseeonTheSt andardnewspaperof7 January2017, anadver
ti
sementfora
quali
fi
edaccountantt
ofil
lthevacancyofseniorbursarSt
rathmor
eCollege.Wri
tealett
erappl
yi
ng
fort
hejob.

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ls,
Upda
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

P.
O.BOX66

NANDI

10TH JANUARY2017

MANAGER

STRATHMORECOLLEGE

P.
O.BOX101

NAI
ROBI
—CODEOO1

DearSi
r/
Madam,

RE:
Appl
yi
ngf
ort
hev
acancyofseni
orbur
sarSt
rat
hmor
eCol
l
ege

Fol
l
owi ngt
headv er
ti
sementappear
ingonTheSt dof7thJanuar
andar y2017,
Iwoul
dli
ket
oappl
y
tof
il
lthevacancyofaseni
orbursar
.

Iam agraduateofKenyattaUniv er
sit
ywhereIstudi
edabachelor’
sdegreein
commerce—accountingopt i
onandIam al soacerti
fi
edaccountant
,hol
derofCPAsect i
on5f r
om
KenyaSchoolofMonet arystudies.Ihaveawealt
hofaccounti
ngexperi
ence, hav
ingwor kedat
Lugul
uGi r
lsasanaccount antfortwoy ear
sthenKibabi
iUni
versi
tyint
heof f
iceofFinancefora
year
.Current
lyam workinginthecount ygover
nmentofBungomaasapr ocurementoffi
cer.

Iam averyhardworki
ngindiv
idual,
punctualanddedi
catedtomywor kandt hi
scanbev eri
fi
edby
theref
ereesthatar
eprov i
dedonmyCV.I fIgetanopportuni
tyt
owor ki
ny ourinst
it
uti
on,Iwil
l
bringawealt
hofexperience,f
reshnessandenthusi
asm inyouraccount
ingdepartment,
asmy
trackr
ecordshows.

Mymai nmot i
vat
ionforchoosingt
owor kinyouri
nsti
tut
ioni
sthegoodreput
ati
onyouri
nst
it
uti
on
hascul
tivat
edinitst
reatmentofclient
s,workersandthepubl
ic.Iwoul
dfeel
proudt
obepartof
theSt
rathmorecommuni tythatpr
idesitsel
fonexcell
enceofservi
ce.

Pleasefi
ndattachedmyf
ull
resumeandot
herdocument
sthatat
testt
omypr
ofi
l
easbef
it
ti
ng
yourinst
it
uti
on.

Nove
ls,
Upda
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CT,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Iam l
ooki
ngf
orwar
dtoaposi
ti
ver
esponsef
rom y
ou.

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y

Si
gn

Deni
sK.Bar
asa

Let
ter
sofI
nvi
tat
ion

Let
tersofi
nvit
ati
onsar
ewr i
tt
entoi
nvi
tepeopleforaneventorsoci
aloccasi
on.Somelet
ter
sof
i
nvit
ati
oncanbef or
mal,i
nvi
ti
nganappl
icantt
oani nt
erv
iewbutmajorit
yofsuchlet
ter
saresemi
-
for
mal i
nvi
ti
ngpeoplef
ormall
ytoasoci
aleventl
i
keaweddi ng.

Quest
ion

Asthesecr
etar
yofKalamuWr i
ter
sCl
ub,wri
tetotheEdi
tor
-i
nChi
efofal
ocal
publ
i
cat
ion,
inv
iti
ng
hi
mt obeyourguestspeakerduri
ngy
ourannualpart
y.

-
-I
ntr
oducti
on—St
atedi
rect
lyt
hemessaget
haty
ouar
einv
iti
nghi
mtobet
heguestspeakerdur
ing
t
heclub’
sannual
part
y.

-
-I
nthebodyst
atewhatt
heclubisal
labout
,it
smembershi
pandwhyhewoul
dberel
evantt
othe
membersandtheobj
ect
ivesoft
hepart
y.Al
sostat
ewhatheshoul
daddr
essi
nhi
sspeech.

--
int
heconclusion,
lookf
orwar
dtoar
epl
ysoonandgi
vecont
actdet
ail
sli
kephonenumbert
hathe
canreachquickl
y.

-
-Asasecr
etar
y,wr
it
eint
hir
dper
son—det
achy
our
sel
ffr
om t
hegr
oupandsay
,‘t
hegr
oupwoul
d..
.’

KALAMUWRI
TER’
SCLUB

P.
O.BOX2433

NAI
ROBI

12TH JANUARY2017

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

THEEDI
TORI
NCHI
EF

EASTAFRI
CANMAGAZI
NE

P.
O.BOX6664

NAI
ROBI

DearSi
r,

RE:
Inv
itat
iont
obeourguestspeakeronourannual
par
ty

MembersofKal
amuWri
ter
swouldbegr
ateful
ifyouagreedtobethei
rguestspeakerdur
ingt
hei
r
t
h
annual
par
tywhi
chwi
ll
beheldatt
heSagretHotelonFr
iday16 January2017from 7PM.

Kal
amuwr i
terscl
ubhasamember shi
pof100.Thesear epeopl
ewhoar ei
nterestedinwr i
ti
ngand
wouldl
i
ket oimprovet
hei
rski
ll
sandknowledgebylist
eningtol
ectur
es,at
tendingwor kshopsand
wri
ti
ngart
iclesf
orthei
rcl
ub’
smont hl
ymagazine.Theclubhasbeeninexi
stencef orf
iveyears.

Atourlastgener
almeeti
ngmember ssel
ectedyoutobethisyear
’sguestspeakerf
ort
heannual
par
ty.Member shavebeenimpressedbythehighqual
ityofyourmagazineforsometi
menow.Iti
s
anobjecti
vemagazinewhichhasalwaysstoodfort
ruth.

Thecl
ubtakescar
eoft
hetr
avel
l
ing,accommodationandappear
ancecost
sataf
ixedcash
amountofksh10,
000f
orev
eryi
nvit
edchiefguest
.

Theclubi
slooki
ngforwardtohear
ingf
rom y
ousoon.Youcanreacht
hesecr
etar
yort
hechai
r
di
rect
lyonacall
:0722767889oremail
kal
amucl
ub@y ahoo.
com.

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y

Si
gn

Mut
honi
Oti
eno

Cl
ubSecr
etar
y

Exer
cise

Ast
hesecret
aryofLuguluGir
lsJournal
i
sm Club,wr
it
etoaf
amousr
adi
opr
esent
er,
inv
iti
nghert
o
bey
ourguestspeakerduri
ngyourannualpar
ty.

Let
terofApol
ogy

Alett
erofapol
ogyisawayoftel
li
ngsomeonethaty
ouaresor
ryfordoi
ngsomet
hingwr
ongor
causi
ngaproblem.Thel
anguagether
efor
eshoul
dbeapol
oget
ic.

Whatset
sapar
tthel
ett
erofapol
ogyf
rom ot
hert
ypesofl
ett
ersi
sthel
anguageused.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Feat
uresofaLet
terofApol
ogy

1.I
tshoul
dbeshor
tandt
othepoi
nt.I
fiti
slongandwi
ndi
ng,
itsoundsasaj
ust
if
icat
ionf
ort
he
wrongdone.

2.I
tshoul
dfi
rstbei
naccept
anceoradmi
ssi
onoft
hewr
ongcommi
tt
edt
otheof
fendedpar
ty.

3.I
tshoul
dexpr
essr
egr
etf
orwhathashappened.

4.Thet
oneoft
hel
ett
ermustbeapol
oget
ic.

5.Theapol
ogyi
susual
l
yfol
l
owedbyashor
texpl
anat
ion.

6.Wher
eappr
opr
iat
e,anof
ferofcompensat
ionshoul
dbemade.

7.Dependingontherel
ati
onshi
pbetweentheper
sonapol
ogi
singandt
heoner
ecei
vi
ngt
he
apol
ogy,thelet
tercanbefor
mal ori
nfor
mal.

St
eps

-
-Admi
toracceptt
hewr
ongdone

-
-I
fyouacceptr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,
off
ercompensat
ion

-
-Pr
omi
senott
orepeatt
hemi
stake

Quest
ion

Youar
eachiefaccount
antofLol
ianFl
owerLi
mited,youwerespott
edbythemanagercomingl
ate
towor
kdespi
tethelai
ddownr ul
eswhi
chprohi
bitl
ateness.Apol
ogi
seforyourbehav
iour
.

LOLI
ANFLOWERSLI
MITED

P.
O.BOX33

NAI
VASHA

10TH JANUARY2017

THEMANAGER

LOLI
ANFLOWERSLI
MITED

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

DearMr
.Obudho,

RE:
Apol
ogy

Iwouldli
ket
oapol
ogi
sef
orbei
ngl
atef
orwor
ktodaymor
ningcont
rar
ytot
hel
aiddownr
uleson
l
ateness.

Ihav
etakenthi
searl
yoppor
tuni
tytocorrectthei
mpressi
onmybehavi
ourmighthaveportr
ayed.
Whil
emybehav i
ourt
odaywasinexcusable,Iwasdel
ayedbyani
ggl
ingfami
l
ymat terconcer
ning
mywifewhichi
snowundercontrol
.

Iwoul
dli
ket
oassur
eyout
hatt
hiswi
l
lnothappenagai
n.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely

Si
gn

Ki
propSongok

Chi
efAccount
ant

Let
ter
sofRequest
sandI
nqui
ry

Asi
not
herbusi
nessorof
fi
cial
let
ter
s,l
ett
ersofr
equest
scont
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion

1.Ther
easonf
orwr
it
ingi
nthei
ntr
oduct
ion.

2.Thef
act
syouar
epr
esent
ingabouty
ourcase,
organi
sedi
nal
ogi
cal
fashi
on.

3.Whaty
ouwantt
headdr
esseet
odof
ory
ou,
star
ti
ngwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tantr
equest
.

Youneedt osel
lyourselfanddemonstratethaty
oudeservewhatyouareaskingfor
.Giv
egood
reasons.Youneedtostatethatthepersonwhoistograntyoutherequestst
andstobenef
it
.
Appeal t
otheaddressee’ssenseoffai
rnessandindi
cat
ethatyouhav efai
thi
nhim.

Lett
ersofI
nqui
ry,
ontheotherhand,
arewrit
tenwhenyouwanttofi
ndoutorv
eri
fyi
nfor
mation
fr
om acert
aini
nsti
tut
ionoraski
facertai
nfi
rm hasspeci
fi
cgoodsorpr
ovi
decer
tai
nservi
ces.

Exampl
eofLet
terofRequest

Youar einfor
mf our
.Youhav enotcompl et
edpayingyourschool feesal
thoughthepri
ncipalhas
al
lowedy out
ostayonsot hatyourstudi
esinthi
scrucialyeararenotint
errupt
ed.Fort
unatel
y,you
havereadaboutanongov ernmentalorgani
sati
onthathelpsintel
li
gentbutneedyhighschool
students.Wri
tealet
tert
ot hem requesti
ngforabursar
y .

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

FROM

CHARI
TYKARI
MI—REG.NO.2345

SKYWAYSHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX234

VI
HIGA

THROUGH

THEPRI
NCI
PAL

SKYWAYSHI
GHSCHOOL

30TH Januar
y2017

TO

MANAGI
NGDI
RECTOR

EDUCATI
ONSUPPORTFOUNDATI
ON

P.
O.BOX465

NAI
ROBI

DearMr
s.I
ndi
mul
i
,

RE:
Requestf
orf
inanci
alassi
stance

Iam wri
ti
ngtorequestyourest
eemedf
oundat
iont
ogr
antmeabur
sar
ytoenabl
emecl
earmy
feesbal
anceofksh98,000.

Iam aformfourst
udentatSkywayshighschool
.Iowetheschoolt
hisamountbutmyparentsar
e
unablet
opaybecauseoftheprolongeddr
oughtthathashi
tourKakamegacountyanddest
royed
cropsandani
mals.Myfamilyhasnomoneyandt heyarebar
elysur
vivi
ng.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Myper f
ormanceinexamshasbeengood.Ihavetoppedourcandi
datecl
assforthelastt
woterms
withameangr adeofAminus.Iam av
eryhardworki
ngandhumbl est
udentandIam hopingt
oget
yourhel
psot hatIcanr
eal
isemydream ofst
udyi
ngCi v
ilEngi
neer
ingi
ntheuniver
sit
y.

Iam wri
ti
ngtoyoubecauseyourint
eresti
ntheeducati
onofthedisadvantagedKenyai
swell
known.Iknowsomeofthebenefactorsofyourpr
ogram andtheyareevergrat
efult
oEducat
ion
Suppor
tFoundati
on.Iwi
llbehonouredtobeoneofthem.

Iwouldbehappyi
fyougrantedmeabur saryofksh98000.I
fyoudeci
detohel
ppleasewrit
ethe
chequeint
henameoft heschoolandi
fy ouneedfur
therdet
ail
syoucoul
demailt
heprinci
palon
skywayr
s@gmail.
com orcal
lheron0732456665.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely

Si
gn

St
udent

Let
terofi
nqui
ry

Youaret heprocurementmanagerofCarni
voreClub;wri
tealet
tert
oKerocheIndust
ri
esLimi
tedto
i
nquir
ei ftheyhavethethr
eetypesofal
coholicdri
nksthatt
heyhavebeenadvert
isi
ngonthemajor
tel
evi
sionst at
ions;t
hei
rwhol
esalepri
ces,quanti
ti
estheycansuppl
yandtherespecti
vedi
scount
s.

THEPROCUREMENTOFFI
CE

CARNI
VORECLUB

P.
O.BOX764

NAI
ROBI

23RD JANUARY2017

THESALESMANAGER

KEROCHEI
NDUSTRI
ESLI
MITED

P.
O.BOX66

NAI
VASHA

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

DearSi
r/
Madam,

RE:
INQUI
RYONTHENEW DRI
NKS

Iwouldl
iketofindoutinformat i
onont henewdr inksbeingadvert
isedbyy ourcompanyon
NTV,KTNandCi ti
zentelevi
sionchannel s.Accordingtotheadvert
s, t
henamesoft henewdrinks
areCest
a, Guar
anaandZem.Ki ndl
yletmeknowt hepr
icesofthesedrinksatthewholesalepri
ce
andthediscountsatt
achedt oeachl oad.Alsofurnishmewi t
hdetailsonalcoholi
ccontentof
thesedr
inksandt hei
rclassi
ficati
ons.

Wear ethel
eadi
ngent er
tai
nmenthouseinNai
robi,t
heref
ore,wewoul
dbegl
adtogett
hesenew
dri
nksthesoonestpossi
blesothatwecanint
roducethem aspar
toft
hemanyopt
ionswehaveto
ourpatr
ons.

Pl
easer
espondt
hesoonestpossi
blebyemai
loncar
nir
es@y
ahoo.
com orcal
lmeon0791875262.

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y

Si
gn

Geor
geMai
na

ThePr
ocur
ementof
fi
cer

Recommendat
ionl
ett
er/
Conf
ident
ial
Repor
t

Aconf i
dent
ialreportissomet i
mesr eferr
edtoasr eferenceorrecommendat ionlet
ter.Thistypeof
reportr
equi
rest hewr i
tert
ocommenti nconf
idenceorgi v eanassessmentoft hesuitabi
l
ityof
someoneorsomet hingforagi ventaskoracti
vit
y.Suchr epor
tsareexpectedtoment ionthe
strengt
hsandweaknessest ruthful
l
y .Theyar
ether eforenotmeantf orpubl
icreadershipbutfor
thepersonrequesti
ngf orthem.

Whenwr
it
ingaconf
ident
ial
repor
tconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ng:

-
-Thewr
it
er’
saddr
ess -
-dat
e--
reci
pientaddr
ess -
-r
efer
encenumberorr
egi
str
ati
onnumber

-
-Thenameoft
heper
sonbei
ngr
ecommended -
-st
rengt
hsandweaknessesoft
hesubj
ect

-
-I
nthecl
osi
ngt
agi
ncl
udename,
signat
ureandy
ourt
it
le

Exampl
e

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EXCELLHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX78

MOMBASA

11TH FEBURUARY2017

THECO-
ORDI
NATOR

P.
O.BOX46

NAKURU

DearSi
r,

RE:
Pet
erBar
aka—Admi
ssi
onNumber
s4121

Theabovenamedwasast udentintheschoolfr
om 2003—2006.Whi l
eher
e,hedispl
ay ed
exemplaryl
eadershipquali
tiesandservedasgamescaptainfort
woy ear
s.Underhisleader
shi
p,
theschoolwaswel lr
epresentedinbal
l gamestothenati
onall
evel
.Itwasinrecogni
ti
onofthis
thathewasv ot
edt heoutstandi
ngprefectoft
hey ear(
2005).

Academical
ly,hewasofaver
ageabil
it
y.Thi
ssawhi m scoreameangr adeofBmi nusi
ntheKenya
Cert
if
icat
eofSecondaryExamsof2006.Inaddi
ti
on,Bar aka’sspokenandwr i
tt
enEngli
shisgood,
hi
sSwahi l
ievenbet
ter
.Heisalsogoodinsi
mplearit
hmet i
candhi sst
rongestpoi
ntishi
suseful
habi
toftakingdownimport
antinf
ormati
onforl
aterreference.

Apar
tfrom hi
stendencyt
okeept
ohi
msel
fwheni
gnor
ed,
Bar
akai
srel
i
abl
e,co-
oper
ati
veand
i
ndustr
ious.

Irecommendhi
m wi
thf
ull
conf
idencet
hathewi
l
lnotdi
sappoi
nty
oui
fof
fer
edaj
obi
nyour
associ
ati
on.

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y

Si
gn

JamesSi
tuma

Pr
inci
pal

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Exer
cise

Imagineyournamehasbeengi venasaref
ereebyMissJaneWat
atewhohasappl iedforajobas
arecepti
onistandtypi
statMombasaTouri
stOffi
cebecausey
ouwerehercl
asst eacher.Email
a
confi
denti
al r
eportonhersui
tabi
li
tyf
ort
heposit
iont
oMombasaTouristOff
ice.

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngdet
ail
s:

-
-Academi
cabi
l
ity -
-per
for
manceofherdut
ies r
elat
ionshi
pwi
thcl
i
ent
s--
otherr
elev
antqual
i
ties

I
dioms

Anidi
om i
sanexpressionwhosemeani
ngisdifferentf
rom al
lthemeani
ngofit
sconsti
tuent
wordsandthati
susedt osummari
zesi
tuat
ions.Idiomsareuni
queinagivenl
anguageand
communityandmightnotmakesensei
notherlanguages.

Commoni
dioms

Ahotpot at o
Speakofani ssue( most l
ycur rent)whi chmanypeopl earetalki
ngaboutandwhich
i
susual l
ydi sput ed
Apennyf ory ourt hought s
Awayofaski ngwhatsomeonei sthinking
Acti
onsspeakl oudert hanwor ds
Peopl e'si ntentionscanbej udgedbet terbywhatt heydot hanwhattheysay.
Addinsul ttoi njury
Tof urt
heral osswi thmocker yori ndignit
y;towor senanunf avor
abl
esituat
ion.
Anarm andal eg
Ver yexpensi veorcost ly.Al argeamountofmoney .
Atthedr opofahat
Meani ng: withoutanyhesi t
at i
on;instantly.
Backtot hedr awi ngboar d
Whenanat t
emptf ailsandi t'
st i
met ost artallover.
Bal
l i
siny ourcour t
Itisupt oy out omaket henextdeci sionorst ep
Barki
ngupt hewr ongt ree
Looki ngi nt hewr ongpl ace.Accusi ngt hewr ongper son
Begladt oseet hebackof
Behappywhenaper sonl eav es.
Beataroundt hebush
Av oidingt hemai ntopic.Notspeaki ngdi r
ectlyabouttheissue.
Bestofbot hwor lds
Meani ng: Alltheadv antages.
Bestthingsi ncesl i
cedbr ead
Agoodi nv entionori nnov ati
on.Agoodi deaorpl an.

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Biteof fmor et hany oucanchew

Tot akeonat askt hati swayt obi g.
Blessingi ndi sgui se
Somet hi nggoodt hati sn'trecogni zedatf irst.
Burnt hemi dni ghtoi l
Towor kl atei ntot heni ght, al
ludingt ot het imebef oreelectr
icli
ghting.
Can'tjudgeabookbyi tscov er
Cannotj udgesomet hingpr i
mar il
yonappear ance.
Caughtbet weent wost ools
Whensomeonef i
ndsi tdifficulttochoosebet weent woal t
ernati
ves.
Cost sanar m andal eg
Thisi diom i susedwhensomet hingi sv er yexpensi v e.
Crosst hatbr idgewheny oucomet oit
Deal wi thapr obl em i fandwheni tbecomesnecessar y,notbefore.
Cryov erspi ltmi lk
Wheny oucompl ainaboutal ossf rom t hepast .
Curiosityki l
ledt hecat
BeingI nqui sitivecanl eady ouintoanunpl easantsi t
uation.
Cutcor ners
Whensomet hingi sdonebadl yt osav emoney .
Cutt hemust ar d[ possi blyder i
vedf r
om " cutt hemust er"]
Tosucceed; tocomeupt oexpect ati
ons; adequat eenought ocompet eor
participat e
Dev i
l'
sAdv ocat e
Topr esentacount erar gument
Don'tcounty ourchi ckensbef oret heeggshav ehat ched
Thisi diom i susedt oexpr ess" Don' tmakepl ansf orsomet hingthatmightnot
happen" .
Don'tgi veupt hedayj ob
Youar enotv er ygoodatsomet hing.Youcoul ddef init
elynotdoi tprof
essi
onal
ly
.
Don'tputal lyoureggsi nonebasket
Donotputal ly ourr esour cesi nonepossi bil
ity.
Drast i
ct i
mescal lfordr ast icmeasur es
Wheny ouar eext r
emel ydesper atey ouneedt ot akedr asti
cactions.
El
v i
shasl ef tthebui ldi ng
Theshowhascomet oanend.I t'sal lov er.
Everycl oudhasasi lverl ining
Beopt imi st i
c, ev endi ffi
cul tti
meswi llleadt obet terday s.
Farcr yf r
om
Verydi fferentf rom.
Feel abi tundert heweat her
Meani ng: Feel ingsl ight lyil
l.
Givet hebenef itoft hedoubt
Believ esomeone' sst atement ,withoutpr oof.
Heari tont hegr apev ine
Thisi diom means' tohearr umor s' aboutsomet hingorsomeone.

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Hitthenai lont hehead

Doorsaysomet hingexact l
yr i
ght
Hitthesack/sheet s/hay
Togot obed.
I
nt heheatoft hemoment
Ov erwhel medbywhati shappeni ngi nthemoment .
I
tt akest wot ot ango
Act i
onsorcommuni cationsneedmor ethanoneper son
Jumpont hebandwagon
Joinapopul artrendoract i
vit
y.
Keepsomet hingatbay
Keepsomet hingaway .
Kil
l t
wobi rdswi thonest one
Thisi diom means, toaccompl isht wodi ff
erentthingsatt hesamet i
me.
Lastst r
aw
Thef inal problem inaser i
esofpr oblems.
Letsl eepingdogsl i
e
Meani ng-donotdi sturbasi tuationasi tis-si nceitwoul dresul
tintr
oubl
eor
compl icat i
ons.
Lett hecatoutoft hebag
Toshar ei nformat i
ont hatwaspr eviouslyconceal ed
Makeal ongst or yshor t
Comet ot hepoi nt-leav eoutdet ai l
s
Met hodt omymadness
Anasser tiont hat,despiteone' sappr oachseemi ngrandom, ther
eactual
lyi
s
structur et oi t
.
Misst heboat
Thisi diom i susedt osayt hatsomeonemi ssedhi sorherchance
Notaspar kofdecency
Meani ng: Nomanner s
Notpl ay i
ngwi thaf ulldeck
Someonewhol acksi ntelli
gence.
Offone' sr ocker
Craz y,dement ed,outofone' smi nd, i
naconf usedorbef uddledstat
eofmind,
seni l
e.
Ont hebal l
Whensomeoneunder standst hesi tuati
onwel l.
Oncei nabl uemoon
Meani ng: Happensv eryr arely
.
Picturepai nt sat housandwor ds
Av isual present ati
oni sf armor edescr i
ptiv
et hanwor ds.
Pieceofcake
Aj ob, taskorot heract i
vitythatiseasyorsi mpl e.
Putwool overot herpeopl e'
sey es
Thismeanst odecei vesomeonei ntothinkingwel lofthem.
Seeey etoey e

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Thisidiom i susedt osaythattwo(ormor epeople)agreeonsomethi

ng.
Si
tont hef ence
Thisisusedwhensomeonedoesnotwantt ochooseormakeadeci si
on.
Speakoft hedev il
!
Thisexpr essi oni susedwhent hepersonyouhav ejustbeental
ki
ngaboutarr
ives.
Stealsomeone' st hunder
Tot aket hecr edi tforsomet hi
ngsomeoneel sedid.
Takewi t
hagr ainofsal t
Thismeansnott ot akewhatsomeonesay stooser i
ously.
Tasteofy ourownmedi cine
Meanst hatsomet hi
nghappenst oyou,orisdonetoy ou,t
hatyouhavedoneto
someoneel se
Tohearsomet hingst r aightfrom t
hehorse'
smout h
Tohearsomet hi ngf r
om theauthor
it
ativ
esource.
Wholeni ney ards
Everything.Al l ofi t
.
Wouldn'tbecaughtdead
Woul dnev erliket odosomet hi
ng
Yourguessi sasgoodasmi ne
Tohav enoi dea, donotknowt heanswertoaquest i
on

Phr
asalVer
bs

phr
asalv
erb Meani
ng examplesentence
BrianaskedJudyoutt odinneranda
asksbyout i
nvi
teonadat
e
mov ie.
askmanypeopl
ethesame Iaskedar oundbutnobodyhasseenmy
askar
ound
quest
ion wal l
et.
ost
addupt hgEqual Yourpur chasesaddupt o$205.32.
You'llhavet obackupy ourcarsot hatI
backst
hgup Rever
se
cangetout .
Mywi febackedmeupov ermydeci sion
backsbyup Suppor
t
toqui tmyj ob.
Ther acingcarbl ewupaf t
eritcrashed
bl
owup Expl
ode
i
nt othef ence.
Wehav et oblow50bal l
oonsupf orthe
owst
bl hgup addai
r
party.
st
opfunct
ioni
ng(
vehi
cl
e, Ourcarbr okedownatt hesideoft he
br
eakdown
machi
ne) highwayi nt hesnowstorm.
Thewomanbr okedownwhent hepol i
ce
br
eakdown getupset
toldhert hathersonhaddi ed.

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phrasalv
erb Meaning exampl esent ence
breaksthg Ourt eacherbr oket hef inal pr ojectdown
di
vi
dei
ntosmall
erpart
s
down i
nt ot hr eesepar atepar t
s.
Somebodybr okei nlastni ghtandst ole
breaki n forceent r
yt oabui l
ding
ourst er eo.
breaki nto Thef i
r emenhadt obr eaki nt ot her oom
ent erf orcibly
sthg torescuet hechi ldren.
wearst hgaf ewt imessot hati
tIneedt obr eakt heseshoesi nbef orewe
breakst hgin
doesn' tlook/ feelnew runnextweek.
TheTVst ationbr okei nt or epor tthe
breaki n Inter r
upt
newsoft hepr esi dent '
sdeat h.
Myboy friendandIbr okeupbef oreI
breakup endar elationshi p
mov edt oAmer ica.
Theki dsj ustbr okeupassoonast he
breakup star tlaughi ng( infor
mal )
clownst artedt alking.
Thepr i
soner sbr okeoutofj ailwhent he
breakout Escape
guar dswer en'tl ooki ng.
breakouti n Ibrokeouti nar ashaf t
erourcampi ng
dev elopaski ncondi ti
on
sthg tri
p.
bringsby
makeunhappy Thissadmusi ci sbr i
ngi ngmedown.
down
Mygr andpar ent sbr oughtmeupaf ter
bringsbyup r aiseachi l
d
mypar ent sdi ed.
Mymot herwal ksoutoft her oom when
bringst hgup star ttalkingaboutasubj ect
myf atherbr i
ngsupspor ts.
Hedr anksomucht hathebr oughthi s
bringst hgup Vomi t
dinnerupi nt het oilet.
phonemanydi f
ferent Wecal ledar oundbutwewer en'tablet o
callaround
places/ peopl e fi
ndt hecarpar tweneeded.
Icalledt hecompanybackbutt he
callsbyback r etur naphonecal l
offi
ceswer ecl osedf ort heweekend.
Jasoncal ledt heweddi ngof fbecause
callsthgof f Cancel
hewasn' tinl ov ewi thhi sf iancé.
Thepr of essorcal ledonmef orquest ion
callonsby askf oranansweroropi nion
1.
Wecal ledony oul astni ghtbuty ou
callonsby v isitsby
wer en' thome.
Givemey ourphonenumberandIwi l
l
callsbyup Phone
cally ouupwhenwear ei nt own.
Youar est i
llmad.Youneedt ocal m
calm down r elaxaf terbei ngangr y
downbef orey oudr ivet hecar .
notcar efor
notl ike( formal ) Idon' tcar eforhi sbehav iour .
sby/st
hg

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phr
asalv
erb Meaning examplesentence
gettothesamepoi ntassby You' l
lhavetorunfastert
hanthati
fyou
cat
chup
el
se wanttocatchupwi thMarty.
arr
iveandregi
steratahotelor Wewi ll
getthehotelkeyswhenwe
checki
n
ai
rport checkin.
Youhav etocheckoutofthehotel
checkout l
eaveahot el
befor
e11:00AM.
checksby/ Thecompanychecksoutal lnew
l
ookatcareful
ly,i
nvesti
gat
e
sthgout employees.
checkout
l
ookat(
inf
ormal
) Checkoutt
hecr
azyhai
ront
hatguy
!
sby/st
hg
Shecheer edupwhenshehear dt he
cheerup becomehappi
er
goodnews.
Ibroughty ousomef l
ower stocheery ou
cheersbyup makehappi
er
up.
Ifeveryonechipsi nwecangett he
chi
pin Hel
p
kit
chenpai ntedbynoon.
Pleasecleanupy ourbedroom bef ore
eanst
cl hgup t
idy
,cl
ean
yougoout si
de.
comeacr
oss Icameacr osstheseol dphotoswhenI
f
indunexpect
edl
y
st
hg wast idyi
ngt hecloset.
Thet opandbot tom comeapar tifyou
comeapar
t Separ
ate
pullhardenough.
comedown Mynephewcamedownwi thchicken
becomesick
wihst
t hg poxt hisweekend.
vol
unteerf
orat
askort
ogi
ve Thewomancamef orwardwithher
comef orward
evi
dence husband'sf i
ngerpr i
nts.
comef rom
ori
ginat
ein Thear
tofor
igami
comesf
rom Asi
a.
somepl ace
countonsby / Iam countingony outomakedi nner
rel
yon
sthg whileIam out .
Pleasecrossouty ouroldaddressand
crosssthgoutdrawal inethrough
writ
ey ournewone.
cutbackon Mydoct orwant smet ocutbackon
consumel ess
sthg sweetsandf att
yf oods.
Wehadt ocutt heol dtr
eeinoury ard
cutsthgdownmakest hgfalltotheground
downaf terthest orm.
Yourfathercuti nwhi l
eIwasdanci ng
cutin Interr
upt
withyouruncl e.
pullintoocloselyinfrontof Thebusdr ivergotangr ywhent hatcar
cutin
anotherv ehicl
e cutin.
startoperating(ofanengineor Theaircondi ti
onercut sinwhent he
cutin
electri
caldev i
ce) temperatureget sto22° C.

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phr
asalv
erb Meani
ng examplesentence
Thedoct orscutoffhi
slegbecausei t
cutst
hgof
f r
emov
ewi
thst
hgshar
p
wassev erelyi
njur
ed.
Thephonecompanycutof fourphone
cutst
hgof
f st
oppr
ovi
ding
becausewedi dn'
tpayt
hebi ll
.
Mygr andparentscutmyf atherof
fwhen
cutsbyof
f t
akeoutofawi
l
l
heremar ri
ed.
r
emovepartofsthg(
usual
l
y
cutst
hgout Icutt
hisadoutoft
henewspaper
.
wi
thsci
ssorsandpaper
)
dosby /st
hg He' sluckyt obeal iv e.Hi sshopwas
beatup, ransack( Br
E,informal)
over doneov erbyast reetgang.
Myt eacherwant smet odomyessay
dost hgover doagai n( AmE)
overbecauseshedoesn' tl i
kemyt opic.
doawaywi th It'
st i
met odoawaywi thal loft heseol d
Discard
sthg taxr ecor ds.
Doy ourcoatupbef or ey ougoout side.
dost hgup f asten,close
It'
ssnowi ng!
It'
saf ancyr est aur antsowehav eto
dressup wearni cecl ot hi
ng
dressup.
Andr eadr oppedbackt ot hirdpl ace
dropback mov ebacki naposi ti
on/ group
whenshef ellof fherbi ke.
dropi n/by/ Imi ghtdr opi n/ by / ov erf ort ea
comewi thoutanappoi ntment
over somet imet hisweek.
dropsby /sthgtakesby /st hgsomewher eand Ihav et odr opmysi sterof fatwor k
off l
eav ethem/ itthere bef oreIcomeov er.
Idr oppedoutofSci encebecausei twas
dropout quitacl ass, school etc
toodi f
ficul t.
Idon' tfeel l
ikecooki ngt onight .Let'seat
eatout eatatar est aur ant
out .
Weendedupr ent ingamov ieinst eadof
endup eventuallyr each/ do/decide
goingt ot het heat re.
Mynewdr essf ellapar tint hewashi ng
fallapart breakint opi eces
machi ne.
Thepi cturet haty ouhungupl astni ght
falldown fall
tothegr ound
felldownt hismor ning.
Themoneymusthav ef allenoutofmy
fallout separatef rom ani nt
erior
pocket .
(ofhair,teet h)becomel oose Hi shai rst artedt of al loutwhenhewas
fallout
andunat tached only35.
fi
gur esthg Ineedt of igur eouthowt of i
tt hepi ano
understand, fi
ndt heanswer
out andt hebookshel fi nt hi sr oom.
towr i
tei nf or mationinblanks, Pl easef il
li nt hef or m wi thy ourname,
fi
llsthgin
asonaf or m( BrE) addr ess, andphonenumber .

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phr
asalv
erb Meani ng exampl esent ence
towr i
t ei nf ormat i
oninbl anks, Thef or m mustbef il
ledouti ncapi t
al
fi
llst
hgout
asonaf or m( AmE) letters.
Ialway sfillthewat erj ugupwheni tis
fi
llst
hgup f i
lltot het op
empt y .
Wedon' tknowwher ehel ives.Howcan
fi
ndout Discov er
wef indout ?
Wet riedt okeept het i
meoft hepar tya
fndst
i hgout Di scov er
secr et ,butSamant haf oundi tout .
getsthg communi cat e, make Itriedt ogetmypoi ntacr oss/ overt othe
across/ov er under st andabl e judgebutshewoul dn'tli
st en.
Iwassur prisedhowwel l mynew
getalong/on likeeachot her
girlfr
iendandmysi stergotal ong/ on.
Mygr andf athercangetar oundf inei n
getaround hav emobi lity
hisnewwheel chair.
Wewor kedsohar dthi sy eart hatwehad
getaway goonav acat ion
togetawayf oraweek.
getawaywi t
hdowi thoutbei ngnot i
cedor Jasonal way sget sawaywi thcheat i
ng
sthg puni shed inhi smat hst ests.
Wegotbackf r om ourv acat ionl ast
getback Ret urn
week.
Lizf i
nal l
ygotherSci encenot esback
getsthgback r ecei vest hgy ouhadbef ore
from myr oom- mat e.
getbackat Mysi st ergotbackatmef orst eali
ngher
retaliat e, taker evenge
sby shoes.Shest olemyf avour i
t ehat .
getbacki nto If i
nal l
ygotbacki nt omynov el and
becomei nter estedinst hgagain
sthg finishedi t.
We' regoi ngt of r
eezeouther ei fyou
getonst hg st epont oav ehicle
don' tletusgetont hebus.
recov erf rom ani l
lness,loss, Ij ustgotov ert hef l
uandnowmysi ster
getoverst hg
diffi
cul t y hasi t .
Thecompanywi llhav etocl osei fitcan't
getoverst hg over comeapr oblem
getov erthenewr egul ati
ons.
getroundt o f i
nal l
yf indt imet odo( AmE: getIdon' tknowwhenIam goi ngt oget
sthg aroundt ost hg) roundt owr i
tingt het hanky oucar ds.
meet( usual lyf orsocial Let '
sgett oget herf oraBBQt his
gettogether
reasons) weekend.
Igotupear l
yt odayt ost udyf ormy
getup getoutofbed
exam.
Youshoul dgetupandgi v et heel der l
y
getup Stand
many ourseat .
reveal hi ddeni nf
ormat i
onabout
givesbyaway Hi swi f egav ehi m awayt othepol i
ce.
sby

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phrasalver
b Meaning exampl esent ence
giesbyawayt
v akethebr
idet
othealtar Myf at hergav emeawayatmyweddi ng.
giest
v hg Myl i
tt l
esi stergav et hesur prisepar ty
ruinasecr
et
away awaybyacci dent .
giest
v hg Thel ibrar ywasgi v i
ngawayol dbooks
givesthgt
osbyforfr
ee
away onFr iday .
Ihav et ogi vet heseskat esbackt oFr anz
givesthgbackr etur nabor rowedi t
em
bef orehi shockeygame.
reluct antl
yst opfi
ghti
ngor Myboy frienddi dn'twantt ogot ot he
givei
n
argui ng bal l
et ,buthef i
nallygav ei n.
giv et omanypeopl e( usual
l
yat Theywer egi vingoutf r
eeper fume
givesthgout
nocost ) sampl esatt hedepar tmentst ore.
Iam gi v
ingupsmoki ngasofJanuar y
givesthgup qui tahabi t
1st .
Mymat hshomewor kwast oodi ff
icult
giveup stopt ryi
ng
soIgav eup.
Mybr othert riedt ogoaf terthet hiefin
goaftersby f ollowsby
hiscar .
Iwentaf termydr eam andnowIam a
goafterst hg tryt oachi evesthg
publ ishedwr it
er.
goagai nst Wear egoi ngagai nstt hebestsoccer
compet e,oppose
sby team i nt heci tytoni ght.
Pleasegoaheadandeatbef oret hef ood
goahead star t,proceed
get scol d.
Ihav et ogobackhomeandgetmy
goback retur ntoapl ace
l
unch.
l
eav ehomet ogoonasoci al
goout We' regoi ngoutf ordi nnert oni ght.
ev ent
gooutwi t
h Jessehasbeengoi ngoutwi thLuke
Dat e
sby sincet heymetl astwi nter .
Pleasegoov ery ouranswer sbef or eyou
goov ersthg Revi ew
submi ty ourt est .
Ihav en' tseenTi naf oral ongt ime.I
goov er visitsbynear by
thinkI '
llgoov erf oranhourort wo.
gowi thout WhenIwasy oung, wewentwi thout
suf ferlackordepr i
vation
sthg wint erboot s.
Mybestf ri
endandIgr ewapar taf tershe
growapar t st opbei ngf r
iendsovertime
changedschool s.
growback Regr ow Myr osesgr ewbackt hissummer .
Thi sbi kei st oobi gf orhi m now, buthe
growi ntosthggrowbi genought ofi
t
shoul dgr owi ntoi tbynexty ear .
growoutof Elizabet hneedsanewpai rofshoes
gett oobi gf or
sthg becauseshehasgr ownoutofherol d

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phr
asalv
erb Meani
ng exampl
esent
ence
ones.
WhenJackgr owsuphewant stobea
growup becomeanadul t
fir
eman.
handst hg Ihandedmyol dcomi cbooksdownt o
givesthgusedt osbyel se
down myl itt
lecousi n.
handst hgin Submi t Ihav et ohandi nmyessaybyFr iday.
todistri
butet oagr oupof Wewi llhandoutt hei nvitationsatt he
handst hgout
people door .
handst hg Thepol i
ceaskedt hemant ohandov er
give(usuallyunwi ll
ingl y)
over hiswal letandhi sweapons.
Hangi nt her e.I '
m sur ey ou'llfindajob
hangin stayposi t
ive( i
nformal )
verysoon.
hangon waitashor tt i
me( i
nf ormal ) Hangonwhi leIgr abmycoatandshoes!
Insteadofgoi ngt ot hepar tywear ejust
hangout spendt imer elaxing( informal)
goingt ohangoutatmypl ace.
Hedi dn'tsaygoodby ebef orehehung
hangup endaphonecal l
up.
holdsby /sthg Ihadt ohol dmydogbackbecauset here
preventfrom doi ng/ goi ng
back wasacati nt hepar k.
holdsthg Jami ehel dbackhi stear sathi s
hideanemot i
on
back grandf ather 'sf uner al.
Pleasehol donwhi l
eIt ransf eryout othe
holdon waitashor tt i
me
SalesDepar tment .
holdont osby/holdf i
rmlyusi ngy ourhandsor Hol dont oy ourhatbecausei t'
sv ery
sthg arms windyout side.
holdsby / Amani nabl ackmaskhel dt hebankup
Rob
sthgup thismor ning.
keepondoi ng Keeponst irri
ngunt i
lthel i
qui dcomest o
continuedoi ng
sthg aboi l
.
keepsthg Wekeptourr elat i
onshi pf rom our
nottell
fom sby
r parent sf ort woy ear s.
keepsby / Tryt okeept hewetdogoutoft heli
ving
stopf r
om ent ering
sthgout room.
Ifyoukeept hoser esul t
supy ouwi l
lget
keepsthgup cont inueatt hesamer ate
i
nt oagr eatcol lege.
failt
osuppor torhel p, Ineedy out obeont ime.Don' tletme
etsbydown
l
disappoint downt hist i
me.
Cany oul ett hecati nbef orey ougot o
etsbyi
l n all
owt oent er
school ?
signin(toawebsi te,dat abase Ican'tlogi nt oFacebookbecauseI '
v e
l
ogi n(oron)
etc) forgottenmypasswor d.
l
ogout( oroff
)signout( ofawebsi t
e, databaseIfyoudon' tlogof fsomebodycoul dget

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phr
asalv
erb Meani
ng exampl esent ence
etc) i
nt oy ouraccount .
l
ookaf tersby / Ihav et ol ookaf t ermysi ck
takecar eof
sthg grandmot her.
l
ookdownon Eversi ncewest olet hatchocol atebar
thinkl essof ,consi deri nferi
or
sby yourdadhasl ookeddownonme.
l
ookf orsby / I'
ml ooki ngf orar eddr essf ort he
trytof ind
sthg weddi ng.
l
ookf orwar d I'
ml ooki ngf or war dtot heChr istmas
beexci tedaboutt hef ut ure
tosthg break.
Wear egoi ngt ol ooki ntot hepr iceof
l
ooki nt ost hg Invest i
gat e
snowboar dst oday .
becar eful,vi
gi l
ant ,andt ake
l
ookout Lookout !Thatcar '
sgoi ngt ohi tyou!
not i
ce
l
ookoutf or Don' tfor gett ol ookoutf orsnakeson
beespeci al
lyv i
gilantfor
sby/st hg thehi kingt rai
l.
Cany oul ookov ermyessayf orspelling
ookst
l hgovercheck, exami ne
mi stakes?
searchandf indi nformat i
oninaWecanl ookherphonenumberupon
ookst
l hgup
referencebookordat abase theI nter net .
Myl i
ttlesi sterhasal way sl ookedupt o
l
ookupt osbyhav eal otofr espectf or
me.
Josi emadeupast or yaboutwhywe
makest hgup inv ent ,li
eaboutst hg
wer el ate.
Wewer eangr ylastni ght, butwemade
makeup forgiveeachot her
upatbr eakf ast.
Mysi ster smademeupf ormy
makesbyup appl ycosmet icst o
graduat i
onpar ty.
mi xsthgup conf uset woormor et hings Imi xedupt het wi ns' namesagai n!
Hisuncl epassedawayl astni ghtaf t
era
passaway Di e
l
ongi ll
ness.
Itwassohoti nt hechur cht hatan
passout Faint
elder l
yl adypassedout .
givet hesamet hi
ngt omany Thepr of essorpassedt het extbooksout
passst hgout
peopl e bef orecl ass.
Ipassedupt hej obbecauseIam af raid
passst hgup decl ine( usuallysthggood)
ofchange.
Thanksf orbuy ingmyt icket .I'
llpayy ou
paysbyback r eturnowedmoney
backonFr i
day .
Thatbul lywi l
lpayf orbei ngmeant omy
payf orst hg bepuni shedf ordoi ngst hgbad
l
ittlebr ot her.
Ipickedoutt hreesweat ersf ory outot ry
pickst hgout Choose
on.

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phrasalv
erb Meaning exampl esent ence
pointsby/ I'
llpoi ntmyboy f
riendoutwhenher uns
i
ndicat
ewithyourfi
nger
sthgout by.
putwhatyouareholdi
ngona Youcanputt hegr ocer i
esdownont he
putsthgdown
surf
aceorfl
oor kitchencount er .
Thest udent sputt hesubst it
utet eacher
putsbydown i nsul t,makesbyf eel st
upid
downbecausehi spant swer etooshor t
.
Wear eput tingof fourt ripunt i
lJanuar y
putst hgof f Post pone
becauseoft hehur ri
cane.
Thenei ghbour sputt hef i
reoutbef ore
putst hgout Ext i
ngui sh
thef iremenar ri
ved.
putst hg Ihav et oputt hecr ibt oget herbef orethe
Assembl e
toget her babyar rives.
putupwi t
h Idon' tt hinkIcanputupwi ththreesmal l
Tol erate
sby/st hg childr eni nt hecar .
putcl ot hing/accessor ieson Don' tf orgett oputony ournewear ri
ngs
putst hgon
yourbody fort hepar ty.
runi ntosby / Irani nt oanol dschool -
friendatt he
meetunexpect edl y
sthg mal l.
runov ersby/ driveav ehicleov eraper sonor Iacci dent allyranov ery ourbi cyclei nthe
sthg thing driveway .
runov er/ Let '
sr unov er/throught hesel i
nesone
rehear se, rev i
ew
throughst hg mor et imebef oret heshow.
Thechi ldr anawayf rom homeandhas
runaway l
eav eunexpect edly,escape
beenmi ssingf orthr eeday s.
Wer anoutofshampoosoIhadt owash
runout hav enonel eft
myhai rwi thsoap.
sendst hg Myl ett ergotsentbackt omebecauseI
return( usual l
ybymai l)
back usedt hewr ongst amp.
Ourbosssetameet ingupwi ththe
setst hgup ar range, organi ze
presi dentoft hecompany .
Thepol i
cesetupt hecart hiefbyusi nga
setsbyup tri
ck, trap
hiddencamer a.
Iwantt oshopar oundal it
tlebefor eI
shopar ound compar epr ices
deci deont heseboot s.
actext r aspeci al forpeople
showof f Heal way sshowsof fonhi sskateboar d
wat ching( usual l
yboast f
ully)
staysomewher ef ortheni ght Youshoul dsl eepov ertoni ghtifthe
sleepov er
(i
nf ormal ) weat heri st oobadt odr i
v ehome.
Weneedt osor tthebi ll
soutbef oret he
sor tsthgout or gani ze, resolv eapr oblem
fi
rstoft hemont h.
cont inuedoi ngst hg, l
imit Youwi lllosewei ghti fyoust i
cktot he
stickt osthg
your selft oonepar t
icularthing diet.

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phrasalver
b Meaning exampl esent ence
swichst
t hg Thel ight 'st oobr ight .Coul dy ouswi tchit
st
optheener
gyf
low,tur
nof
f
off off.
swichst
t hg Wehear dt henewsassoonaswe
st
artt
heener
gyfl
ow,tur
non
on swi t
chedont hecarr adio.
Itakeaf termymot her.Wear ebot h
takeaf tersbyresembl eaf ami lymember
i
mpat ient .
takest hg Het ookt hecarbr akesapar tandf ound
purposel ybr eaki ntopieces
apart thepr obl em.
takest hg Ihav et ot akeournewTVbackbecause
returnani tem
back i
tdoesn' twor k.
takeof f starttof ly Mypl anet akesof fi nfivemi nutes.
Takeof fy oursocksandshoesand
takest hgof fremov est hg( usual l
ycl ot
hing)
comei nt hel ake!
Cany out aket hegar bageoutt ot he
takest hgout remov efrom apl aceort hing
streetf orme?
payf orsbyt ogosomewher e Mygr andpar ent st ookusoutf ordinner
takesbyout
withy ou andamov ie.
Itoreupmyex- boy fr
iend'sl ettersand
tearsthgup r i
pi ntopi eces
gav et hem backt ohi m.
remember( of ten+t o, WhenIt hinkbackonmyy out h, IwishI
thinkback
somet i
mes+on) hadst udi edhar der .
thinkst hg I'
llhav et ot hinkt hisj obof ferov er
Consi der
ov er befor eImakemyf inal decision.
throwst hg Wet hr ewourol df urnitureawaywhen
disposeof
away wewont hel otter y .
turnsthg decr easet hev olumeorst rengt
hPl easet ur nt heTVdownwhi lethe
down (heat ,
lightet c) guest sar eher e.
turnsthg Iturnedt hej obdownbecauseIdon' t
Ref use
down wantt omov e.
Yourmot herwant sy out ot ur nt heTV
turnsthgof f stopt heener gyf low, switchoff
offandcomef ordi nner .
It
'stoodar kinher e.Let 'stur nsome
turnsthgon st arttheener gy ,swi tchon
l
ightson.
i
ncr easet hev olumeorst r
engthCany out ur nt hemusi cup?Thi sismy
turnsthgup
(heat ,
lightet c) favour itesong.
Ourcatt ur nedupaf terweputpost ers
turnup appearsuddenl y
upal l ov ert henei ghbour hood.
I'
m goi ngt ot ryt hesej eanson, butI
trysthgon sampl ecl ot hing
don'tt hinkt heywi llfit.
Iam goi ngt ot ryt hisnewbr andof
trysthgout Test
deter gentout .
usest hgup f i
nisht hesuppl y Theki dsusedal loft hetoot hpast eup

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phr
asalv
erb Meani
ng exampl esent ence
soweneedt obuysomemor e.
Wehav etowakeupear l
yf orwor kon
wakeup st
opsl
eepi
ng
Monday .
warm sby
/ Youcanwar my ourfeetupi nf r
ontof
i
ncr
easet
het
emper
atur
e
st
hgup thefi
repl
ace.
Ialwayswarm upbydoi ngsi t-
ups
war
m up pr
epar
ebodyf
orexer
cise
beforeIgoforar un.
Mostofmymake- upwor eof fbeforeI
wearof
f f
adeaway
gottotheparty
.
Iworkoutatthegy mt hr
eet imesa
wor
kout Exer
cise
week.
wor
kout besuccessf
ul Ourplanworkedoutf i
ne.
Wehav etowor koutt het otalcost
kst
wor hgoutmakeacal
cul
ati
on
beforewebuyt hehouse.

Bowi
ngandCur
tsy
ing

Peopl
eshowrespecttot
hosewhoar
eseni
ort
othem i
nageorposi
ti
onbyamongot
her
waysbowi
ngandcur t
syi
ng.

Bowingi
sdonebymenandi
tinv
olv
esbendi
ngpar
tofy
ourbodyf
orwar
despeci
all
ythe
neckandhead.

Youshoul
dbow

-
-Whenstandi
ngbefor
eaper
sony
our
espectorwhenwal
ki
ngpasthi
m orherasaf
ormal
wayofshowingr
espect.

-
-Anact
ormayt
akeabowt
oappr
eci
atet
heaudi
ence’
sappl
ause.

--
Whenprayi
ng,ort
oshowrespectt
osomeonewhohasdi
ed,
orshowt
haty
ouar
e
ashamedinaformalway
.

-
-I
nacour
troom t
oshowr
espectt
othechamber
sasr
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hel
awoft
hel
and.

-
-I
npar
li
amentwhenent
eri
ngasanhonour
abl
ehouset
hatmakel
awsoft
hel
and.

-
-wheny
ouar
ebei
ngswor
nint
oof
fi
cet
oshowr
espectt
othel
awsandt
hepr
ocess.

-
-Dur
inggr
aduat
ioncer
emony
,whenr
ecei
vi
ngacknowl
edgementoracer
ti
fi
cat
e.

--
Whenbei
ngi
ntr
oducedt
oani
mpor
tantguestort
heguestcanbowt
oacknowl
edget
he
host
s.

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Dur
ingf
est
ival
s,wheni
ntr
oduci
ngi
temsonst
age.

Agir
loraladycancur
tsybysli
ght
lybendi
ngt
hei
rkneesandholdi
ng,
veryqui
ckl
y,uptheir
dr
essorskir
tonbothsidesoft
hei
rthi
ghsasasi
gnofrespectf
oranimport
antperson.

Cur
tsy
ingappl
i
esi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsi
tuat
ions:

1.Whenagi
rlmeet
sar
espect
abl
eol
derper
sonasaf
ormal
waygr
eet
ings.

2.Whenal
adyr
ecei
vesapr
esentoracer
ti
fi
cat
edur
inggr
aduat
ion.

Engl
ishSounds

SoundsinEngli
sharedivi
dedint
oconsonant
sandv owels.Asoundcomposedoft
wo
vowelsoundsinawor di
scall
edadipht
honge.g.dear/i
a/orsay/ei
/andasoundmade
upofthreevowelsoundsisknownasatri
phthonge.g.f
lour
/aua/
.

I
PA exampl
es l
ist
en

ʌ cup,
luck AM

AM
ɑ: ar
m,f
ather
BR

æ cat
,bl
ack AM

e met
,bed AM 1

away,
ə AM 2
ci
nema

AM
ʳ t
ɜ: urn,
lear
n 2
BR

ɪ hi
t,si
tt
ing AM

: s
i ee,
heat AM

AM
ɒ hot
,rock 3
BR

AM
ɔ: cal
l
,four 45
BR

ʊ put
,coul
d AM

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u: bl
ue,
food AM

aɪ f
ive,
eye AM

aʊ now,
out AM

eɪ say
,ei
ght AM

oʊ go,
home AM 6

ɔɪ boy
,joi
n AM

AM
eəʳ wher
e,ai
r 17
BR

AM
əʳ ne
ɪ ar
,her
e 7
BR

AM
ʊəʳ pur
e,t
our
ist 7
BR

I
P exampl
eli
ste
Consonant
s
A s n

b bad,
lab AM

d di
d,l
ady AM

f f
ind,
if AM

g gi
ve,
flag AM

h how,
hel
l
o AM

j y
es,
yel
l
ow AM

k cat
,back AM

l l
eg,
li
tt
le AM

m man,
lemon AM

n no,
ten AM

ŋ si
ng,
finger AM

Nove
ls,
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I
P exampl
eli
ste
Consonant
s
A s n

p pet
,map AM

r r
ed,
try AM8

s sun,
miss AM

ʃ she,
crash AM

t t
ea,
get
ti
ng AM9

ʃc
t heck,
chur
chAM

θ t
hink,
bot
h AM

ð t
his,
mot
her AM

v v
oice,
fiv
e AM

w wet
,wi
ndow AM

z zoo,
lazy

pl
easure,
vi
sion

dʒj
ust
,lar
ge

Adj
ect
ives

Adj
ect
ivesar
ewor
dst
hatmodi
fyorpr
ovi
demor
einf
ormat
ionaboutnouns.

Adj
ectivesofqual
it
yrefertowordsthatshowthenat
ureofnounsi
nter
msofbeaut
y,ugl
iness,
moralsandshapes.Forexample:Sheisanicegi
rl
.Heisheavy.Johni
sat
hinboy.Thisjobis
di
ff
icult
.

Usual
l
ysuchanadj
ect
ivehasav
ari
etyofsy
nony
mse.
g.Huge—bi
g,enor
mous,
gigant
ic,
vastet
c.

Adject
ivesofquant
it
yar
ewordsthatdescr
ibeanounbyshowinghowmanyorhowmuchofthe
nounisther
eorshowsthenumberoftheit
ems.E.
g.thi
rt
ybooks,bot
hgi
rl
s,al
lst
udent
set
c.

Gradabl eadjecti
vesdescri
bequali
tiesthatcanbemeasur edorgr adedinsomeway .Forexampl
e,
somet hingcanbel essint
eresti
ng,i
nteresti
ng,qui
teint
eresti
ngorv er
yinterest
ing.Ther
efore
i
nterestingisagr adabl
eadjecti
vebecausei tcanbegraded.Gradableadjecti
vesareusuall
yused
withintensi
fiersl
ikevery,
quite,
fai
rl
y ,
terri
bly,
rat
her,
compl et
ely,
absolutelyandreall
y.

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Ver
ysor
ry,
real
l
ydi
sappoi
nted,
qui
tesi
ck,
ter
ri
blyhappy
,fai
rl
yashamedet
c

Nongr adabl
eadj
ect
ivesdescr
ibeeit
herextr
emequali
ti
esli
kef
uri
ous,
star
ving,
madorabsol
ute
qual
i
tiessuchascor
rect,
ali
ve,dead,
square,r
ound,
vastet
c.

Nongradabl
eadject
ivest
huscannotbeusedwi
thi
ntensi
fi
ersl
i
kev
ery
.Youcannotbev
erycor
rect
orqui
tedeadorevenabsolut
elyr
ound.

Compar at
ivef
ormsofadject
ivesareusedwhenwewanttocomparetwopeopl
e,t
hingsor
sit
uati
onsmainlybyaddi
ng–erattheendoftheadj
ect
ivee.
g.Thi
sissmal
lert
hanthat.Gohi
gher
thanshewent.

Somet
imesthewordmor ei
smoresui
tabl
eespeci
all
ywhent
headj
ecti
veisawordwit
hmor
ethan
twosy
ll
abl
esanditcannott
aket
hesuffi
x–er
.E.g.Rit
aismor
eatt
ract
ivet
hanEuni
ce.

-
-Compar
ati
vef
ormsal
way
soccurwi
tht
hewor
d‘t
han’
tobr
ingoutt
hecompar
ison.

Shei
sbr
ight
ert
hanI
.Hei
smor
econf
usedt
hanI
.Et
c.

-
-Adj
ect
ivest
hatendwit
h‘ y
’usual
lydropt
he‘
y’i
ncompar
ati
vef
orm bef
oret
aki
ngon–er
.E.
g.Ken
i
shappy—Kenishappi
erthanJennif
er.

Super
lat
ivef
ormsofadj
ect
ivesareusedtocomparemorethantwoit
ems, peopl
eorsi
tuat
ions
andshowthemostdomi
nantorthebestoft
helot
.E.g.Nj
eriist
hetal
lestofthef
ourgi
rl
s.

Theword‘t
han’i
snotusedwi
thsuperl
ati
ves.Superl
ati
vesar
ef or
medbyaddi ng–esttothe
adj
ect
iveandint
roduci
ngt
heart
icl
e‘t
he’befor
eit.E.
g.Sheistheclev
erestgi
rli
nclass.

Someadject
ivesf
ormthei
rsuperl
ati
vef
ormsbydoubl
i
ngthel
astconsonant
sandadding–estbut
thi
sonl
yoccurswhenawordwi t
honesyll
abl
eendswi
thasi
ngl
econsonantprecededbyasi
ngle
vowel
.E.
g.

Bi
g—bi
gger
—bi
ggest
,Fat
—fat
ter
—fat
test
.Hot
—hot
ter
—hot
test
.

Whenanadj ect
ivehasmor ethantwosy
ll
abl
es,wefor
mt hesuper
lati
vebyaddi
ngt
heword‘most
’
bef
oreitandthearti
cle‘
the’e.
g.Themostdi
sgust
ingbook.Sheisthemosthar
dworki
ngboyi
n
cl
ass.

Thesuper
lat
ivef
orm‘
most
’isal
sousedwi
thadj
ect
ivest
hatendwi
tht
hesuf
fi
x–f
ul.E.
g.

Beaut
if
ul—mor
ebeaut
if
ul—t
hemostbeaut
if
ul

Car
eful
—mor
ecar
eful
—themostcar
eful

I
rr
egul
aradj
ect
ivesdonothav
eapr
edi
ctabl
epat
ter
noff
ormi
ngcompar
ati
vesandsuper
lat
ives.
E.
g.

Much—mor
e—most

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Bad—wor
se—wor
st

Good—bet
ter
—best

Li
tt
le—l
ess—l
east

Far
—fur
ther
—fur
thest

Ol
d—el
der
—el
dest

Someadj
ect
ivescant
akebot
h–estandmost/
erandmor
einsuper
lat
iveandcompar
ati
vef
orms.
E.
g.

Lukei
sheav
ier
/mor
eheav
ythanJacob.

Si
l
asi
sthesmar
test
/mostsmar
tboyi
nschool
.

Othersar
ebraveandpret
ty.Buti
twoul
dwrongtousebot
hver
sionsint
hesamesentence.For
examplesay
ingJohnismor esmart
ert
hanJoycewoul
dbewrong.Youwoul
dhavetochooseone
versi
on.

I
mpr
ompt
uSpeeches

Animpr omptuspeechi saspeechonemakeswi t

houtpri
orpr eparat
ions.Speechesmadeonmany
occasionsinvolv
eplanningbefor
ehand.Forexampl eapolit
icalspeecht obedeliveredtoatarget
audiencewill
bewr i
ttenacoupleofday sbeforethemateri
al dayandt hespeakerwoul drehearsei
t
severalti
mes.Butinsomesi tuati
ons,especial
lyinf
ormalones, peoplearerequi
redt osay
somet hi
ng,gi
v easpeech,becauseoftheirposit
ionsandinfl
uencei nsocietyorrelati
ontothe
guestofhonour .

Toef
fect
ivel
ygi
veani
mpr
ompt
uspeech,
obser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

a)Makeahabitoftal
ki
ngi
nfr
ontofpeopl
esot
haty
ougetusedt
oit
.Thi
swi
l
lcul
ti
vat
eyourpubl
i
c
speaki
ngconf
idence.

b)Aty
ourownt
imepract
icegi
vi
ngaspeechtoanimaginaryaudi
encet
oenhanceyouruseoft
he
st
ageandhowt
outi
li
zebodymov ement
s,gest
uresandotherski
l
lswhenonstage.

c)Lear
nhowt
opr
onouncewor
dscor
rect
lyandhowt
ocont
rol
yourbr
eat
hwhent
alki
ngt
opeopl
e.

d)Devel
opsomehumor
ouscomment
s,quot
es,
prov
erbset
cthaty
oucanempl
oyt
oeaset
ensi
ons
onsuchoccasi
ons.

-
-Whencal
l
edupont
odel
i
verani
mpr
ompt
uspeech

1.Set
tl
eonat
opi
cori
ssuey
ouwantt
otal
kabout
.

2.Makesur
eyouar
efami
l
iarwi
tht
het
opi
cyouwoul
dtal
kabout
.

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3.Tr
ytost
aycal
m andr
elaxedbyt
aki
ngadeepbr
eat
h.

4.Vi
sual
izeyourmai
npoi
ntsi
nyourmi
ndorqui
ckl
ynot
ethem downandst
ickt
otheor
derofhow
youvi
suali
zethem.

5.Expoundony
ourmai
npoi
ntsi
nyourspeechel
abor
atel
y.

6.I
tisbet
tert
ost
artwi
thaquoteoraprover
bandi
fther
eist
ensi
onsi
nthecr
owdmakesome
humorouscommentst
oeasethetensi
ons.

7.Obser
vet
heal
l
ocat
edt
ime.

8.Mai
ntai
ney
econt
actwi
tht
heaudi
ence

9.Pr
ojecty
ourv
oicecl
ear
lysoast
obehear
d.

10.Displ
aynecessar
yfaci
alexpr
essi
onssuit
edt
otheoccasi
onl
i
kesmi
l
ingi
fiti
saweddi
ng,
l
ookingsolemnifiti
sarequi
em massetc.

Pr
imar
yAxi
ll
ari
es

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bsar
ehel
pingv
erbs.Theyhel
pthemai
nver
bsi
nasent
encet
oshowt
enseandmood.
E.
g.

Iam cooki
ngf
ood.(
Presentt
ense) Ihadgonehome.(
pastper
fectt
ense) Hemustgohome.
(I
mperati
vemood)

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
imar
yauxi
l
iar
iesactashel
pingv
erbs:

-
-For
msofbei
.e.am,
is,
are,
was,
wer
e,bei
ng

-
-For
msofhav
ei.
e.has,
hav
eandhad

-
-For
msofdoi
.e.do,
does,
did,
done

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bscanbeuset
ofor
m quest
ionse.
g.

Hav
eyouseenhi
m? Di
dshet
rav
el?Et
c

Auxi
l
iar
iesdo,
did,
doneanddoesar
eusedf
oremphasi
se.
g.

Idi
dwi
ntheencount
er. Idol
i
kehi
m. Shedoescr
yal
ot.Et
c

-
-Somet
imespr
imar
yauxi
l
iar
iesactasmai
nver
bse.
g.

Shehasabook Shehadakni
fe Johni
sagoodboy TheWaf
ulasar
eri
ch.

ModalAuxi
li
ari
es

Modal
auxi
l
iar
iesar
ever
bswhi
chhel
pot
herv
erbst
oexpr
essmoodi
nasent
encewhi
chi
ncl
ude

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doubt
,cer
tai
nty
,possi
bil
i
ty,
per
missi
onet
c.

Moodi
susual
l
yinf
orm of

a)Abi
l
ity
—coul
dandcane.
g. Icanswi
m. Wecoul
dsi
ngbackt
hen.

b)Request
s—canI
,shal
lwe,mayI
..
.e.
g.CanIusey
ourpen?

MayIt
alkt
oyourdad? Shal
lwego.

c)Per
missi
on—y
oucan,
youmay
,youcoul
d..
.e.
g.Youcangohome.Youmayseet
hedoct
ornow.
Etc

d)Wil
l
ingness—can,
coul
dandwi
l
le.
g.Icangi
vey
out
hemoneyt
omor
row.Icoul
dst
eal
.Iwi
l
l
come.

e)Wi
sh—maye.
g.MayGodbl
essy
ou.

f)Obli
gat
ionordut
y—must ,
oughtt
o,shoul
de.g.Imustfi
nishthi
swor
kbef
oreIgo.Yououghtt
o
payfeesfory
ourchil
dren.Youshoul
drespectyourpar
ents.

g)Cer
tai
nty
—wi
l
le.
g.Iwi
l
lcomenextweek.Wewi
l
lal
ldi
e.

h)Possi
bil
it
yorpr
obabil
i
ty—can,
might
,may
,coul
de.
g.Icanwi
nther
ace.Hemi
ghtcome.She
mayrecover.Wecouldlose.

i
)Reassur
ing—wi
l
le.
g.i
twi
l
lbeOK.

J)Thr
eat
eni
ng—wi
l
le.
g.Iwi
l
lki
l
lyou.

Phr
ases

Aphraseisawordoragroupofwor
dswi
thi
nasent
encet
hatpl
aysapar
ti
cul
arf
unct
ione.
g.asa
ver
b,preposi
ti
on,
adver
betc.

Av
erbphr
asei
sheadedbyorcont
ainsav
erb—usual
l
yav
erbandanauxi
l
iar
yver
basshown.

Shei
sgoi
nghome.Auxi
l
iar
yver
bisandt
hemai
nver
b‘goi
ng’
.

Icanseey
ou.Icoul
dhav
edi
ed.Wewoul
dlaughal
oti
nthoseday
s.Youshoul
dsi
ng.

Anadver
bphr aseact
sasanadv
erbi
nasent
ence;
thati
s,gi
vi
ngmor
einf
ormat
ionaboutt
hev
erb
oradj
ect
ive.E.
g.

Shesatneart
hedoor
.Cov
ert
het
abl
ewi
thapi
eceofcl
oth.

Shecamel
asty
ear
.Hei
shandsomel
i
keBr
adPi
tt
.

Heplay
edqui
tewel
l
.Wemadei
tbysheerl
uck.Iwasut
ter
lydi
sgust
ed.Hecamef
ort
hwi
thwhenI
cal
l
ed.

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Apr
eposi
ti
onalphr
asei
sheadedbyapr
eposi
ti
onoract
sasapr
eposi
ti
oni
nasent
ence.E.
g.

Hel
ower
edt
hebagt
othegr
ound.Hej
umpedov
ert
hef
ence.

-
--
Mostpr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
asesar
eact
ual
l
yadv
erbphr
ases.

Anadj
ect
ivephr
aseconsi
stofoneormor
ewor
dsonewhi
chmustbeanadj
ect
ive.E.
g.

Mostgi
rl
sli
kebr
ightcl
othes.

-
-I
fther
ear
emorewordsthent
hemosti
mpor t
antist
headj
ect
iveandt
her
estwoul
dbemodi
fi
ers
(
provi
demorei
nfor
mati
onaboutt
headj
ect
ive)
.E.g.

Ourcl
assr
oom i
sver
ycl
ean.I
sthi
stoohi
gh?

Themodi
fi
eri
susual
l
yanadv
erbofdegr
eesuchasv
ery
,qui
te,
tooet
c.

Cl
auses

Acl
ausei
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatcanpassofasent
encebutusual
l
ypar
tofal
ongersent
ence.

Acondi
tionalclauseismadeupofasubordi
nat
eclausest
art
ingwitht
hewor
d‘i
f’andamai
n
cl
auseseparatedfrom t
hesubor
dinat
ecl
ausewit
hacomma.E. g.

I
fyoueatunr
ipef
rui
ts,
youwi
l
lsuf
ferf
rom st
omachache.

Howev
er,
ift
hesent
encebegi
nswi
thamai
ncl
auset
hent
hecommai
snotused.E.
g.

Youwi
l
lsuf
ferf
rom st
omachachei
fyoueatunr
ipef
rui
ts.

Youwi
l
lsuf
focat
eify
ousl
eepi
nast
uff
yroom.

-
-Condi
ti
onal
clausesar
eusual
l
yusedt
oper
suade,
war
nandadv
icepeopl
e.

Anouncl
auseper
for
mst
hesamef
unct
ionasanounorpr
onouni
nasent
ence.E.
g.

Whathei
stel
l
ingusi
sver
yint
erest
ing.

Theunder
li
nedwor
dscanber
epl
acedbyasi
ngl
enounorpr
onoun.

-
-Nouncl
ausesusual
l
ybegi
nwi
thwor
dssuchast
hat
,whet
her
,if
,what
,whoandwhi
ch.

Iwasangr
ythathehadl
ostmykey

Hedi
dnotknowwhet
hert
ogoorr
emai
nbehi
nd.

Ar
elat
ivecl
ausei
susual
lyanouncl
auseheadedbyar
elat
ivepr
onoun.E.
g.

Theboywhowast
het
opi
nnat
ional
examsi
sher
e

Thecatwhi
chwasf
ounddeadwasmi
ne.

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GenderNouns

Gendernounsarenounsthatport
raydi
scri
minat
ionorbi
asinoneslanguage.Whenweuse
l
anguage,wemustbecar ef
ulnottoexcl
udeordiscr
imi
nateagai
nstacertai
nsecti
onofpeopl
e
eit
hermaleorfemal
e.Inmostcasesitist
hefemalesexthati
saffect
edbyt hebi
aswhi
choccurs
thr
oughtheuseofpronouns.E.g.

Acandi
dat
eshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedwi
thev
ery
thi
ngheneeds.

Agoodl
eaderi
sonewhor
espect
shi
msel
f.

Theseexampl
eshav
eagenderbi
ast
owar
dst
hem.Toal
l
evi
atet
hispr
obl
em wecanr
ewr
it
ethem
asfol
lows:

Acandi
dat
eshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedwi
thev
ery
thi
ngheorsheneeds.

Agoodl
eaderi
sonewhor
espect
shi
msel
forher
sel
f.

Butt
hisar
rangementisusual
l
ydeemedcl
umsyorr
epet
it
ive.Thebestwayi
susual
l
ytor
ewr
it
ethe
sent
encei
nplural
;forexampl
e:

Candi
dat
esshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedwi
thev
ery
thi
ngt
heyneed.

Goodl
eader
sar
ethosewhor
espectt
hemsel
ves.

-
-Yetanot
herwayi
stheuseoft
hesecondper
sonpr
onoun‘
you’
whi
chi
sgenderneut
ral
.E.
g.

Ascandi
dat
es,
youshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedwi
thev
ery
thi
ngy
ouneed.

Asgoodl
eader
s,y
oushoul
drespecty
our
sel
ves.

I
nspokenori
nfor
mal
language,
peopl
etendt
ouset
hepl
ural
pronouns‘
thei
r’and‘
them’
asshown.

I
fany
bodyr
ings,
tel
lthem Iam i
nameet
ing.

Butt
hisisungrammati
cal
becausei
tlackssubj
ect
—pronounnumberagr
eement
.Toav
oidt
his
compli
cati
on,onecanr
ewrit
ethi
ssentenceasf
oll
ows:

I
fany
bodyr
ings,
sayIam i
nameet
ing.

-
-Apar
tfr
om pr
onouns,
ther
eareal
sowordsthatt
endtobesexist
.Ift
hecontexti
ncl
udesbot
h
menandwomen,iti
sbesttor
epl
acesuchter
mswi t
hgender
-neutr
alonesasshownbelow.

Sexi
st Neut
ral

For
eman Super
visor

Fi
reman Fi
re-
fi
ght
er

Manned Runby

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Chai
rman Chai
r

Layman Layper
son

Spokesper
son Spokesper
son

Busi
nessman Busi
ness
per
son
Manki
nd
Humanki
nd

Toaccommodatebothmenandwomen, somenounshavemale/
Femal
econt
rasti
ntheirfor
ms.
Thefemini
nefor
msnormall
yendsin–ess.Not
ethatsomepeopl
eobj
ectt
ouseoffemininefor
ms.
Forexampl
etheypr
eferusi
ngher
oforbothmaleandfemal
e.

Mal
e Femal
e

Wai
ter Wai
tr
ess

Host Host
ess

Act
or Act
ress

Headmast
er Headmi
str
ess

Her
o Her
oine

Exer
cise

a)Fi
l
lint
hebl
ankspacesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpassagewi
thanappr
opr
iat
egenderneut
ral
wor
d.

Successful
busi
ness_
_workv
eryhar
d.Thei
rfir
msare__byver
ycompetentpeopl
e.Forexampl
e,
theyonlyempl
oyasal
es_
_whoisquali
fi
ed.Thechai
r__isnor
mall
yaverygoodspokes_ _f
ort
he
fi
rm.

b)Rewri
tethefoll
owi
ngsentencesi
nor
dert
oremov
ethesexi
stuseofpr
onouns.Donotchange
themeaningofthesent
ence.

1.Ev
ery
onehashi
sri
ght
s.

2.Nobodyshoul
dbl
amehi
msel
ffori
t.

3.Apar
li
ament
ari
anshoul
dar
ti
cul
atet
hev
iewofhi
speopl
e.

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ls,
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4.Ev
ery
bodywant
stopasshi
sexams,
doesn’
the?

5.Noneoft
het
eacher
scannegl
ecthi
sst
udent
s.

c)Rewr
it
etor
emov
ethecl
umsi
ness.

1)Whoev
erdi
ditwi
l
lpayf
orhi
sorheract
ions.

2)Eachcashi
erpai
dhi
msel
forher
sel
f.

3)Awor
kermayi
njur
ehi
msel
forher
sel
font
hej
ob.

4)I
fany
onewant
stopasshi
sorherexam,
heorshemustwor
khar
dinhi
sorherst
udi
es.

Act
iveVoi
ce

Av erbissai
dtobei
nactivevoi
cewhenitfor
m showsthatthepersonort
hingact
ingasthe
subjectdoessomet
hingorist
hedoeroftheact
ion.E.
g.Sil
aslovesMary.Kengiv
esofferi
ng.

Apassivevoiceref
erstothev
erbwhenitfor
m showsthatsomethi
ngisdonet
othesubj
ect:
that
thesubj
ectisnotacti
veandsuff
ersorr
eceiv
estheact
ion.E.g.Mar
yislov
edbySi
las.Off
eri
ngis
givenbyKen.

-
-Whenyouchangeanacti
vevoicei
ntoapassi
veone,t
hesubjectoft
heverbbecomestheobj
ect
oft
heverbandoftent
heword‘by’i
susedt
oshowt hi
srel
ati
onship.Tom ki
ckedthebal
l.(
act
ive)
Thebal
lwaskickedbyTom.(
passive)
.

-
-The‘
by’wordsometimesisnotusedinacti
vevoi
cewhenonl
yoneagentisknownespeci
all
yif
t
hesubjectwasindef
ini
tepr
onoun.E.g.someoneki
ckedt
hebal
l(act
ive)
.Theball
waskicked
(
passi
ve).

Someonest
olemypen—Mypenwasst
olen.

-
-Somet
imesobv
iousobj
ect
sar
eomi
tt
edi
npassi
vev
oicee.
g.

Hehandedherthechair
—thechai
rwashandedtoher
.Thephr
ase‘
byhi
m’i
sobv
iousandcanbe
l
eftoutbutt
hesentencewoul
dretai
nit
smeaning.

Somebodyhi
tthedogwi
thast
ick—Thedogwashi
twi
thast
ick.

Exer
cise

Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesi
nthepassi
vev
oice.

1.Hel
ovesbabi
es.

2.Sheki
l
ledhi
m.

3.Keni
sgr
eet
ingt
heguest
s.

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ls,
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4.Sal
l
ysenthi
m.

5.Waf
ulahasseenhi
m.

6.Janehadmar
ri
edJohn.

7.Youwi
l
lseeJesus.

Negot
iat
ionSki
ll
s

Negot
iat
ionski
ll
sinvol
vehol
dinganamicabl
ediscussi
onwit
hanai
m ofr
eachi
ngaf
avour
abl
e
agr
eementoveradisagr
eeabl
ematterorvar
yingopini
on.

Tonegot
iat
eef
fect
ivel
y

-
-bepat
ient

-
-usepol
i
tel
anguage

-
-l
ist
ent
otheot
herpar
tycar
eful
l
ysoast
oadv
anceasoundar
gument

-
-donoti
nter
rupt
.

-
-bepl
easantandconv
inci
ng;
ify
ouwantsomet
hingt
hent
her
easonbehi
ndi
tmustbev
ali
dand
r
easonabl
e.

-
-Compr
omi
sei
ncasey
oudon’
tgetwhaty
ouwantbutst
atecl
ear
lyy
ourst
and.

-
-Lookf
orwi
n-wi
nsi
tuat
ionsf
orbot
hpar
ti
esorai
mtomeethal
fway
.

-
-Appr
eci
atet
heot
herpar
ty’
svi
ewsandl
ett
hem knowt
hisasmuch.

Exer
cise

BUYER:
Howar
eyout
hismor
ning?

SELLER:
I’
m okay
.

BUYER:
Mynamei
sMusi
mbi
.

SELLER:
Mynamei
sKar
ani
.Wel
come.

BUYER:I
’mlooki
ngforgoodchi
ckensbuty
ourdon’
tlooksogood.I
’
m goi
ngt
ohav
evi
sit
orsand
thi
sbei
ngtheChri
stmasseason;Ir
eal
lymustgi
vet
hem afeast
.

SELLER:
Thesear
ether
ightki
ndofchi
ckensf
ory
ourv
isi
tor
s.They
’reheal
thyandwel
lfed.

BUYER:
Ont
hecont
rar
y,t
heyl
ookunder
fedany
way
;whati
syourpr
ice?

SELLER:I
tdepends.Ichargemoreforcocks;
theyhav
emor emeat
,youknow.(
Poi
ntsatared
cock)Thi
sone,fori
nstance,goesf
orKsh400.00.Asfort
hehens,
Ichar
geKsh250each.

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BUYER:Youar enotser
ious!Muchoftheweighti
sabundl eofbones.I
’m gi
vi
ngy
ouKsh150.00
foreachhenandKsh300.00foreachcock.I
’
m buy i
ngthreeofeach—thr
eehensforKsh450and
threecocksf
orKsh900.Thiswi
llgi
veusatotalofKsh1,350.
00.

SELLER:YouknowIbuyandsel
l
.Idon’
tgett
hem f
rom myshamba.Yourf
igur
edoesn’
tgi
veme
anyprof
itatal
l
.

BUYER: Butyoual
soknowt hatmoneyi
shar
dtocomebyandespecial
lyduri
ngt
hisChr
ist
mas
season.Givemear easonabl
epri
ceunl
essy
oupref
erIgot
oanothersell
er.

SELLER:
Letmemakei
tKsh225.
00f
orahenandKsh375.
00f
oracock.

BUYER:
Itl
ooksl
i
key
ou’
renoti
nter
est
edi
nsel
l
ingy
ourchi
ckens.

SELLER:
NoI
’
m.Ot
her
wise,
whywoul
dIbeher
e?Mychi
l
dren’
sfeescomef
rom t
hisbusi
ness.

BUYER:
Okay
,takeKsh175f
oreachhenand325f
oreachcock.

SELLER:No.Therewouldbenoprof
itf
orme.Youcandobet t
erthant
hat.Youcansurel
ypromote
mysmal lbusi
ness.Justgi
veme350percockand225perhen.Thiswi
ll
be625f ort
hethreehens
and1,050forthethr
eecocks.

BUYER:(
Doinghi
smental
ari
thmet
ic)t
hatisatotal
ofKsh1,
725.
00.Okay
.Atl
eastI
’
llbeabl
eto
feedmyvi
sit
ors(
handi
nghimthemoney)her
ey ouare.

SELLER:
Thanky
ou(
ashet
iest
hechi
ckenst
oget
her
)You’
reagoodcust
omer
.Pl
easecomeagai
n.

BUYER:
Seey
ou.

Quest
ions

1.Whati
sthepur
poseofgr
eet
ingsi
nthi
ssi
tuat
ion?

2.I
dent
if
yandexpl
aint
henegot
iat
ionski
l
lsoft
hebuy
erandt
hesel
l
er.

3.Whatdoest
hisbusi
nesst
ransact
ionr
eveal
aboutt
henat
ureofgoodnegot
iat
ions?

SPEECHWRI
TING

Aspeechisaf or
malt
alk,pr
esentat
ionordel
iv
er yofi
nfor
mat i
ontoadefi
nedaudiencewitha
speci
fi
cpurpose.Mostspeechesaremeanttoconv i
nce,swayandmotiv
atetheaudience.
Sometimesaspeechcanbemadet or ef
uteal
legati
ons,r
evealasecr
etorcondemnspeci f
ic
peopl
e.

Bef
orewr
it
ingaspeech,
oneshoul
dpr
epar
eadequat
ely
.

Apr
operspeechshoul
dhav
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

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-
-Ar
elev
antt
it
let
hatr
efl
ect
sont
hecont
ent
.

--
Aspeechmustacknowledgetheguestsi
nattendancebyobserv
ingt
heprot
ocol
.Aprotocol
shoul
dbeobservedi
nitsownpar agr
aphandshouldstartf
rom t
heseni
ormostguestt
othe
gener
alaudi
ence.Rel
evantfor
mal ti
tl
esofguestsshoul
dbesaid.

--
Startt
hespeechont hesecondpar
agraphbyei
therquot
ingarelev
antphi
l
osopher
,apast
speakeroranyrelev
antbook;orbygiv
ingst
ati
sti
cs,ashortst
ory
,aprover
b,ari
ddl
e,at
hought
provoki
ngquestionetc.E.
g.

“
Educat
eawomanandy
oueducat
eanat
ion.
”

“
Recentst
ati
sti
csshowt
hati
nev
eryt
en9Keny
ans2ar
eHI
Vposi
ti
ve.“

-
-Thebodyshouldoccurnat
ural
l
yfrom t
heint
roduct
ion.I
nvolv
et heaudi
enceandthechi
efguest
i
ny ourspeechbyr
eferr
ingt
othem fr
om ti
metotime.E.g.Ladiesandgentl
emen.
..
orMr.
Pri
ncipal
..
.et
c

--
Emphasiseoni
mpor
tantpoi
ntsbypr
ovi
dinggoodexampl
essot
hateachi
ssueoccur
sini
tsown
paragr
aph.

-
-Spacey
ourspeechbyski
ppi
ngl
i
nesaf
terev
erypar
agr
aph.

-
-Agoodspeechshoul
dhav
esev
eral
shor
tpar
agr
aphst
ackl
i
ngdi
ff
erenti
ssues.

--
Theconclusi
onshouldre-
emphasiseyourmoti
veanddir
ecttheaudienceatt
entiont
othemai
n
point
s.Theref
ore,ashor
tpassingsummaryofthemostimportantpoint
smentionedwoul
ddo.A
concl
usioncanalsoincl
udestati
ngthewayfor
ward,pr
ovi
dingasol ut
ionet
c.

-
-Af
terdr
aft
ingthespeech,
gooveri
torpr
oof-
readi
taloudtocorr
ectmi
stakesandestabl
isht
he
t
oneandrhythm t
hatyouwoul
dusebyalt
eri
ngpunctuat
iontoachi
evet
hedesiredef
fect.

--
Acr eati
vespeechwouldinvol
vesimpl
eandcomplexsent
ences,simpleandcomplexphrasesl
i
ke
neverthel
ess,atanyr
ate,however
;useofv
erbal
cuesli
kefi
rst
ly,secondl
y;useofgest
uresand
otherparali
ngui
sti
cfeatur
esetc.

--
Whenwr i
ti
ngthespeechst
artwi
thopeni
ngquotat
ionmar
kst
oshowt
hati
tismeantt
obe
spokenandthenendwithcl
osi
ngspeechmarks.

Exampl
e

TheBi
gPi
ctur
e

“
Thepr
inci
pal
,deput
ypr
inci
pal
,teacher
sandst
udent
s

TodayIwill
talkt
oyouaboutseeingt
hebi gpict
ure.Iam aware,
andIhopey ouar
etoo,t
hatmy
ti
tl
eresonateswi
thapubl
ishedinspi
rat
ionalbookbyt hefamousNeurosur
geon,BenCarson.Wel
l
,

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wehav ethesamemessage.I ti
sthemessageJesusgav etoHisfait
hful
,pr
ophetMohammed
gavetoHisfoll
owersandBuddhagav etoHi spupi
ls:
thatt
hereissomethi
ngbiggerandbett
er
beyondthedail
yoccurr
ences,thatf
oll
owingt her
oadtoselfact
uali
zati
onandharmonyisthe
ul
ti
mat epathofanenli
ghtenedhumanbei ng.

Student
s,t
hemessageissi
mple:
sacr
ifi
ceandInvestnowf
ort
hef
utur
e.Sl
eepl
essnowbecause
youwill
event
ual
l
ysleepmorecomfor
tabl
yinfut
ure.

Buddha’sli
fewasshort,
Jesusministrywasshort,Mohammed’ steachingswer eshor t-
liv
edbut
thei
rmessagesl i
veon.2000yearslatert
hesemessageshav egai nedbiggerfollowingst han
envisi
oned.Why?Becausetheysawt hebiggerpi
ctureandsacri
ficedtheirl
iv
es, theylivedwhat
theypreached;t
heyavoi
dedalif
efullofcomf or
t,pr
eachedlove,pati
enceandbr otherhood—the
peopleli
stened.

So,studentsasy oust
udyknowt hatyouhavet obethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworl
das
voi
cedbyt hef amousMahat maGandhi .Youhav etobeli
eveinyour
self
,setgoal
sandbel
ieveyou
canachievet hem.Donotwor r
yi fthi
ngsdon’
twor koutasyouhadexpected.Ther
eareal
way s
fal
sestartsev ery
wher
e; i
nbusiness,inat
hlet
ics,pol
i
ticsandevenacademics.Whatmatt
ers
i
s—Ar eyouabl etopersever
etot heend?Arey ouwil
lingt
okeeptryi
ng,agai
nandagaint
il
lyou
succeed?Ar ey ouwi
ll
i
ngt osuffernowandachi evewhatyouneedlater
?

Madam Pr i
ncipalherewil
l t
ell
youthati
tisnoteasyri
singtothetop.Itr
equi r
estimeandpat i
ence.
Itrequi
ressacri
fi
ce.Butyoucan’tsacri
fi
ceifyoucan’
tseethebi gpi
cture.So,fir
stseethebig
pictur
ewhichiny ourcaseiswhaty ouwanttobeinfut
ureandt hegradesy ouneedi nt
henational
examsi nordertoachieveyourdream.Againthebigpict
urecanbet hemar ky ouwanttoleave
behindwheny oudie,thelegacy;
howdoy ouwantt oberemember ed?

Student
s,l
etusst
ayf
ocussed.Keepyoureyesont
heprize.Bel
iket
hosegreatt
hree:
Jesus,
BuddhaandMohammedwhol ivedl
iv
esfull
ofsacr
if
icesandlef
tabiglegacyi
nourworl
d.

Thanky
oual
landmayGodbl
essy
ou.

Pr
efi
xesandSuf
fi
xes

Aprefi
xispar
tofaword(
amorpheme)thati
sattachedtoawordatt
hebegi
nni
ngt
ocr
eat
ea
di
ff
erentmeani
ngoft
hatwor
de.g.For
e-word,Re-cur
,pr
e-emptet
c.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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chool
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ah@g
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l.
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Asuff
ix,
ontheotherhand,i
samor phemethati
sat
tachedatt
heendofawor
dfort
hesame
pur
pose.E.
g.educa-
ti
on,gover
n-mentetc.

-
-Pr
e-meansbef
oreandf
ixmeansat
tach.

--
Uusal
l
ythewordscombi
neddonotchangethei
rspel
l
ingsandpr
onunci
ati
onexceptwhenusi
ng
all
andwell
e.g.Al
l-
so—al
so,
Well
-f
are—Welfar
e.

-
-Commonpr
efi
xesar
enon-un-di
s-i
r-i
m-i
n-i
l
-ab-i
g-mi
s-

-
-Adv
erbscanal
sobeusedaspr
efi
xese.
g.out
-ov
er-up-down-

-
-Pr
efi
xesbe-en-em-usual
l
yindi
cat
est
omakeorcr
eat
esomet
hingment
ionede.
g.

Bedev
il(
creat
epr
obl
emsf
or) encase(
puti
nacase) empower(
giv
epowert
o) embi
tt
er
ent
angle

-
-Pr
efi
xre-i
ndi
cat
esr
epet
it
ione.
g.r
e-or
gani
se,
rev
erseet
c.

-
-Suf
fi
xesar
eusedt
ocr
eat
enouns.Commonsuf
fi
xesar
e

-
acy-ee-et
te-i
on -l
et -shi
p-eer-er
y-hood-
ism -
ment-
ti
on -
ar -
ence -
ess-
ian -
ist
-
ness -
ure-dom -ency -et-i
cs -
it
y

e.
g.Ci
gar
ett
e et
iquet
te ki
tchenet
tel
eat
her
ett
efacetet
c.

-
-Adj
ecti
vescanbeder
ivedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngsuf
fi
xes -
abl
e-al -
esque -
if
y -
ful-
ic -
ish -
en
-
less -
ly -ous

--
Suff
ixescanal
sobeusedt
ocr
eat
eadv
erbs.–l
yist
hemostcommone.
g.beaut
if
ull
y,
automati
call
yet
c.

-
-Suf
fi
xesar
eal
sousedi
nthef
ormat
ionofnewwor
dsbyt
heder
ivat
ional
met
hode.
g.

Anthropology(societ
y)ast r
ology(star
s)gynaecol
ogy(f
ert
il
it
y)zoologyarchaeol
ogy( r
uins)
pathology(di
seases)bi ologygeol ogy psy
chology i
mmunol ogy et
ymology speleology(caves)
theol
ogycr iminology or nit
hology(bir
ds)technol
ogycosmol ogy(
univ
erse)paleontology(
rock)
chronology(or
der)phy siology

Tr
ansi
ti
onalWor
dsandPhr
ases

Thesear
ewor
dsandphr
asesusedtol
inksent
encest
oget
heri
nthedev
elopmentofapar
agr
aph.
Someti
mest
heyar
eknownasconnect
ors.

Thi
str
ansi
ti
onal
wor
dsandphr
asescanbeusedt
oshow

-
-Cont
rast

Ont
hecont
rar
y,ont
heot
herhand,
nev
ert
hel
ess,
unl
i
ke,
ther
ear
esomeexcept
ions

Nove
ls,
Upda
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leg
e,Hi
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chool
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ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
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saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-
-Toshowaddi
ti
on

Besi
des,
mor
eov
er,
agai
n,and,
fur
ther
mor
e,al
so,
inaddi
ti
on

-
-Toshowcompar
ison

I
nthesamemanner
,int
hesameway
,si
mil
arl
y,l
i
kewi
se,
cor
responds

-
-Toi
ndi
cat
econcessi
onorcompr
omi
se

Ev
ent
hough,despi
tet
his,i
nspi
teoft
his,
inspi
teoft
hough,
alt
hough,
albei
t

-
-Toi
ndi
cat
eemphasi
s

Act
ual
l
y,i
nfact
,indeed,
cer
tai
nly,
asamat
teroff
act

-
-Toi
ntr
oduceanexampl
e

Forexampl
e,t
hati
s,f
ori
nst
ance,
inpar
ti
cul
ar,
inot
herwor
ds

-
-Toi
ntr
oduceasequence

Fi
rst
,fi
rst
ly,
second,
nextf
inal
l
yet
c

-
-Toi
ntr
oducear
eason

Ther
efor
e,t
hen,
consequent
ly,
so,
accor
dingl
y,hence,
fort
hisr
eason,
thus

-
-Toi
ntr
oduceaconcl
usi
on

I
nsummar
y,I
nconcl
usi
on,
toconcl
ude,
inshor
t,t
osum up,
final
l
y

-
-Tol
i
nkspeci
fi
csent
ences

And,
but
,then

ThankYouNot
e

At
hanky
ounot
eiswr
it
tent
oacknowl
edgeaf
avourdonebyaf
ri
endoranyot
herpeopl
e.E.
g.

P.
OBOX10

WEBUYE

23RD JULY2017

DearKar
en,

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ls,
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chool
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ima
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mic
ah@g
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l.
com

Iam veryhappyt
hatyoumadei
ttomyweddi ng.Ifeltpr
oudandhappyseei
ngyouaround.You
havealwaysbeennicet
omeandIappr
eciatethat.MyhusbandandIlovedyourgi
ft(
pressur
e
cooker)andwewill
makegooduseofi
t.Thatwasv eryt
hought
ful
ofyou.

Thanky
ouf
orcomi
ngandmyGodbl
essy
ou.

Bestwi
shes

Euni
ce.

Acongrat
ulat
orynotei
swrit
tenbyfr
iendsorf
ami
l
ytogi
vecr
edi
toracknowl
edgeexcel
l
encei
n
per
for
mancebyani ndi
vi
dual
.E.g.

P.
O.BOX66

KI
SII

26TH MAY2017

DearLi
m,

Heartycongratulat
ionsony ourpromotiont
othepositi
onofsalesmanager.Tomet henewsdid
notreal
lycomeasasur pr
iseforIhavealwaysbeli
evedyouhavewhatitt
akes.Ifanyonedeser
ved
thepost,yousur el
ydid.Knowingy ou,
Iam sureyouwill
notrestony
ourlaurel
sandwi ll
soon
cli
mbanot chhigher.

Bestofl
ucki
nyournewdut
ies.

Yourf
ri
end

Janet

ANoteofCondolencei
swrit
tent
oconsol
ethef
ami
l
yoft
hedeceasedandshar
eint
hei
rgr
ief
.
Not
esofcondol
encesshoul
dbe

-
-handwr
it
tent
ogi
vet
hem aper
sonal
andcar
ingt
ouch

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ls,
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chool
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ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
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mic
ah@g
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l.
com

-
-saysomet
hingi
npr
aiseoft
hedeceased

-
-besi
ncer
e

-
-bebr
ief

-
-besentassoonast
henewsi
srecei
ved.I
nfactal
lnot
esshoul
dbepr
omptt
othenews.

Forexampl
e

P.
O.BOX45

NAI
VASHA

21STOCTOBER2017

DearMrandMr
sKamau,

Mywif
eandIwereter
ribl
ysaddenedbyt
hedeat
hofy
ourdaught
er.Shewi
l
lreal
l
ybemi
ssedbyus
andal
lwhoknewher.

I
tishar
dtopi
ctur
eournei
ghbour
hoodwi
thoutherasshewasv
eryf
ri
endl
y,f
unnyandgener
ous.

Yourf
amil
yisi
nourthought
satt
hist
ryi
ngmomentandi
fther
eisany
thi
ngwecandot
ohel
p,
pl
easedol
etusknow.

Wi
thdeepsy
mpat
hy

MrandMr
s.Ochi
eng

I
fthef amilyoft
hedeceasedisfami l
i
arwit
hy our
s,thereisnoneedf ortheincl
usi
onofother
for
mal det
ail
sli
ketheret
urnaddressandthesubject,butify ouonlyknewthedeceasedandthe
parentsdonotknowy ou;i
twouldbepar amounttoincludet hef or
maldetai
lsasshownbelow.
Again,somecondolencesaremor eformalandcanber eadonbehal fofthesenderwhoi
sunable
toattendthefuner
alserv
iceespecial
lysomeoneli
ket hepr esident.

Quest
ion

Aclassmat
eofyour
shasdi
edinaroadacci
dent
.Youhavemett hepar
entsseveral
timesdur
ing
vi
sit
ingday
sandhaveev
enbeentothei
rhome.Wri
teal
etterofcondol
encestothem.

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ls,
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chool
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com

P.
O.BOX321

NAI
ROBI

24TH FEBURUARY2017

WAFULAFAMI
LY

P.
O.BOX11

NAKURU

DearMrandMr
s.Waf
ula,

Itwaswit
hgreatshockthatIrecei
vedthenewsoft
hepassi
ngawayofy
ourdaught
er.Al
l
owmet
o
sharei
nyourgri
efalt
houghy oubarel
yknowme.

Yourdaught
erandIwereclose.Shewasagreatfri
end.Iwil
lrememberherpar
ti
cul
arl
yforher
dedi
cati
ontoeducat
ion.Herwarmthandfr
iendl
inesswill
bemi sseddear
ly.

Dol
etmeknowi
fther
eisany
thi
ngIcandot
ohel
p.

Wi
thDeepSor
row

JaneWakol
i

0700337766

-
-Thankyou,
congr
atul
ator
yandnot
esofcondol
encesshoul
dbewr
it
tenassoonaspossi
bleaf
ter
t
heev ent
.

Tr
ansi
ti
veandI
ntr
ansi
ti
veVer
bs

Transi
ti
vev erbsareverbst
hatareusual
lyfol
l
owedbyanobject
.E.g.Sheadmir
esheraunt
.The
verbadmireistransi
ti
vebecauseyoumustsaywhatisadmir
edforthesent
encetomakesense.
Othertr
ansiti
vev er
bsareki
ck,di
scover,
recei
ve,
see,
li
keetc

-
-Sometransi
ti
vev
erbshaveali
mit
edrangeofobjectstheyoccurwit
h;forexample,t
hev
erbki
l
l
mustoccurwit
hanobjectt
hati
sal
iveoraconceptthatisal
ive.Youcan’tki
l
lastone.

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ls,
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chool
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ima
ryNot
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mic
ah@g
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com

Int
ransi
ti
veverbsdonotreal
lyneedobj
ect
stomakesensei
nasentence.Thesubjectdoesthe
acti
onbutdoesn’
taff
ectanybodyorany
thi
ngel
se.E.
g.Isl
ept.Ot
hersarearr
ive,
squeak, bar
k,
yawnetc.

-
-Mosti
ntr
ansi
ti
venounsar
efol
l
owedbyadv
erbse.
g.I
thappenedy
est
erday
.Isl
eptsoundl
y.

--
Afewver
bscanbeusedt
ransi
ti
vel
yandi
ntr
ansi
ti
vel
ye.
g.at
e—sheat
e. Sheat
eUgal
i
.Ot
her
s
arewr
it
e,r
ead,
dri
nkandpl
ay.

-
-Di
tr
ansi
ti
vev
erbsar
ever
bst
hatcant
akedi
rectandi
ndi
rectobj
ect
s.

Anindir
ectobj
ectisusual
lyt
hebenef
actoroftheacti
onoftheverbandthedirectobj
ectsuffer
s
fr
om theacti
on.E.
g.Johnkickedt
heballtoJames.Theballi
sdirectobj
ectbecauseitsuff
ers
fr
om theacti
onoftheverbandJamesistheindi
rectobj
ectbecauseheisthebenefactorofthe
acti
onoftheverb.

I
nfi
nit
ives

Aninfi
nit
ivei
sthesimplestform ofaver
b.Thever
bissai
dtobei
nit
sinf
ini
ti
vef
orm wheni
tdoes
notshoworform partofthetenseinasent
ence.

Bar
einf
ini
ti
ve—si
ng

Toi
nfi
nit
ive—t
osi
ng

-
ingi
nfi
nit
ive—si
ngi
ng

Al
lthesef
ormscanoccuri
nal
ltensesasf
oll
ows:

Shei
sgoi
ngt
osi
ng,
shewasgoi
ngt
osi
ng,
shewi
l
lbegoi
ngt
osi
ng.

Shei
ssi
ngi
ng,
shewassi
ngi
ng,
shewi
l
lbesi
ngi
ng.

Shesi
ngs,
shecoul
dsi
ng,
shewi
l
lsi
ng.

-
-Ani
nfi
nit
ivecanbeusedasanobj
ectofasent
encee.
g.

Toeatl
otsofchocol
atewoul
dbeunwi
sei
fyouwantt
obesl
i
m.

-
-I
fthe‘
to’
inf
ini
ti
vei
susedi
nter
changeabl
ywi
tht
he–i
ngi
nfi
nit
ivet
hesent
encewoul
dnotr
etai
n
t
hemeaninge.g.

Shewast
oscor
e—shewasscor
ing.Shewast
oeat
—shewaseat
ing.

NewspaperRepor
ts

Towr
it
eagoodnewspaperr
epor
tobser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

a)Deci
deont
het
opi
c.

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ls,
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b)Researchonthet
opi
ctoest
abl
i
shthet
wosi
desoft
hest
ory
.Resear
chwi
l
lal
soenhancey
our
knowledgeint
hesel
ect
edtopi
car
ea.

c)Makesureyourt
it
lefort
her
epor
tisat
tract
iveandcat
chy
—itshoul
dbeshor
tsi
mpl
eand
rel
evantt
othecont
ents.

d)Inthei
ntr
oducti
onorf i
rstparagraph,t
ell
thereaderaboutt
heWho( vi
cti
msandcul pr
it
s),t
he
Where(wheretheeventoccurred)andtheWhy( expl
aini
ngevent
s).Thei
ntroduct
ionshoul
dbe
bri
efanddetai
l
sshouldbesav edf orlat
erparagr
aphs.

e)Thebodyshoul
dexpoundondetai
lsorissuesandel
aborat
eonpeopleort
hingsment
ionedi
n
thei
ntr
oduct
ion.Thewri
terneedst
otell
thest or
yvi
vi
dlyandobj
ect
ivel
y.

f
)Theconcl
udi
ngpar
agr
aphshoul
dgi
veaper
spect
iveorconcl
usi
veopi
nionont
hewayf
orwar
d.

g)Af
tert
hel
astpar
agr
aph,
ther
epor
tshoul
dendwi
tht
hewor
d‘by
’andt
hef
ull
name.

h)Ther
epor
tshoul
dincl
udequot
esf
rom pl
ayer
sinv
olv
edandi
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dbeat
tri
but
ed.

Exampl
e

ByJOHNNJAGI
Morebyt
hisAut
hor

MPshavetri
edtodi
sassoci
atethemsel
vesfr
om ar
epor
tshowi
ngt
hatt
heConst
it
uency
Dev
elopmentFundl
ostSh4bil
li
oninoneyear.

However
,off
icer
sfr
om theAudit
or-
General
’
soffi
ce,
whoappear
edbef
oretheNati
onal
Gover
nmentConsti
tuencyDev
elopmentFundcommitt
ee,
sai
dther
eporthadnot
menti
onednames.

“
Ther epor
tsar
enotmeantt obl
ameanybodybutleadtoadi
alogueonhowt
hei
ssues
r
aisedcanbefixed,
”Deput
yAudit
or-
Gener
alAlexRinger
asai
d.

Commi t
teeChair
manMosesLesonetquesti
onedthemethodusedbyAudi
tor
-Gener
al
EdwardOukot oconductt
heaudi
ts,
accusi
nghim ofi
ncl
udi
ngproj
ectsi
nschool
sand
pol
icestat
ionsasCDFassets.

“OncetheCDFgivesoutmoney ,
itshouldnotanswerastowhet
hertheschoolorpol
i
ce
stat
ionunder
tookthework.I
tisuptoy ouroff
icet
oauditsuchi
nst
it
uti
ons,”hesai
d.

AnotherDeputyAudi
tor-
General
,MrDav idGichana,
saidtheCDFst r
uct ur
eprovidedthat
thecommi t
teeswereresponsi
bleforprudentuseoffundsgivent
oi nstit
uti
ons,since
proj
ectcommi tt
eesi
nschools,dispensar
iesandothersfundedfr
om t hekit
tyreporttot
he
CDFt eams.

FORMALREPORTS

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Ar eportisanaccountgi v enoropini
onf ormal l
yexpr
essedafteri
nvesti
gation.Reportsperform an
i
mpor tantf uncti
oninlargeor gani
sations.Theyenabletheadmini
strat
orst okeeptrackofnor mal
operations,tolearnaboutunexpect eddev elopmentsandtojudgewhethert herei
ssatisfactor
y
progressonanewpr oject.Inthescienceandsoci alf
iel
ds,r
eport
sf or
mt hel i
nkbetweenr esearch
andpr acti
cal useofdiscov eri
es.Theypr esentaseri
esoffactswhichenabl esomeonet omakea
decisi
onbasedonr el
iableinformati
on.Mostf ormalr
eport
sareasar esultofaproject,an
i
nv esti
gationoracommi ssion.

For
matofaf
ormalr
epor
t

Ti
tl
e

Ther
epor
tshoul
dhav
eat
it
lewhi
chshoul
dindi
cat
ethecont
entoft
her
epor
tandshoul
dbebr
ief
e.
g.

AREPORTONTHESTUDENTSATTI
TUDETOWARDSPHYSI
CALEDUCATI
ONPROGRAMME

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thei
ntr
oduct
iont
oar
epor
tshoul
dsetoutcl
ear
lyt
he

-
-speci
fi
cpur
poseoft
her
epor
t

-
-ci
rcumst
ancesorev
ent
sthatnecessi
tat
edt
her
epor
t

Thet
ermsofr
efer
enceoft
her
epor
twhi
chi
ncl
ude

-
-whoaut
hor
izedt
her
epor
t

-
-i
facommi
tt
eewasappoi
ntedt
ocar
ryouti
nvest
igat
ionandi
tsnat
ure

-
-whent
her
epor
tisdue

-
-whoi
stor
ecei
vet
her
epor
twhenr
eady

Pr
ocedur
e

Thepr ocedur
eshoul
doutl
i
nehowt heinf
ormationwascol l
ect
edmainlythr
oughi
nter
views,
scrut
inyofinfor
mati
on,
obser
vat
ion,examinat
ion,quest
ionnai
resandothermet
hodsli
kespying,
tr
apset c.

Fi
ndi
ngs

Thi
spartpr
esentsf
acts,vi
ews,
il
lustr
ations,
stat
isti
cs,exper
imentsandot
herobser
vat
ions
der
ivedf
rom ori
naccordancet
ot herespect
iveproceduresused

-
-Theev
idenceshoul
dbepr
esent
edi
nal
ogi
cal
sequence

-
-Names,
placesandquot
ati
onsshoul
dbegi
venher
e

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ls,
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chool
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ah@g
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l.
com

Concl
usi
on

Thi
sdeal
swit
hwhatcanbededucedf
rom t
hef
indi
ngs,
logi
cal
concl
usi
onsori
nfer
encesshoul
d
bemadeinapar
agr
aph.

Recommendat
ions

Thi
semanatesfrom t
heconcl
usi
on.Thi
scont
ainsmeansorway sofi
mpr ovi
ngthesi
tuat
ion,
sol
vi
ngaproblem andort
hewayforwar
dasseenandevidencedfr
om theresear
ch.

Agoodr
epor
tshoul
dhav
eaf
air
lygoodnumberofr
ecommendat
ions,
atl
eastf
our
.

-
-Af
terr
ecommendat
ions,
thef
oll
owi
ngendi
ngi
sappr
opr
iat
e

Repor
twr
it
tenandcompi
l
edby
:

NAME:
___
__ SI
GN_
___
___
_ TI
TLE_
___
___

QUESTI
ON

Youaretheheadofacommi t
teecommissi
onedbythepri
nci
palofUzi
maSecondarySchoolt
o
i
nvest
igatet
heseri
ouswaterwastageandt
heresul
ti
ngshort
age.Thecommit
teeisrequi
redt
o
comeupwi t
hsolut
ionst
otheproblem.Wri
tet
hereport
.

WAYSTOCONSERVEWATERATUZI
MASECONDARYSCHOOL:
WATERCOMMI
TTEEPRELI
MARY
REPORT

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Fol
lowingt
hefr
equentcasesofwat
ershort
ageinschool
,thepr
inci
pal
ofUzi
maSecondarySchool
,
Mr.JohnKamau,f
ormedacommi tt
eetoinvest
igat
ethepr
oblem andr
ecommendsol
uti
ons.

Ter
msofRef
erence

Thecommitt
eewastobegi
nworkon3rdofOct
ober2016andfi
nal i
set
herepor
tbytheendof
nd
Oct
ober2016.Ther
epor
twast
obehandedt othepr
inci
palon2 ofNov ember2016at10.
00AM.

Thef
oll
owi
ngwer
emember
soft
hecommi
tt
ee

1.OgotMaget
o—Chai
rper
son

2.Rukwar
oMur
eit
h—Deput
yPr
inci
pal

3.Ki
rony
oMwar
a—Boar
dingmast
er

4.Sal
masMbor
i—Teacher

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

5.Ny
akur
iLumi
—Headcook

6.Wesl
eyKi
mol
i
—School
Wat
chman

7.Adi
tWawango—Headboy

8.RungaOsor
i—St
udent

9.Kesi
Waf
ula—St
udent

10.Ket
hKi
bur
i—Secr
etar
y

PROCEDURE

Thecommi t
teedev el
opedaquest ionnair
ewhichwasusedt ogatheri
nf or
mati
onf rom the
st
udentsandwor kersonhowwat erisusedinschool.Fort
ystudentswer esampledf r
om all
cl
assesanddormi t
or i
est
or espondt othequest
ionnair
es.Tenwor kersinthedormi t
oriesand
ki
tchenwereint
erviewedbymember softhecommi t
tee.Thecommi t
teealsovisi
tedt heschool
ki
tchenandtheboar di
ngareastoobser vethestat
eoft hewaterfacil
i
ties.

FI
NDI
NGS

Af
teranal
ysi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ion,
thecommi
tt
eef
oundt
hat
:

1)Leaki
ngt
aps

Ther
eisagreatdealofwatergoi
ngtowastethr
oughleakingt
apsandbr
okenwaterpipes.The
l
eaki
ngtapsarethosenexttothedi
ninghal
landthebrokenpi
pesaremai
nlyatt
hepigsty.

2)Negl
i
gence

Moststudent
sint
ervi
ewedadmi
ttedtof
orget
ti
ngt
otur
nof
ftapsaf
tert
appi
ngwat
erespeci
all
y
whentheyareinahurr
yorl
atet
oclass.

3)Poormanagementoft
aps

Whent
hetanksareemptyandwateri
sn’
trunni
ngfr
om taps,manyst
udent
swhoinv
esti
gateift
he
t
apsar
erunni
ngopenthem andl
eaveandwhenwat eri
spumpedespecial
l
yatni
ght
,usual
l
y ,
there
i
snoonetocloset
heopentapssothewatercanf
il
ltanks.

4)Mor
etanks

Thefourt
ankscur
rent
lyser
vingt
heschoolpopulat
ionar
enotenough.Theschool
hasa
popul
ati
onof1300andwaterget
sexhaust
edf ast.

CONCLUSI
ON

Thecommi t
teeconcl
udedthatthewatershor
tageiscausedmainl
ybywaterwast
agesandt
hat
thi
ssi
tuat
ioncanbesolvedeffect
ivel
ybythefol
lowingrecommendat
ions.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CIFA,
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ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
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ah@g
mai
l.
com

RECOMMENDATI
ONS

Thecommi
tt
eecameupwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ecommendat
ions:

1.Theschoolshoul
dmountanintensi
veawarenesscampai
gnamongst
udent
sont
hei
mpor
tance
ofconser
vingwaterandmanagementoftaps.

2.Theadmi
nist
rat
ionshoul
dimmedi
atel
yrepai
ral
lthef
aul
tyt
apsandbr
okenpi
pes.

3.Thet
apsshoul
dbeputonl
ockwhent
het
anksr
undr
y.

4.Theschooladmini
str
ati
onshoul
daddmor
etankst
ohol
denoughwat
erf
ort
hebour
geoni
ng
studentpopul
ati
on.

Ther
epor
twaswr
it
tenandcompi
l
edby

ObungaRat
emo

Si
gn

Thecommi
tt
eesecr
etar
y

Exer
cise

Theelectr
ici
tybil
linyourschooli
sver
yhi
gh.Yourpri
nci
palhasappoi
ntedyouthesecretar
ytoa
team commissionedtoinvesti
gat
ethematter
.Wri
tearepor
tofthepr
oceedings,
findi
ngs,
concl
usionandr ecommendat i
onsoft
heteam.

NOTI
FICATI
ONOFMEETI
NG

Anot
iceofameet
ingspeci
fi
est
hef
oll
owi
ngdet
ail
s

a)Ti
tl
eoft
hegr
oupt
hati
stomeet

2)Thenat
ureoft
hemeet
ing

3)Thedat
eandt
imeoft
hemeet
ing

4)Thev
enue

5)Thenameandt
it
leoft
heper
soncal
l
ingt
hemeet
ing

6)Theagendaoft
hemeet
ing

Exampl
e

Lugul
uGi
rl
s’Hi
ghSchool

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

P.
O.Pr
ivat
eBag

Webuy
e

Not
ice

EndTer
m St
affMeet
ing

Ameet
ingofal
lteachi
ngmember
sofst
affwi
l
l don2ndNov
behel ember2017f
rom 9.
30AM t
o
2.
30PM i
ntheSchoolBoar
dRoom.

Thef
ull
agendawi
l
lbeasf
oll
ows

1.Pr
eli
minar
ies

2.Readi
ngandconf
ir
mat
ionofpr
evi
ousmi
nut
es

3.Mat
ter
sar
isi
ng

4.Repor
tsont
het
eachi
ngpr
ogr
ess

5.St
udentdi
sci
pli
nei
ssues

6.Reor
gani
sat
ionoft
heschool
li
brar
y

7.Emer
gingi
ssues

8.Adj
our
nment

Mr
s.Lunani

ThePr
inci
pal

Si
gn_
_

MI
NUTES

Mi
nut
esar
erecor
dsofpr
oceedi
ngsi
nameet
ing.Theyser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpur
pose:

-
-Asapr
oofofameet
ingt
aki
ngpl
aceandt
hedeci
sionsar
ri
vedat
.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-
-Theyprovi
dearecor
dthatcanberefer
redt
obyt
hoseunabl
etoat
tendt
hemeet
ingandasa
r
emi ndert
othosewhowerepresent
.

-
-Theyhol
dmember
saccount
abl
efort
hedeci
sionsandcommi
tment
smadedur
ingt
hemeet
ing.

-
-Theyar
elegal
document
swhi
char
eadmi
ssi
blei
nacour
tofl
aw.

--
Minutesgiveasummar yoft
hemainpoint
sdi
scussedandthedeci
sionsreached.Asy
outake
minutesensureyouputdownall
impor
tantpoi
ntsandthaty
ouunderstandresol
uti
onsr
eached
befor
er ecor
ding.

Minutesareusual
l
ywr i
tt
eninformall
y,shor
thand,
inordertokeeppacewit
htheproceedi
ngsand
l
aterrewri
tt
enasaf inaloff
ici
aldraf
tassoonaspossible.Minut
esshoul
dbewrit
teninapassiv
e
voi
ceusingformallanguage.Minutesshouldal
sobewr i
ttenint
hethi
rdper
sone.g.i
twasagreed
t
hat..
.member sdi
scussed...etc

St
ruct
ureofMi
nut
es

Headi
ng

Ther
emustbeaheadi
ngcont
ainingt
henameoft
hegr
oupmeet
ing;
ther
emustbet
ime,
dat
eand
thev
enueoft
hemeeti
ngwit
hintheti
tl
e.E.
g.

MINUTESOFTHELUGULUGI NGHELDON2ND NOVEMBER1017I

RLSENDTERM MEETI NTHE
SCHOOL’
SBOARDROOM FROM 9.
00AM TO2.00PM

Li
stofMember
s

Ali
stofmemberspr
esenti
sgivenagainstt
hei
rtit
lesfi
rst
;thenali
stofapol
ogi
esagainstt
hei
r
t
it
les;
ali
stofmembersabsentagai
nstthei
rti
tl
esbeforementioni
ngthegusti
nat
tendance.

-
-Anyguestav
ail
abl
eisl
i
stedundert
hesubt
it
le‘
i
nat
tendance’
.

-
-I
temsinminut
esarenumber
edasMin1/
11/
2017wher
ethewor
dmi
nst
andsf
ormi
nut
ethen
t
heseri
alnumberoft
heit
em t
henmont
handyear
.

--
Thiswouldapplyfort
hefi
rstmeeti
ngwherethefi
rstmi
nutewoul
dhav
etheser
ial
number‘
1’but
subsequentminuteswoul
dhaverespect
iveser
ial
numbers.

QUESTI
ON

Youaret
hesecret
aryoftheTal
antaSel
fHel
pGroup.Wri
teminut
esoft heproceedi
ngsoft
he
t
h
meeti
nghel
don10 Sept ember2016fr
om 10.
00AM inKendum Soci
alhal
l.Theagendaofthe
meeti
nghadthefol
lowi
ngitems:

-
-I
ssui
ngofl
oans

-
-of
fi
cespaceandf
urni
tur
e

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-
-of
fi
cet
elephone

-
-A.
O.B

-
-Mat
ter
sar
isi
ng

Twomember
ssentt
hei
rapol
ogi
esandMr
.JohnSi
kukut
hecount
ydi
rect
orat
tendedasaguest
.

MINUTESOFTHEMONTHLYMEETI NGOFTALANTASELFHELPGROUPHELDON10TH
SEPTEMBER2016FROM 10.
00TO3.00PM I
NKENDUM SOCI
ALHALL

Member
sPr
esent

1.KenSi
miy
u—chai
r

2.Si
l
asMai
na—secr
etar
y

3.Ti
tusWawer
u—t
reasur
er

4.Wamgui
Hel
en—Member

5.Omondi
James—member

6.Waf
ulaSi
mon—member

7.Rut
hKer
ubo—member

8.Dai
syMat
ete—member

9.Ani
taSeme—member

10.Geddr
aMacheo—member

Member
sAbsent

1.Wi
l
li
am Juma—member

2.DanWany
ama—member

Apol
ogi
es

1.Er
ickSi
miy
u—member

2.Caxt
oneSi
miy
u—member

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

I
nat
tendance

JohnSi
kuku—Bungomacount
yDi
rect
or(
admi
nist
rat
ion)

Mi
n14/
9/2016:
Prel
i
minar
ies

Thechair
personwelcomedmember stothemeeting.Themeeti
ngwasopenedbyaprayerfr
om
Ani
taSeme.Thechai rr
eceivedapol
ogiesfrom t
womember sli
stedabov
e.Thechai
rthanked
membersf orcomingandacknowledgedthepresenceoftheBungomacount
ydir
ectorof
admini
str
ationMr.JohnSikuku.

Mi
n15/
9/2016:
Readi
ngandConf
ir
mat
ionofpr
evi
ousMi
nut
es

Theminut
esofthemeet
i don10thAugust2016wer
nghel er eadthr
oughbythesecr
etar
y.They
werepr
oposedbyRut
hKeruboandsecondedbyDaisyMatetetobeatr
uerecor
d.

Mi
n16/
9/2016Mat
ter
sAr
isi
ng

Min5/8/2016paymentofDues—t het r
easurerr
epor
tedt hatmember shadbeenpay ingthedues
asagreedandpromptlyandthetot al
shareswereatKsh250, 000.Hesaidthefundswer ei
nthe
j
ointbankaccountawaiti
ngaprojectrecei
ptsweretabledaspr oof
.
Min7/8/2016GroupTour —Mr.Waf ul
a,whobeentaskedwi ththeresponsi
bil
it
yofor ganisi
ngthe
gr
oupt ourr
eport
edthathehadalr eadybookedahot el
inMombasaatKsh90, 000andt hetour
nd
wouldcommenceof2 December2016.Headdedt hatthetourwoul dbeforfourdays.

Mi
n17/
9/2016:
Issui
ngofLoans

Itwasdiscussedthatl
oansgivenaretoosmallandt
hepr ocessi
ngofl oanappli
cati
ontakest
oo
l
ong.Itwasr esol
edthatmember sbegivenl
oansthr
eet i
mest heirnumberofsharesandthe
emergencyloansbedisbursedwithi
naweek;normalloanswoul dbedisbursedwit
hinamonth
from t
heappl i
cat
iondate.

Mi
n18/
9/2016:
Off
iceSpaceandFur
nit
ure

Itwasdi scussedthatwit
ht hei
ncreasingmember shi
p,off
icespaceisinadequateandt heoffi
ce
furni
tureisscarcel
yenough.Itwasr esolv
edthatbiggerpr
emi sesberentedwithatleastsix
spaciousr oomsandt hattabl
es,seatsandcabinetsbepurchasedbythet r
easurerworkingwith
MsMat etewithi
namont h.

Mi
n19/
9/2016:
Off
iceTel
ephone

I
twasdi scussedt
hatther
eisneedtoinst
allof
ficet
elephonet oeasecommuni cation.I
twas
resolvedthatitwi
l
lbeinstal
l
edthesoonestpossibl
eandt hatthesecretar
y,worki
ngwi t
hthe
r
d
treasurerwil
lappl
yfortel
ephonet
oolsandnet workonbehal fofthegroupon23 ofSept ember
2016.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
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saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Mi
n20/
9/2016:
Emer
gingI
ssues(
A.O.
B)

Thecount
ydi
rect
orpr
omi
sedt
ohel
pthegr
oupgetast
ati
onar
ysuppl
ytendert
oal
lcount
yof
fi
ces
i
nDecember2016.

I
twasalsonot
edt
hatt
henewof
fi
cesecr
etar
yisav
asti
mpr
ovementupont
hel
astonewhowas
i
nef
fi
cient
.

Mi
n21/
9/2016:
Adj
our
nment

Therebei
ngnootherbusi
ness,
themeet
ingendedwi
thapray
erf
rom Dai
syMatet
eat43.
30PM.
rd
Thenextmeet
ingwill
beheldon3 ofJanuar
y2017fr
om 10.
00AM TO2.00PM i
nKendum Soci
al
Hall
.

Conf
ir
medby
: Secr
etar
y__
__Dat
e__
___
___
_

Chai
rper
son_
___
_Dat
e__
___
___
___
_

Remembert
hatmi
nut
esar
esi
gnedi
nthenextmeet
ingsot
hesi
gni
ngspacesar
eusual
l
ylef
tbl
ank
ti
l
lthen.

Exer
cise

Asthesecr
etar
yoftheEvergr
eenEnvi
ronmental
Club,
wri
temi
nut
esofameet
i don15th
nghel
December2017,whoseagendawasasfoll
ows:

Agenda

1.Apol
ogi
es

2.Conf
ir
mat
ionofmi
nut
esoft
hemeet
ingof14thNov
ember2015

3.Mat
ter
sar
isi
ng

4.Rev
iewoft
ree-
plant
ingpr
oject

5.Sour
cingofcl
ubf
unds

6.Col
l
abor
ati
onwi
tht
hel
ocal
communi
ty

7.Emer
gingi
ssues(
A.O.
B)

RECI
PE

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
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ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
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ima
ryNot
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mic
ah@g
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l.
com

Ar eci
peisasetofi nstr
ucti
ont
hattel
lsyouhowt ocooksomet
hingandtheitemsoffoodyou
needforit.Agoodr eci
peshoul
dbeaspr eciseaspossibl
ebecauseavagueonewi l
lnothelpone
produceapr operdish.All
thei
ngredi
entsmustbegi venaswell
asthei
rrespecti
vequanti
ti
es.The
amount sofdiff
erentit
emswould,ofcourse,dependonthenumberofpeopletobeserved.

I
tisimportanttoexpl
ainhowt hei
temsaremi
xed,f
orhowlongtheyshoul
dbecookedand,if
possi
ble,
atwhatt emperatur
es.Ev
eryst
epshoul
dbeexpl
ainedandeverydet
ail
incl
uded.Any
omissi
oncoul dbedisast
rous.

BAKE:
Tocookbydr
yheat
,usual
l
yint
heov
en.

BARBECUE:
Usuall
yusedgeneral
l
yt orefert
ogri
l
lingdoneoutdoor
soroveranopenchar
coalorwoodfi
re.Mor
e
speci
fi
cal
ly,
barbecuereferstol
ong,slowdi
rect
-heatcooki
ng,
incl
udi
ngli
ber
albasti
ngwit
habarbecue
sauce.

BATTER:
Amixtur
econt
aini
ngf
lourandl
i
qui
d,t
hinenought
opour
.

BEAT:
Tomixrapi
dlyi
nor
dert
omakeami
xtur
esmoot
handl
i
ghtbyi
ncor
por
ati
ngasmuchai
raspossi
ble.
.

BLEND:
Toincor
por
atet
woormor
eingr
edi
ent
sthor
oughl
y.

BOI
L:
Toheatal
i
qui
dunt
ilbubbl
esbr
eakcont
inual
l
yont
hesur
face.

BROIL:
Tocookonagr
il
lunderst
rong,
dir
ectheat
.

CARAMELIZE:
Toheatsugari
nor
dert
otur
nitbr
ownandgi
vei
taspeci
alt
ast
e.

CHOP:
Tocutsol
i
dsi
ntopi
eceswi
thashar
pkni
feorot
herchoppi
ngdev
ice.

CLARIFY:
Toseparat
eandr
emov
esol
i
dsf
rom al
i
qui
d,t
husmaki
ngi
tcl
ear
.

CREAM:
Tosoftenafat
,especi
all
ybutt
er,bybeati
ngi
tatr
oom t
emper
atur
e.But
terandsugarar
eof
tencr
eamed
toget
her,maki
ngasmoot h,
softpaste.

CURE:
Topreser
vemeat
sbydr
yingandsal
ti
ngand/
orsmoki
ng.

DEGLAZE:
Todissol
vethet
hingl
azeofj
uicesandbrownbi
tsonthesurf
aceofapaninwhichfoodhasbeenf
ri
ed,
saut
eedorroast
ed.Todothi
s,addli
qui
dandsti
randscrapeoverhi
ghheat
,ther
ebyaddi
ngfl
avort
othe

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
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mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

l
i
qui
dforuseasasauce.

DEGREASE:
Toremovefatf
rom thesur
faceofst
ews,
soups,
orst
ock.Usual
l
ycool
edi
nther
efr
iger
atorsot
hatf
at
har
densandiseasi
lyremoved.

DI
CE:
Tocutf
oodi
nsmal
lcubesofuni
for
m si
zeandshape.

DI
SSOLVE:
Tocauseadr
ysubst
ancet
opassi
ntosol
uti
oni
nal
i
qui
d.

DREDGE:
Tospr
inkl
eorcoatwi
thf
lourorot
herf
inesubst
ance.

DRI
ZZLE:
Tospr
inkl
edr
opsofl
i
qui
dli
ght
lyov
erf
oodi
nacasual
manner
.

DUST:
Tosprinkl
efoodwi
thdryi
ngr
edient
s.Useast
rai
neroraj
arwi
thaper
for
atedcov
er,
ort
ryt
hegood,
old-
fashi
onedwayofshaki
ngthi
ngstoget
heri
napaperbag.

FI
LLET:
Asav er
b,t
oremov
ethebonesf
rom meatorf
ish.Af
il
let(
orf
il
et)i
sthepi
eceoff
leshaf
teri
thasbeen
boned.

FLAKE:
Tobreakl
i
ght
lyi
ntosmal
lpi
eces.

FLAMBE'
:
Tofl
amefoodsbydousi
ngi
nsomef
orm ofpot
abl
eal
cohol
andset
ti
ngal
i
ght
.

FOLD:
Toincorporat
eadel icatesubstance,suchaswhippedcr eam orbeat
eneggwhites,
int
oanothersubst
ance
wit
houtr el
easingai rbubbles.Cutdownt hr
oughmi xtur
ewi thspoon,
whisk,
orfork;
goacrossbott
om of
bowl,upandov er,closetosurface.Theprocessi
sr epeated,whi
lesl
owingrot
ati
ngthebowl,unt
ilt
he
i
ngredientsaret horoughlyblended.

FRI
CASSEE:
Tocookbybr
aisi
ng;
usual
l
yappl
i
edt
ofowl
orr
abbi
t.

FRY:
Tocookinhotf
at.Tocookinafati
scall
edpan-
fry
ingorsautei
ng;t
ocooki naone-
to-
twoi
nchl
ayerofhot
fati
scal
l
edshall
ow-fatf
ryi
ng;
tocookinadeeplayerofhotf
atiscal
leddeep-
fatf
ryi
ng.

GARNISH:
Todecorat
eadishbothtoenhancei
tsappear
anceandtopr
ovi
deaflav
orf
ulf
oil
.Par
sley
,lemonsl
i
ces,
raw
veget
abl
es,choppedchi
ves,
andotherher
bsareal
lfor
msofgarni
shes.

GLAZE:
Tocookwithathinsugarsy
rupcookedt
ocr
ackst
age;
mixt
uremaybet
hickenedsl
i
ght
ly.Al
so,
tocov
erwi
th
athi
n,gl
ossyi
cing.

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GRATE:
Torubonagr
atert
hatsepar
atest
hef
oodi
nvar
ioussi
zesofbi
tsorshr
eds.

GRATIN:
Fr
om theFr
enchwordf
or"
crust.
"Ter
m usedt
odescri
beanyov
en-bakeddi
sh-
-usual
l
ycookedinashal
l
ow
oval
grat
indi
sh-
-onwhi
chagoldenbr
owncrustofbr
eadcr
umbs,cheeseorcr
eamysauceisfor
m.

GRI
LL:
Tocookonagr
il
lov
eri
ntenseheat
.

GRI
ND:
Toprocesssol
i
dsbyhandormechani
cal
l
ytor
educet
hem t
oti
nypar
ti
cles.

JULI
ENNE:
Tocutv
eget
abl
es,
frui
ts,
orcheesesi
ntot
hinst
ri
ps.

KNEAD:
Toworkandpr
essdoughwi
tht
hepal
msoft
hehandsormechani
cal
l
y,t
odev
elopt
hegl
uteni
nthef
lour
.

LUKEWARM:
Nei
thercool
norwar
m;appr
oxi
mat
elybodyt
emper
atur
e.

MARI NATE:
Toflavorandmoi st
uri
zepiecesofmeat ,
poul
tr
y,seafoodorv eget
ablebysoaki
ngthem i
norbrushi
ngthem
wit
hal iqui
dmi xt
ureofseasoningsknownasamar inade.Drymarinademixt
urescomposedofsalt
,pepper
,
her
bsorspi cesmayalsober ubbedintomeat
,poultryorseafood.

MEUNIERE:
Dr
edgedwit
hfl
ourandsaut
eedi
nbut
ter
.

MINCE:
Tocutorchopf
oodi
ntoext
remel
ysmal
lpi
eces.

MIX:
Tocombi
nei
ngr
edi
ent
susual
l
ybyst
ir
ri
ng.

PAN-BROI
L:
Tocookuncov
eredi
nahotf
rypan,
pour
ingof
ffatasi
taccumul
ates.

PAN-FRY:
Tocookinsmal
lamount
soff
at.

PARBOIL:
Toboilunt
ilpar
ti
all
ycooked;
tobl
anch.Usual
l
ythi
spr
ocedur
eisf
oll
owedbyf
inal
cooki
ngi
naseasoned
sauce.

PARE:
Toremov
etheout
ermostski
nofaf
rui
torv
eget
abl
e.

PEEL:
Toremov
ethepeel
sfr
om v
eget
abl
esorf
rui
ts.

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PI
CKLE:
Topr
eser
vemeat
s,v
eget
abl
es,
andf
rui
tsi
nbr
ine.

PI
NCH:
Apinchi
sthet
ri
fl
ingamounty
oucanhol
dbet
weeny
ourt
humbandf
oref
inger
.

PUREE:
Tomashf oodsunti
lperfectl
ysmoot
hbyhand,
byr
ubbi
ngt
hroughasi
eveorf
oodmi
l
l,orbywhi
rl
ingi
na
bl
enderorfoodprocessor..

REFRESH:
Toruncol
dwat
erov
erf
oodt
hathasbeenpar
boi
l
ed,
tost
opt
hecooki
ngpr
ocessqui
ckl
y.

RENDER:
Tomakesol
i
dfati
ntol
i
qui
dbymel
ti
ngi
tsl
owl
y.

ROAST:
Tocookbydr
yheati
nanov
en.

SAUTE:
Tocookand/
orbr
ownf
oodi
nasmal
lamountofhotf
at.

SHRED:
Tocutort
eari
nsmal
l
,long,
nar
rowpi
eces.

SI
FT:
Toputoneormor
edr
yingr
edi
ent
sthr
oughasi
eveorsi
ft
er.

SIMMER:
Tocooksl
owlyinliqui
doverlowheatatat
emperat
ureofabout180°
.Thesur
faceoft
hel
i
qui
dshoul
dbe
barel
ymovi
ng,brokenfrom t
imetoti
mebyslowl
yri
singbubbl
es.

SKIM:
Toremov ei
mpuri
ti
es,
whetherscum orf
at,
from t
hesur
faceofal
i
qui
ddur
ingcooki
ng,
ther
ebyr
esul
ti
ngi
na
cl
ear,
cleaner
-t
ast
ingf
inal
produce.

STEAM:
Tocookinsteam i
napressur
ecooker
,deepwel
lcooker
,doubl
eboiler
,orasteamermadebyfi
tti
ngaracki
n
akett
lewit
hat i
ghtcov
er.Asmall
amountofboi
li
ngwaterisused,
mor ewaterbei
ngaddeddur
ingst
eaming
pr
ocess,i
fnecessar
y.

STEEP:
Toextr
actcol
or,
flav
or,
orot
herqual
i
tiesf
rom asubst
ancebyl
eav
ingi
tinwat
erj
ustbel
owt
heboi
l
ingpoi
nt.

STERI
LIZE:
Todest
roymicr
oor
gani
smsbyboi
l
ing,
dryheat
,orst
eam.

STEW:
Tosi
mmersl
owl
yinasmal
lamountofl
i
qui
dforal
ongt
ime.

STI
R:
Tomixi
ngr
edi
ent
swi
thaci
rcul
armot
ionunt
ilwel
lbl
endedorofuni
for
m consi
stency
.

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TOSS:
Tocombi
nei
ngr
edi
ent
swi
thal
i
fti
ngmot
ion.

QUESTI
ON

Afr
iendofyour
svi
sit
edyourecentl
yandthor
oughl
yenj
oyedthemealyoupr
epared.Hehas
r
equestedy
oufori
tsreci
pet
opr epareasi
mil
armealf
orfourpeopl
e.Wri
tet
herecipe.

St
ewedBeeft
oser
veFourPeopl
e

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Meatisoneofthecommonestf oodsworldwi
de.Stewedbeefisacommonmeal i
nKenya
especi
all
yser
vedduringlunchandsupperoranydi
nner.Themealshoul
dnotbeeatenfr
equent
ly
i
nlargequant
it
iesbecauseofhealt
hconcernsbutatmosttwiceaweek.I
nsmallquant
it
iesi
tcan
beeatenever
yday.

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

500gr
amsbeef

1l
argeoni
on

3medi
um si
zedt
omat
oes

Ibunchcor
ianderl
eav
es

Hal
fat
easpoonr
oyco

1desser
tspooncooki
ngf
at

Sal
ttot
ast
e

Twot
easpoonf
ulsofgr
avy

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Washt
hebeef

2.Remov
efat
sfr
om t
hebeefbycut
ti
ngi
toutwher
epossi
ble

3.Chopt
hebeefi
ntomout
hful
pieces

4.Putt
hepi
ecesi
napanandaddcookonadr
ypant
il
lthemeati
stender

5.Addcooki
ngf
atandf
ryt
il
li
ttur
nsgol
denbr
own

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ls,
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6.Di
ceoni
onsandaddt
othecooki
ngmeat
,fr
yti
l
ltheyal
sot
urngol
denbr
own

7.Gr
atet
omat
oesandaddt
othemi
xtur
e;f
ryt
il
ltheyar
epar
toft
hemeatst
ew

8.Addr
oycoandcor
iandercuti
nsmal
lpi
eces.

9.Addgr
avyandsal
ttot
ast
e

10.Leav
ethemeatt
osi
mmerf
ort
womi
nut
es

Thest
ewedbeefcanbeser
vedwhi
l
ehotwi
thChapat
i

Ar
gument
ati
veEssay

I
nl i
fethereareissuessuchasabor
ti
on, alcohol
ism andsext
hatrequir
eonet ofor
m anopi
nion.
Andf oronetowi nother
sovertohi
sside, heneedstoargueoutorform anargumentt
opersuade
otherstohisside.Anargument
ati
veessayi stheref
oremeanttopersuadeotherpeopl
eorwoo
them tobepartofacer t
ainbel
i
eforopinion.

TheSt
ruct
ure

TI
TLE

Justli
kei
nspeechwr
it
ing,
anar
gument
ati
veessayshoul
dcar
ryat
it
let
hatsummar
isesi
ts
argument
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thei
ntr
oduct
ionshoul
dappealt
ot heemoti
onsoft
hereader
.Thet
oneshoul
dbesi
ncer
ebecause
i
tisi
mport
antfort
hereadert
otrustwhaty
ouaresayi
ng.

BODY

Inthebody,
youneedtoemphasi
seyourappeal
tor
easonr
athert
hanf
eel
i
ngs.Gi
vespeci
fi
cfact
s,
examplesandi
deasthatar
elogi
cal
.

-
-Li
stadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
ages

-
-I
ncl
udest
ati
sti
csi
fpossi
ble

-
-Donotexagger
atef
act
s,f
orexampl
ebyov
ergener
ali
zat
ionl
i
keal
lmenar
eunf
ait
hful

--
Bepreparedt
omakeconcessi
onsorcompromisesi
ftheopposit
esi
dehasv al
idpoi
ntse.
g.We
acknowledget
hef
actt
hatpoli
ti
csfav
ourst
herichbutr
evolut
ionsdonotsol
ve..
.

-
-Ref
ert
oauthor
it
yandgiver
efer
encest
osuppor
tyourar
gument
ssot
hati
tdoesn’
tlookl
i
key
ou
r
aetheonl
yoneadvocat
ingf
orsomethi
ng.

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ls,
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-
-Or
gani
sey
ourpoi
ntsf
rom t
hel
eastt
othemosti
mpor
tant
.

CONCLUSI
ON

Agoodconcl
usi
onr
est
atesi
namemor
abl
ewaywhatt
hear
gumenti
sabout

Essay
sBasedonSetText
s

Whenwr
it
ingessay
sbasedonsetbooks

1.Thef
ir
stst
epi
sal
way
stor
eadandunder
standt
hequest
ionwel
l
.

2.Under
li
net
hekeywor
dsi
nthequest
ionandwhatt
heycommandy
out
odoe.
g.

Wri
teanessayt
oshowtheev
il
sofcor
rupt
ioni
nasoci
etyasbr
oughtouti
nthepl
ayBet
ray
ali
nthe
Ci
tybyFr
ancisI
mbuga.

I
ntheabov
eessayquest
iont
hekeywor
dsar
eunder
li
ned.

3.Writ
eanint
roduct
ion.Theintr
oduct
ionshoul
dbelessthansixl
i
nesandshouldi
nter
pretthe
questi
onbygi
vingageneralexamplefrom r
eal
li
feorpar
aphrasethequest
ioni
nageneralway.
E.g.

Societi
essufferr
isi
ngunemploymentandlackofdevelopmentamongotherevi
lswhenindi
vi
dual
s
chargedwithmanagingpubli
cfundsandresourcesembez zl
eormisappr
opri
atethef
undsfor
personaluse.Thissit
uat
ioni
sev i
denti
ntheplayBetrayali
ntheCi
tybyFranci
sImbugaasargued
bel
ow:

-
-Av
oidusi
ngt
hesamewor
dsusedi
nthequest
ionwhenwr
it
ingani
ntr
oduct
ion

4.Constr
uctt
hetopi
csentencet
hatwouldr
unacr osstheanswer s.Thet
opicsentencecaptur
es
thekeywordsi
ntheanswerasrefl
ect
edinthequesti
onwhichmeanst hesentencerepl
acesthe
underl
i
nedwords,wher
enecessar
y,wit
htheissuesunderdiscussionint
hepar agr
aphe.g.

Unempl
oyment(
repr
esent
sthekeywor
dev
il
)isr
ampanti
nKaf
ir
abecauseofcor
rupt
ion.

Thi
ssentencewil
lrunacr
osst heessaywithfourdi
ff
erenti
ssuesthatr
epr
esentev
ilunder
di
scussi
onbeinghighl
i
ghted.Thetopicsentencemustbeasentenceandnotasubti
tl
elike
‘
unemployment.E.
g.

Unempl
oymenti
srampanti
nKaf
ir
abecauseofcor
rupt
ion.Thent
hreei
l
lust
rat
ionst
oshowt
his

I
nef
fi
ciencyi
ngov
ernmenti
sbr
oughtaboutbycor
rupt
ion.Thent
hreei
l
lust
rat
ions

Someki
l
li
ngsi
nKaf
ir
aar
easaconsequenceofcor
rupt
ion.Expl
anat
ions.
..

Under
-dev
elopmenti
scausedbycor
rupt
ion.
..
..
..

5.Thebodyshoul
dcarr
y4par
agraphs.Eachparagraphshoul
dhaveatopi
csentenceanda
detai
l
edexpl
anati
onandil
l
ust
rat
ionsofthepointbeingar
gued.Eachpoi
ntcanscoreamaximum

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ls,
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oft
hreemar
ksi
fwel
lexpl
ainedandwi
thapr
opert
opi
csent
ence.Thepoi
ntsar
egr
adedby

-
-Ful
l(wel
lexpl
ained)

-
-Fai
r(Fai
rl
yexpl
ained)

-
-Thi
n(Notwel
lexpl
ainedbutt
her
eisanat
tempt
)

-
-Unpoi
nted(
misunder
stoodt
hequest
ion)

-
-Nar
rat
ion(
Keywor
dsnotcapt
uredi
ntheanswer
)

-
-T.
E(Youcannotr
ememberdet
ail
sfr
om t
hest
orywel
lsoy
ouquot
eorusedet
ail
sthatar
enoti
n
t
hebook)

-
-Vague(
what
everi
swr
it
teni
snotcl
earori
sconf
usi
ng)

6.Theconcl
usi
onoft
heessayshoul
dbebr
iefandconcl
udi
ngwor
dsshoul
dbeused.Suchwor
ds
are

I
nconcl
usi
on.
..Toconcl
ude.
..I
nsummar
y..
.Tosum up.
..et
c

Theconcl
usi
onshouldagr
eewi t
hthekeyar
gumentoft
hequesti
onandment i
ont
woort
hree
poi
ntsdi
scussedasevi
dence.Theconcl
usi
onshoul
dbelesst
hanfi
veli
nes.E.
g.

Toconclude,i
tist
ruet hatcorr
upt
ioni
sthesour
ceofevi
l
sli
kelackofdevel
opmentand
unemploymentinsocieti
es.Agoodconclusi
onjustl
i
keagoodint
roduct
ionwoul
dscoreaf
ull
(2
marks)afaironewil
lscor eonemark.

QUANTI
FIES

Thewor
dsf
ew,
afew,
li
tt
leandal
i
ttl
ear
eknownasquant
if
ier
s.

Fewandafewareusedwithcountnounsl
i
keaf
ewdesks,
fewboy
setcwhi
l
eal
i
ttl
eandl
i
ttl
ear
e
usedwi
thnocountnounsormassnounsli
keal
i
ttl
ewat
er,l
i
ttl
emi
lket
c.

--
Fewandl i
tt
lehavenegat
ivemeaningandusage.Fewmeansnotmanyornotenough;l
i
ttl
e
meansnotmuchornotenoughaswel l
.Afewandal i
tt
lehaveaposi
ti
vemeaningandt
heydonot
havecomparativ
esandsuperl
ati
ves.Thesewordsarealsousedascompar
ati
vesand
super
lat
ivese.g.

Few—f
ewer
—fewest

Li
tt
le—l
ess—l
east/
li
tt
lest

Ther
ear
efewgi
rl
sincl
ass.(
notenought
obet
aught
)

Ther
ear
eaf
ewst
udent
sincl
ass.(
theyar
eenoughf
oral
esson)

Ther
eisl
i
ttl
ewat
eri
nthecup.(
notenought
oquencht
hir
st)

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ls,
Upda
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Ther
eisal
i
ttl
eteai
nthef
lask;
youcant
ake.(
iti
senough)

--
Fewandli
tt
lecanbeusedwi
thi
ntensi
fi
erssuchasqui
te,
tooandv
erybutal
i
ttl
eandaf
ew
cannot
.e.
g.

Thecr
opsdr
iedupbecauset
her
ewast
ool
i
ttl
ewat
eri
nthesoi
l
.

Wehav
ever
yli
tt
lemoneyl
eft
.

Themat
atust
hatar
ebackont
her
oadar
equi
tef
ew.

Taki
ngPar
tinanI
nter
view

Quest
ion

I
maginet
hatanNGOi ny
ourareaislooki
ngforafor
mfourl
eav
ertoeducat
ethelocalcommuni
ty
onwaysofcombat
ingMalar
ia.Br
ief
lyexpl
ainhowyouwoul
dbehavei
naninter
viewroom.

a)Gatherinf
ormati
onaboutt
heinsti
tut
ionthathasi
nvi
tedy
ouandthei
rareaofi
nter
est.Also
gatheri
nformati
onaboutt
hegeneralquest
ionspeopl
easki
nint
erv
iewsandthei
rappropr
iate
answers.

b)Onthedayofheint
erv
iew,dresssmart
ly,
decentl
yandf
ormal
l
y.Thi
scommuni
cat
esal
otabout
yourper
sonal
i
ty—f
ir
stimpressi
onisalwaysimport
ant.

c)Pr
act
iceaddr
essi
ngani
magi
nar
ycr
owdt
obui
l
dyourconf
idenceanduseofbodyl
anguage.

d)Ar
ri
veont
imet
ocal
m downandf
ami
l
iar
izey
our
sel
fwi
tht
hear
ea.

e)Whenusheredi
ntotheint
ervi
ewroom,
greetthei
nterv
iewer
sandr
emai
nst
andi
ngt
il
lyouar
e
off
eredaseat
.Warmlyrespondtot
hewelcominggestur
es.

f
)Si
tupr
ightandexpr
essy
ourconf
idencebyav
oidi
ngf
idget
ing,
shuf
fl
ingoff
eetet
c.

g)Av
oidshor
tinadequat
eanswer
s.

h)Mai
ntai
ney
econt
actwi
thi
nter
viewer
sandr
espondt
oquest
ionsconf
ident
ly.

i
)Donotchew.

j
)Ify
ouar
enotsur
eaboutanswer
stosomequest
ions,
behonestandadmi
tit
.

k)Usepol
i
tel
anguagei
nyourr
esponses;
donotf
eel
off
endedbyanyquest
ion.

l
)Observ
ethei
nter
viewer
scues—knowwhent
ospeakl
i
kewhent
hei
nter
viewernodshi
shead,
andwhentol
eave.

m)Li
stenkeenl
ytoquest
ionsandcomment
s.

Asani
nter
viewer

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-
-Bef
ri
endl
yandpr
epar
edt
oaskquest
ions

-
-r
esear
chont
het
opi
c

-
-Bet
act
ful
,especi
all
ywhenaski
ngsi
mpl
equest
ions.

-
-Li
stent
othei
nter
viewee—donott
alkt
omuchorcar
rypr
ejudi
cesbeopenmi
ndedandf
air
.

QUESTI
ON

Yourschooli
sr ecr
uiti
nganewschoolcaptain.Thepr
inci
pal
andthepr
efectbodyar
econduct
ing
i
nter
viewsforthisrecrui
tment
.Youar
einterestedi
nthepost
.Wri
teanint
ervi
ewthatmaytake
pl
aceintheint
er vi
ewr oom.

Mar
kingscheme

-
-t
hei
nter
vieweeshoul
dsaysomet
hingabouther
sel
f

--
thebodywil
lhav
equest
ionsandanswer
sconcer
ningdut
iesofaschool
capt
ainandt
her
oleof
pref
ectsi
ntheschool

-
-Shewi
l
lbeaskedhowshecandeal
wit
hspeci
fi
ctr
ickysi
tuat
ionsi
fappoi
ntede.
g.ast
ri
ke.

-
-Shewi
l
lbeaskedaboutwhyshei
sint
erest
edi
nleader
shi
pandhermot
ivat
iont
oappl
y

-
-Shewi
l
lanswerwhyshet
hinksshei
sthebestper
sonandnotot
her
s

--
Shewi l
lanswerwhatchall
engesshewi
l
lbeexpect
ingandhowt
ohandl
ethem l
i
kehowt
o
balanceacademicsandleader
ship

-
-Shewi
l
lbeasked,
supposedshei
snotgi
vent
hepostshewant
edbutgi
venal
esserone?

-
-Inconcl
usi
on,
onei
nter
viewercant
hankt
hei
nter
vieweef
orcomi
ng

--
Theleadint
ervi
ewerwoul
dinf
ormt
hei
nter
vieweehowshewoul
drecei
vecommuni
cat
ioni
f
successf
ulornot.

e-
mai
l

Ane-maili
sanelectr
onicmailorlet
ter
.Theselet
ter
sarepassedel
ect
roni
cal
lybytheuseof
computernet
work.Unli
ket hepostalmail
,e-
mailsaref
ast
erandcanbeaccessedbythereci
pient
atdi
ff
erentgeographi
call
ocations.

Towr
it
eanemai
loneneedst
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Anemai
laddr
esse.
g.j
ames55@y
ahoo.
com

2.Apasswor
dthatpr
otect
syouremai
lfr
om t
hosewhoar
enotsupposedt
oaccessi
t.

3.Theemai
laddr
essoft
heoney
ouar
ewr
it
ingt
oe.
g.kensi
l
i@gmai
l
.com

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

4.Thesubj
ectoft
heemai
l

Wheny
ouwr
it
eanemai
l

a)Themessageshoul
dbebr
ief
,cl
earandr
elev
ant

b)Uset
her
ightt
one

c)I
tshoul
dbef
reeofmi
stakes

d)Donotwr
it
eev
ery
thi
ngi
ncapi
tal
let
ter
s—wr
it
ethewayy
ouwr
it
eal
ett
er.

e)Si
gnof
fusi
ngonenameandt
hewor
dregar
dse.
g.

Regar
ds

Joseph

CC i
scarboncopi
esandismeantt
oshowt hatt
heverycopyoftheemail
hasbeensenttoother
emai
laddressesl
i
stedundert
het
it
lecc.I
ftheemai
lisonlyonecopythet
itl
ecci
slef
tblank.

Exampl
e

TO:
wekul
o@y
ahoo.
com

FROM:
bwany
a@gmai
l
.com

CC:

SUBJECT:
Annual
Repor
ts

DATE: ober1st2017
Oct

DearWekul
o,

Thisi
stoinfor
myouthatourannual
marketi
ngr
epor
twi
llbedueintheDi
rect
or’
sof
fi
cebytheend
ofthemonth.Iwi
l
lbegrat
efuli
fyoufor
wardedy
ourr
egi
onalrepor
tstor
eachmyoffi
cenotl
ater
t
h
thanWednesday5 2017.

Thanky
ouf
ory
ourco-
oper
ati
on.

Regar
ds

Kamau

QUESTI
ON

Youhaveseenanadv er
ti
sementforsev er
alv
acanci
esi nt
hemi ni
str
yofmedical
servi
ces.Those
i
nter
estedaresupposedtosubmitthei
rappli
cat
ionsviaemail
totheheadofhumanr esour
cein
themini
str
ywhoseemai laddr
essismf smm@gmai l.
com .Youareaqual
if
iednurseandinter
est
ed.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Appl
yfort
hej
ob.

Quest
ionnai
re

Aquest
ionnai
rei
sasetofpri
ntedquest
ionssy
stemat
ical
l
yar
rangedf
ort
hepur
poseofobt
aini
ng
i
nfor
mationfr
om r
espondent
s.

FEATURES

1.Thet
it
leoft
hepr
ojectandi
tssponsor
shi
p.Thi
siswr
it
tenont
hef
ir
stpagee.
g.

HI
VAMONGTHEYOUTHS—KABATISUBLOCATI
ON(
FIDA)

2.I
ntr
oducti
on—ther
eshouldbeanintr
oduct
iontotheproj
ect
.Itcanbeusedtoshowt he
i
mportanceoft
heprojectandt
oinst
ructt
herespondentonhowt oanswerquest
ions.

3.St
ruct
ure

a)Ar
rangequest
ionsinal
ogicalorderbeginni
ngwit
hpersonal
inf
ormat
ionsuchasgender
,age,
l
evel
ofeducati
onetc.Thi
sisfactuali
nformati
onandlessdemandi
ng.

b)Pr
ogresst
owar
dsquesti
onsdemandi
nggr
eat
erdet
ail
s,opi
nionsort
houghti
.eopenquest
ions
asopposedt
ocl
osedquest
ions.E.
g.

1.Nameofy
ourt
own.

2.Doy
ouhav
eanyst
reetl
i
ght
s?

3.Whatwoul
dyousayar
ether
easonsf
ori
nci
dent
sofcr
imei
nyourar
ea?

4.Whatadv
icewoul
dyouof
fert
hepol
i
cedepar
tmentoncr
imemanagement?

c)Quest
ionnair
escanbedesi
gnedi
nsuchawayt
hatt
her
espondent
ssi
mpl
yti
ckt
her
esponse
theyf
avoure.g.

Pl
easet
ickt
heappr
opr
iat
ebox

Gender
:Femal
e□ Mal
e□

Mar
ri
ed:
Yes□ No□

d)Otherquest
ionsmaybef
ramedi
nsuchawayast
ogr
adear
espondent
’sat
ti
tudeorf
eel
i
ngs
towardssomethinge.
g.

School
uni
for
m shoul
dbemadecompul
sor
yforal
ll
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons(
Tickone)

St
rongl
yAgr
ee□

Agr
ee□

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Di
sagr
ee□

St
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee□

Doesn’
tmat
ter□

e)Keepthequest
ionnai
ret
oanappr
opr
iat
elengt
h.Peopl
edonothav
eti
met
okeepont
urni
ngt
he
pages.

f
)Usecul
tur
all
yappr
opr
iat
elanguageanddonotpat
roni
zet
her
espondent
s.

g)Respondi
ngt
oquest
ionnai
restakesti
meandi nt
rudesont
hepeopl
e’
spr
ivacy
.Youshoul
d
ther
efor
eshowappr
eci
ati
onfortherespondent
’seff
orts.

h)I
tisal
souseful
togi
vey
ourr
espondentani
deaast
ohowt
her
esul
toft
hequest
ionnai
remi
ght
beofbenef
itt
othem.

QUESTI
ON

Imagineyouhavebeenaskedtolooki
ntotheeff
ect
sofromanti
crel
ati
onshi
psonhighschool
student
s.Prepar
eaquesti
onnair
ethatwil
lhel
pyoucol
lecti
nfor
mati
ony our
equi
re.

CURRI
CULUM VI
TAE

Cur
ri
culum v
itae,someti
mescalledaresume,
isabriefaccountofyoureducationandcareer
.Iti
s
adocumentthatgivesapotent
ialemploy
erapi
ctur
eofapr ospecti
veempl oyee.Iti
sther
efor
e
meantt
oselly ouasawor t
hyproduct
.Toachi
evethi
s, i
tmustbeplannedcar eful
ly.

Normall
y,aCVorgani
sesinf
ormati
onint
othef
oll
owingheadl
i
nes:
Per
sonal
det
ail
s,cont
actdet
ail
s,
educat
ion,wor
kexper
ience,
speci
alski
ll
sandr
efer
ees.

Theseheadi ngsshouldbehi
ghlight
ed, f
orexample,byunder l
i
ning,capit
ali
zat
ionorboldi
ngsothat
theystandout .Whethery
ouplaceeducat i
onorwor kexperi
encef i
rstdependsonwhichoneis
strongerforyou.Forexampl
e,ifyouhav ejustf
ini
shedschool,puteducationfi
rst
.Notethatwhi
le
somepeopl earr
angeeducat
ionalquali
ficati
onandempl oymentexper i
enceintheor
derinwhich
theywer eacquired,
manyothersprefertoputthemostr ecentonesf i
rst
.

CURRI
CULUM VI
TAE

PERSONALI
NFORMATI
ON

Fi
eld Economi
cs

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
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ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Cur
rentAddr
ess P.
OBox9742-00100,Nair
obi
,Keny
a
Mobi
l
e:0725950083
E-
mail
:machi
opc@y ahoo.
com

Mar
it
alst
atus Si
ngl
e
Nat
ional
it
y Keny
an
I
dent
it
yNumber 23358787
Rel
igi
on Chr
ist
ian
Dat
eofbi
rt
h 12/
05/
1983
Languages(
Spokenand Engl
i
sh,
Kiswahi
l
i
wri
tten)
Car
eerAspi
rat
ion Economi
st

PROFI
LE
Profi
cienti n Research,Teaching,Tr ai
ning,Planni
ng,Organi
zing,Coordi
nat
ing ski
ll
s,
Administ r
ati
on,Stati
sticalanal
y si
s using SPSS,E- vi
ews and STATA,ReportWr i
ti
ng,
PreparationofPresentationmat
er i
al,
Leader shi
pskil
l
s,Teamwork,Deci
sionMakingski
ll
s,
andEff ecti
veCommuni cati
on.

SUMMARYOFRELEVANTWORKEXPERI ENCE
 Teaching
 Dataentryandanal ysi
s
 Writ
ingofsci enti
fi
cpapers
 Reportwrit
ing
 Writ
ingofpr ojectr
eports

EDUCATI
ONBACKGROUND

Post
-Gr
aduat
e:

Uni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi

PhDi
nEconomi
cs

Col
labor
ativ
e PhD Progr
amme in Economics(CPP)sponsor
ed and managed byt
he
Afr
icanEconomicResear
chConsor
ti
um (AERC)

Uni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
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CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Mast
ersofAr
tsi
nEconomi
cs

June24,
2007t
oSept
ember30,
2007:Af
ri
caEconomi
cResear
chConsor
ti
um (
AERC)

Coll
aborat
iveMastersProgr
ammei nEconomi
cs(
CMAP)f
orAngl
ophonecount
ri
esexpect
Niger
ia;
JointFaci
l
ityforEl
ecti
ves(
JFE)

Speci
ali
zedi
n:

 Heal
thEconomi
cs

 Cor
por
ateFi
nanceandI
nvest
ment
s

Year I
nst
it
uti
on Cer
ti
fi
cat
e Qual
i
ficat
ions

2003- Uni
versi
tyof B.A(
EconomicsMaj
or, Fi
rstCl
asshonor
s
2005 Nai
robi Soci
ologyMi
nor)

1998- MoiGirl
s’ K.
C.S.
E Meangr
adeB-(
Minus)
2001 SecondarySchool

1994- Mi
sikhuBoardi
ng K.
C.P.
E MeanGr
adeB(
Plai
n)
1997 Pr
imarySchool

Ot
herCert
if
icati
on
 Comput erLi
teracy(
Wi ndowsXP/
2000,I
nter
netandE-
mai
l
,Ms-Wor
d,Ms-
Excel
,Ms
-PowerPoint
)
 Stati
sti
calpackages(E-vi
ews,
STATA,SAM andSPSS)

SPECI
ALSKILLS
 Abi
li
tyt
otakeini
ti
ati
veandi
nspi
reot
her
s
 Abi
l
ityt
omi
xandadj
ustqui
tef
astwi
thdi
ff
erentpeopl
e
 Abi
l
ityt
ocopewi
thf
lexi
blet
ask,
trav
ell
ongdi
stancesandwor
koddhour
s.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

 Abi
l
ityt
obepr
oact
iveandhi
ghl
i
ghtpr
obl
em ar
eas.
ACADEMICAWARDS
2006/
07-
2007/
08Awar
dedUni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi
Schol
arshi
p.

2009-
2013Awar
dedAf
ri
canEconomi
cResear
chConsor
ti
um (
AERC)PhDschol
arshi
p

WORKSHOPSATTENDED

1.Par
ti
cipat
edi
ntheCent
ref
ort
heSt
udyofAf
ri
canEconomi
es(
CSAE)wor
kshop
f
rom Sunday20t
oTuesday22Mar
chatt
heSt
.Cat
her
ineCol
l
ege,
Oxf
ord
2.Par
ti
cipat
ed i
n t
he AERC I
nter
nat
ional Conf
erence on Nat
ural Resour
ce
Managementand Cl
i
mat
e Change i
n Af
ri
ca f
r ember15th 2008 t
om Sept o
ember17th2008ati
Sept nter
cont
inent
alHot
el,
Nai
robi

WORKEXPERI
ENCE

1.August2008-
Dat
ePar
tti
meLect
ureratt
heUni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi
,School
ofEconomi
cs.

2. June,2010–Sept
ember
,2010I
nter
nat
ionalDev
elopmentResear
chCent
re(
IDRC)as
aconsul
tanti
ntheEco-
heal
thpr
ogr
am.I
nvol
vedi
nmanagementofconceptnot
esand
repor
twr
iti
ng
HOBBI
ES

Readi
ngnov
els,l
i
steni
ngt
omusi
c,wat
chi
ngsoapoper
asandr
eadi
ngeducat
ionaland
pr
ofessi
onal
jour
nal
s

SPORTS:Net
bal
l

REFEREES

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

DrDami anoKulunduManda, Dr .AdolfF.Mukenda,

Pr
ofessorGami
ano Manager ,
Research, SeniorLectur
eri
n
Mwabu, Economi csandHeadoft he
Afri
canEconomi cResearch
Department,
Pr
ofessor
, Consor ti
um,
P.OBox35045,
Uni
ver
sit
yofNai
robi
, P.OBox
Universi
tyofDaresSalaam
P.
OBox30197, Nairobi.
E-Mail
Nai
robi
. E-Mai l
dami ano.manda@aer caf
rica. Amkenda@udsm. ac.
tz
E-
mail
org
mwabu@keny
aweb.
com Tel+255754489275
Tel.0721553635
Tel
0721565387

Quest
ion

I
maginethatyouhavedoneKCSEexam andpassed.Youseeanadver
ti
sementi
nal
ocal
dai
l
yofaposi t
iont
hatyouqual
if
yfor.Youdeci
detoapplyf
orit
.Wri
tearesume/
CVt
hat
wouldbeatt
achedtoyourl
ett
erofappli
cat
ion.

Quest
ionKCSE2012

Readt
headv
ert
isementbel
owandanswert
hequest
iont
hatf
oll
ow.

TheElector
alCommissi
oniscurrentl
yseeki
ngtorecr
uit800cleri
cal
offi
cer
s,whowill
workclosel
ywitht
hecommi ssi
onf ortwomonthstoregi
stervot
ersinpr
eparat
ionf
or
el
ecti
ons.Thecler
kswil
lbeexpectedtoprepar
eav ot
ersregist
er.

Appl
i
cant
smustbe:

Ci
ti
zensofKeny
a

-
-18y
ear
sandabov
e

-
-Fl
uenti
nSwahi
l
iandEngl
i
sh

-
-I
npossessi
onofKCSEgr
adeCandabov
e

-
-Comput
erl
i
ter
ate

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedI
CT,
CPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
ATD,
Col
leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-
-Abl
etowor
kwi
thl
i
ttl
eornosuper
visi
on

I
nter
estedcandi
dat
esarerequir
edtosendthei
rappli
cat
ionstothefol
lowi
ngaddressso
astoreacht
hecommisionby30t h,
November2015.TheChiefExecut
iveOff
icer
,El
ect
oral
Commi si
on,P.
O.BOX679439-010

Nai
robi

a)Wr
it
eanappl
i
cat
ionl
ett
eri
nresponset
otheadv
ert
isement
.

b)Wr
it
eanaccompany
ingcur
ri
cul
um v
itae.

BookRev
iew

Abookreviewi
sanadvert
isementf
ort
hebook.I
tisar
epor
toracr
it
iquegi
vi
ngaper
son’
s
opi
nionaboutabookorafil
m.

-
-Af
terpubl
i
cat
ion,
abookshoul
dber
evi
ewedt
o

a)Publ
i
cizei
t

b)Gett
oknowi
tssui
tabi
l
ityt
other
eader
s

c)Knowt
hebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ionont
heaut
hor

d)Assesst
her
elev
anceoft
hecont
ent
stot
hepubl
i
c

e)Det
ermi
net
hepr
ice

Whenr
evi
ewi
ngabook,
poi
ntoutt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

-
-t
het
it
leoft
hebook

-
-I
tsaut
hororpl
aywr
ight

-
-publ
i
sher

-
-Dat
eofpubl
i
cat
ion

-
-pr
ice

-
-t
her
evi
ewer

Whenr ev
iewi
ngthebook,asummar yoft
hebookshouldbegiven.Thesummaryshoul
d
bedoneinfor
m ofasynopsis.Thesummaryshoul
dhighl
ightmajorthemesandst
ate
whatthebookisal
labout
.

Thebookr
evi
ewshoul
dal
sopoi
ntoutanaspectoft
hebookt
hati
sst
ri
ki
ngoror
igi
nal
.

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ls,
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leg
e,Hi
ghS
chool
&Pr
ima
ryNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Thi
scoul
dbe:
sty
le,
char
act
eri
zat
ion,
set
ti
nget
c

--
Assessinyourownopini
on,whet
herthebooki
ssuccessful
ornotgi
vi
ngval
i
dreasons
e.g.Thebookisfunf
orchi
ldr
enbecauseiti
sful
lofj
uveni
lemischi
efet
c.

Exampl
e

BOOKREVI
EW

Ti
tl
e:Whoam I
?TheSt
oryofBar
ackObama

Aut
hor
:Phi
l
li
sAndr
ews

Publ
i
sher
:EastAf
ri
canEducat
ional
Publ
i
sher
s

Rev
iewer
:Okong’
oNy
anduki
Shei
l
a

Dat
eofPubl
i
cat
ion:
Apr
il23,
2010

Pr
ice:
Ksh500

Thisbook, usedi nmor et han600school sintheUS, isabiogr aphyofBar ackObamaf or

element aryschool children.Usi ngcol ourphotogr aphsandt ext,ittell
showObamast r
uggl edto
definehimsel fasabl ackchi l
di nawhi tewor l
d.St arti
ngwi thhisbi rt
ht oawhi temot heranda
blackKeny anf ather,itfollowst hef ascinati
ngst oryf r
om hi searlylif
ei nHawai it
ohi smov et o
Indonesiaandt herichcul tur aldiff
er encesheexper iencedt here.Childrenwillbeintri
guedbyt he
wayObamadeal twi t
hhi sr eturnt oHawai iataget enasanout sider.Theywi l
llearnhowhe
managedt osur mountmanyoddst obecomePr esi dentoft heUni tedSt at
es.Thisisan
i
nspi r
ationalstoryf orchildrenofal l backgrounds.Thecol ourphot ogr aphsofObamaasachi ld
andt hroughouthi sl i
feallowchi ldrent ounderstandandi dent i
fywi ththe44t hPresident.Thisbook
canber eadbychi ldrenasy oungassev enbuti sappr eciatedasaphot obiographybychi ldrenin
theupperel ement ar ygrades.Theact ualreadinglev eli
sgr ade3- 4.

Bi
ogr
aphi
es

Abiogr
aphyisanaccountofsomeone’slifehist
orywrit
tenbysomeoneelse.Itisnormal
ly
atr
uestory
.Thewr i
terofabi
ographyiscalledabiographer
.Writ
ingabiographygivesus
asenseofsett
ing,
timeandplaceofmaj oreventsinaperson’
sli
fe.Thestoryusual
ly
st
artswi
thhisorherbir
thasamaj orevent.

-
-Poi
ntst
oconsi
derwheni
nter
viewi
ngt
hesubj
ectf
orabi
ogr
aphy

1.Sel
ectaper
sony
ouar
eint
erest
edi
n.Bef
ri
endl
y.

2.Spendt
imewi
tht
hesubj
ect
.

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ls,
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l.
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3.Becr
eat
ivei
nset
ti
ngupy
ouri
nter
viewsot
hati
tdoesn’
tseem sof
ormal
.

4.Gi
vet
hesubj
ectal
lyourat
tent
ion.Tal
klessandl
i
stenmor
e.

5.Betact
fulespecial
l
ywhenaski
ngtri
ckyoruncomf
ort
abl
equest
ionsespeci
all
y
quest
ionsthattouchont
hei
rweakness.

6.Donotbeaf
rai
dtoaskdumbquest
ionsi
.et
hoset
hatwoul
dbet
ouchi
ngonsomeone’
s
weakness.

7.Not
edownf act
s,especi
all
yspeci
fi
cdat
esofr
elev
antev
ent
sandwher
epossi
blev
eri
fy
wit
hothersour
ces.

8.Makeal
i
stofquest
ionsy
ouwoul
dli
ket
oask.

9.Dopr
iorr
esear
cht
oenabl
eyouhav
ebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
oenhancey
ouri
nter
view.

10.Readnewspapers,magazi
nes,
int
ernetsour
cesetcaswel
lasl
i
steni
ngt
otapesand
watchi
ngvideosabouttheper
sonift
heyareavail
abl
e.

11.I
nter
viewf
ami
l
ymember
sandf
ri
endsal
sot
ogetal
ter
nat
ivev
iewsont
hesubj
ect
.

12.Resear
chonthehistori
calper
iodwhenthesubjectl
iv
edandwor kedsoast
o
underst
andthesoci
o-poli
ti
cal
infl
uencesonthedecisi
onshetook.

13.Beobject
ive—t
ell
thet
rut
hbasi
ngony
ourony
ourf
indi
ngsi
.e.st
rengt
hsan
weaknesses.

14.Wr
it
eaf
ir
stdr
aft
,pr
oof
-r
eadt
henwr
it
eaf
inal
copyi
npr
ose.

15.Tr
yasmucht
ost
aycr
eat
iveandent
ert
aini
ngasy
out
ell
thest
ory
.

16.Youcandi
vi
det
hel
i
feofy
oursubj
ecti
ntosect
ionsormemoi
rsi
.eChi
l
dhood
Adult
hoodet
c.

17.Abi
ogr
apherst
ri
vest
obr
ingt
oli
fet
hemostsi
gni
fi
cantmomentofhi
sorhersubj
ect
.

18.Aeul
ogyi
sashor
tbi
ogr
aphy
.

Aut
obi
ogr
aphy

Anautobi
ographyisthehi
stor
y/st
oryofaper
sonwritt
enbythatper
son.Theauthor
sof
autobi
ogr
aphiesdescri
beevent
sandpeopl
etheyt
hinkinfl
uencedt
heirl
i
ves.Theyare
basedonfactsandarether
efor
eref
err
edtoasnon-
fict
ion.

ELEMENTSOFANAUTOBI
GRAPHY

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ls,
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ah@g
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l.
com

1.Dat
eofbi
rt
h

2.Pl
aceofbi
rt
h

3.Ear
lychi
l
dhood

4.School
sat
tended

5.Fav
our
it
esubj
ect
s

6.I
nter
est
sinl
i
feanddr
eams

7.Spor
tsandhobbi
es

8.Memor
abl
eev
ent
siny
ourl
i
fe

9.Car
eer
s

10.Fami
l
ymember
s

11.Wher
eyoul
i
ved

Theauthordescr
ibesev
entsintheor
deri
nwhicht
heyoccur
red.Int
erest
ingdet
ail
sar
e
hi
ghl
ighted,of
tenhumorousstori
est
oenl
ivent
hepi
eceofwrit
ing.

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ls,
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l.
com

Aut
obi ographer
swr it
etojusti
fythei
rli
ves—whattheyhav edone.Theylookatthemselv
es
aspeoplewhohav eli
vedint
eresti
ngandimportantli
ves.Theyarecharacter
sinthei
rown
works.Theyselecteventsanddetail
stheyser
vet oembr acethei
rart
ist
icpurposeofthe
work,namelymaki nganimportantstat
ementaboutlif
e.

EXAMPLE

Bi
ogr
aphyMot
herTer
esa

MotherTeresawasbor nin1910inSkopj e,capit

alofthe
Republ i
cofMacedoni a.Lit
tlei
sknownaboutherear l
ylife,
butatay oungageshef el
ta
call
ingt obeanunandser vethr
oughhelpingthepoor .Attheageof18shewasgi ven
permi ssi
ont ojoinagr oupofnunsinIrel
and.Afterafewmont hsoftraining,wit
hthe
SistersofLor et
o, shewast hengi
venpermi ssi
ontot r
av elt
oIndia.Shet ookherformal
reli
giousvowsi n1931, andchosetobenamedaf terStThereseofLisieux–t hepatr
on
saintofmi ssionaries.

Onherar r
ivali
nIndi
a,shebeganbywor ki
ngasateacher,howeverthewidespreadpover
ty
ofCalcutt
amadeadeepi mpressiononherandthisledtoherstart
inganewor dercal
led
“TheMissionari
esofChari
ty”
.Thepr imaryobj
ecti
veofthismissionwast ol
ookaf t
er
peopl
e, whonobodyelsewaspr eparedtolookaf
ter.MotherTeresafel
tthatservi
ng
other
swasakeypr i
ncipl
eoftheteachingsofJesusChrist.

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ls,
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ah@g
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l.
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Sheexper i
encedtwopar t
icularl
ytraumat icperi
odsi n
Calcutt
a.Thef i
rstwast heBengal famineof1943andt hesecondwast heHindu/Musl i
m
viol
encei n1946,bef or
et hepar t
it
ionofIndia.I
n1948, shel efttheconv enttoli
v efull
-t
ime
amongt hepoorestofCal cutt
a.Shechoset owearawhi t
eI ndiansar i
,wi t
habl ue
border,outofrespectf ort hetraditi
onalI
ndiandress.Formanyy ears,Mot herTeresaand
asmal lbandoff el
lownunssur vivedonmi nimali
ncomeandf ood,oft
enhav i
ngt obegf or
funds.But,sl
owlyheref fortswi t
ht hepoorestwerenot edandappr eci
at edbythel ocal
communi t
yandI ndianpol iti
cians.

I
n1952, sheopenedherf i
rsthomef orthedying,whichall
owedpeopl
etodi ewit
hdignity
.
MotherTer esaoft
enspentt imewiththosewhower edying.Somehavecrit
ici
sedthelack
ofpropermedi cal
attent
ion,andtheirrefusalt
ogivepainkil
ler
s.Ot
her
ssayt hati
taff
orded
manynegl ectedpeopletheopportunit
yt odieknowingthatsomeonecared.

Overtimethewor kgrew.Missi
onswerestart
edov er
seas, andby2013, t
hereare700
missionsoperat
inginover130countr
ies.Thescopeoft heirworkalsoexpandedto
i
ncludeorphanages,andhospicesf
orthosewithterminalil
lnesses.

MotherTeresaneversoughttoconv er
tthoseofanotherfai
th.Thoseinherhospiceswere
giv
enthereli
giousrit
esappropri
atetotheirf
ait
h.Howev er,
shehadav eryfi
rm Cathol
i
c
fai
thandtookast r
ictli
neonaborti
on, t
hedeathpenaltyanddivorce–evenifherposit
ion
wasunpopular.Herwhol el
i
fewasi nfl
uencedbyherfaithandreli
gion,
eventhoughat
ti
messheconf essedshedidn’tf
eel t
hepresenceofGod.

TheMissionari
esofChari
tynowhasbranchest
hroughoutt
heworl
dincludingbr
anchesi
n
thedevel
opedwor l
dwheretheyworkwitht
hehomelessandpeopl
eaffectedwit
hAIDS.I
n
1965,t
heor gani
sat
ionbecameanInter
nati
onal
Reli
giousFami
lybyadecreeofPopePaul
VI.

I
nthe1960s,thel
if
eofMot
herTer
esawasfi
rstbroughtt
oawiderpubl
i
cat t
ent
ionby
Malcol
m Muggeri
dgewhowrot
eabookandproducedadocumentar
ycall
ed“Somethi
ng
Beauti
ful
forGod”
.

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ls,
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I
n1979,shewasawar dedtheNobel PeacePri
ze“forwork
undertakeninthestruggl
etoovercomepover
tyanddistr
ess, whi
chalsoconsti
tut
esa
threattopeace.”Shedidn’
tat
tendthecer
emonialbanquet,butaskedthatt
he$192,000
fundbegi ventothepoor.

I
nlat
ery
ear
s,shewasmoreacti
veinwester
ndevel
opedcount
ri
es.Shecommentedt
hat
t
hought
heWestwasmater
ial
lyprosper
ous,
ther
ewasoftenaspi
ri
tualpov
ert
y.

“
Thehungerf
orl
ovei
smuchmor
edi
ff
icul
ttor
emov
ethant
hehungerf
orbr
ead.
”

-
—Mot
herTer
esa

Whenshewasaskedhowt
opr
omot
ewor
ldpeace,
sher
epl
i
ed,
”Gohomeandl
ovey
our
f
amil
y”.

Overthelastt
wodecadesofherl i
fe,MotherTeresasufferedvar
ioushealthprobl
emsbut
nothi
ngcoulddi ssuadeherf
rom fulf
il
li
nghermi ssi
onofser vi
ngthepoorandneedy .Unti
l
herveryl
astil
lnessshewasact iv
ei ntr
avell
i
ngar oundthewor l
dtothedi f
fer
entbranches
ofTheMi ssi
onar i
esofChari
ty.Duri
ngherlastfewy ear
s, shemetPrincessDianainthe
Bronx,NewYor k.Thetwodiedwi t
hinaweekofeachot her.

Foll
owingMotherTeresa’
sdeat
htheVat
icanbegantheprocessofbeati
fi
cati
on,whichis
thesecondst
epont hewaytocanoni
sat
ionandsaint
hood.Mot herTer
esawasf or
mal l
y
beati
fi
edinOctober2003byPopeJohnPaulI
I.I
nSeptember2015, PopeFranci
sdeclared:

Gi
vi
ngDi
rect
ions

Dir
ecti
onsar
eexpl
anat
ionsonhowt ocar
ryoutacer
tai
ntasksuchaspr
epar
inga
seedbed,
mendi
ngabicycl
eorreachi
ngacert
ainpl
ace.

Qual
it
iesofGoodDi
rect
ions

-
-Theyshoul
dbesi
mpl
eandcl
ear

-
-Thei
nst
ruct
orshoul
dbeknowl
edgeabl
eont
hesubj
ectmat
ter

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-
-I
nst
ruct
ionsshoul
dbegi
venst
epbyst
epandi
nthecor
rector
der

-
-Emphasi
sthecr
it
ical
poi
ntst
hatt
hel
i
stenermustknowormusthandl
ewi
thcaut
ion

-
-Conf
ir
mfr
om t
hel
i
steneri
fev
eryst
epi
scl
ear

Whengi
vi
ngdi
rect
ions

-
-Not
ethel
andmar
ksal
ongt
heway

-
-Gi
veest
imat
esoft
imeanddi
stancef
rom onest
opt
oanot
her

-
-Gi
vedi
rect
ionsi
nrel
ati
ont
osi
dese.
g.t
urnl
eftorr
ight

-
-Adv
iceoft
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofcer
tai
nmeansoft
ranspor
te.
g.t
akeabodaboda

-
-Al
way
sgi
vedi
rect
ionsf
rom t
hest
art
ingpoi
ntt
hati
sfami
l
iar

-
-Donotgiv
eopti
onsbecauset
heyt
endt
oconf
usesomeone—j
ustgi
vet
heeasi
estway
Whenrecei
vingi
nst
ruct
ions

-
-Beat
tent
iveandt
akenot
es

-
-Seekcl
ari
fi
cat
iononanyar
eat
hatmi
ghtnotbecl
ear

-
-Paycl
oseat
tent
iont
othei
nst
ruct
or’
sgest
uresandbodyl
anguage

-
-Repeatt
hei
nst
ruct
ionsi
fpossi
blet
oconf
ir
mthaty
ouhav
eunder
stoodt
hem.

MEMORANDUM

Int
ernalmemoorj ustmemoi saninternal
communicati
ondocumentwi t
hinan
organi
sationorinsti
tuti
on.I
tisusedtopassinf
ormati
onwithi
ndiff
erentoffi
cesofthe
samei nsti
tut
ionandnotbey ond.Theinfor
mati
oncouldbeashortreport
,inst
ruct
ions,
remindersorsuggest i
ons.

Usual
l
y,agi
venorgani
sat
ionhasast andar
dform usedf
ori
nter
nal
communi
cat
ions.Thi
s
for
m mayvar
yfr
om oneor gani
sat
iontoanother
.

Basi
cal
l
ythei
nter
nal
memohast
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thenameoftheorgani
sati
onori
nst
it
uti
onpr
int
edatt
het
op.Thi
sshoul
dbecapi
tal
i
zed
andinbol
dorunder
li
ned.E.g.

GARDENVI
EW HI
GHSCHOOL

I
nter
nal
memo

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2.Thesubheadi
ng‘
i
nter
nal
Memo’
pri
ntedbel
owt
henameoft
hei
nst
it
uti
on.

3.Bel
owt
heheadi
ng,
thef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionwi
l
lappear

a)Ref
erencenumberoft
hecommuni
cat
ionmemo

b)Thet
it
leandnamet
owhom t
hememoi
saddr
essed.

c)Ti
tl
eandnameofot herpeopl
ewhohav ebeensentasi
mil
arcopyofi
nfor
mat
ionor
needtoknowaboutt
hecommuni cat
ion.

d)Nameandposi
ti
onoft
hesender

e)Dat
einf
ull
ofcommuni
cat
ion

f
)Ti
tl
eofsubj
ectoft
hememo

g)Themessagei
tsel
forcont
ent
s

Thecont
ent
sofamemoar
eusual
l
yver
yfor
mal
bri
efanddi
rect
.

KYANGULISECONDAYSCHOOL

I
nter
nal
memo

REF/
NO:
33/
06/
2017

TO:
All
pref
ect
s

FROM:
Thedeput
yPr
inci
pal

CC:
Jul
i
usOpondo—ThePr
inci
pal

12TH JULY2017
DATE:

SUBJECT:
School
Uni
for
ms

I
thasbeenobser v
edthatprefect
shavest
oppedweari
ngtheirpr
operschool
unif
orms.
Thisisdi
stur
bingasaprefectisamodelf
orther
estoftheschoolcommunit
y.Ir
equest
thoseconcer
nedtostopthishabit
.

Si
gn

JamesOki
ru

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ls,
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-
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Si
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Si
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JosephatLagat

EXAMPLE

HI
GHLANDSACADEMY

I
nter
nal
memo

REF/
NO:
67/
5/2017

TO:
Bur
sar

FROM:
JosephatLagat

CC:
Pri
nci
pal

10thJune2017
DATE:

SUBJECT:
Hir
eofTr
anspor
t

Fi
fteenstudent
sfrom ourschoolwi
llbet
aki
ngparti
ntheint
er-
schooldebat
ing
t
h
competit
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edf or18 JuneatEmerai
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rom 9.
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l
lbe
accompaniedbytwoteachersf r
om t
hedepart
ment.

Ki
ndl
ymakear
rangement
stohi
ret
ranspor
tfort
heev
ent
.

Thanky
ou.

Nove
ls,
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Si
gn

HeadofLanguages

EXERCI
SE

1.Youarethechair
per
sonofenvi
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alcl
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.Youhavenoticedthat
manyofy ourcl
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2.I
magineyouaretheHeadPr
efect
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udent
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ntheschooldi
et.

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*
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Homesci
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*
htt
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