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Rubberized concrete: Needs of good environment (overview)

Article · January 2013

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Parveen Jangra Sachin Dass

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal
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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: [Link] (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)

Rubberized Concrete: Needs of Good Environment (Overview)

Parveen1, Sachin Dass2, Ankit Sharma3
1,2
Assistant Professor DCRUST, Murthal, Sonipat, India
3
Student DCRUST, Murthal, Sonipat, India
Abstract— The disposal of used tires is a major Yang et al. (2001) concluded in their research that
environmental problem throughout the world which causes rubberized concrete can successfully be used in secondary
environmental hazards. Crumb rubber is a waste material structural components such as culverts, crash barriers,
that is ideal for use in concrete applications. The aim of this sidewalks, running tracks, sound absorbers, etc. However,
study is achieved to use of rubber waste as partial
most of the developing third world countries have yet to
replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberize concrete
in M30 mix. Different partial replacements of crumb rubber raise their awareness regarding recycling of waste materials
(0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) by volume of fine aggregate are cast and have not developed effective legislation with respect to
and test for compressive strength, flexural strength, split the local reuse of waste materials. Building on previous
tensile strength and stress-strain behavior. The results showed research carried out internationally, this study may provide
that there is a reduction in all type of strength for crumb the technical information necessary to improve local
rubber mixture, but slump values increase as the crumb awareness of the reuse of crumb rubber as a substitute for
rubber content increase from 0% to 20%. Meaning that natural aggregates in the production of concrete. The
crumb rubber mixture is more workable compare to normal proposed work presents an experimental study of effect of
concrete and also it is useful in making light weight concrete.
use of solid waste material (crumb rubber) in concrete by
It is recommended to use the rubberized concrete for non
structural applications. volume variation of crumb rubber. One of the objectives of
this paper is to make these data regarding the basic
Keywords— Concrete, Compressive Strength, Crumb properties of modified concrete using crumb rubber in the
rubber, Flexural strength, Toughness concrete mix available to aid in the development of
preliminary guidelines for the use of crumb rubber in
I. INTRODUCTION concrete.
Large quantities of scrap tires are generated each year
globally. This is dangerous not only due to potential II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and Crumb Rubber
provide breeding grounds for rats, mice, vermin’s and
The crumb rubber achieved after different processes has
mosquitoes (Naik and Singh, 1991; Singh, 1993). Over the
a nominal size between 4.75mm to less than .075mm. The
years, disposal of tires has become one of the serious
crumb rubber used in this study was obtained from a local
problems in environments. Land filling is becoming
industrial unit in India. The crumb rubber was used in the
unacceptable because of the rapid depletion of available
concrete mix to partially substitute for fine aggregates
sites for waste disposal. In order to prevent the
(sand) in various percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
environmental problem from growing, recycling tire is an
20%.
innovative idea or way in this case. Recycling tire is the
processes of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer Raw Material Used
suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or irreparable The raw materials used for the preparation of the
damage (such as punctures). The cracker mill process tears concrete mix consist of Ordinary Portland Cement (43
apart or reduces the size of tire rubber by passing the grade), natural fine aggregate and coarse aggregates taken
material between rotating corrugated steel drums. By this from crushed limestone, all of which were supplied from
process an irregularly shaped torn particles having large natural local resources in India. Tap water at room
surface area are produced and this particles are commonly temperature was used in all mixes. The cement was tested
known as crumb rubber. in accordance with the methods of test specified in IS:
It has been reported by Hernandez-Olivares and 12269-1989. For each crumb rubber percentage, five
Barluenga (2004) that the addition of crumb tire rubber to batches of concrete were prepared. Concrete with no
structural high strength concrete slabs improved fire additives was designated as the control mix.
resistance, reducing the spalling damage by fire.

192
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: [Link] (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
Three mix ratios of cement, water, fine, and coarse A Universal Testing Machine with a maximum load
aggregates were used to achieve a workable concrete for a capacity of 2000 KN (load accuracy within ±0.5%) was
typical in situ concrete in order to achieve the high strength used for cubes and cylinders testing. After curing,
mix following IS 10262:1982. specimens were tested for compressive strength, split
tensile strength, and flexural strength in accordance with IS
specified procedures.

FIGURE 1 CRUMB RUBBER

TABLE I
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OPC-43 GRADE TESTED AS PER IS 12269-
1989

Parameter Test value IS 8112: 1989

(N/mm2) Recommendation FIGURE 2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR TESTING OF BEAM SPECIMENS

Compressive
strength
3 days 24.4 23 (Minutes)
7 days 34.9 33 (Minutes)
28 days 49.0 43 (Minutes)

Specific 3.14 3.15

gravity

Specimens Preparation and Testings

In order to prepare the recycled crumb rubber concrete
specimens, fine aggregates were replaced by waste
materials of crumb rubber in several percentages (0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, and 20%) in separate concrete mixes. The sand
used was cleaned from all inorganic impurities and the
sand, which passed through 2.36 mm sieve and retained on FIGURE 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR TESTING OF CUBE SPECIMENS
150micron had been used. For each mix, cubes of 150 X
150 X150 mm, cylinders of 150 mm diameter by 300 mm III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
height, and small beams of 100X 100X 500 mm were
prepared. All specimens were fabricated and then cured in A. Compressive Strength
water for 28 days in accordance with Indian Standard The effect of crumb rubber on concrete compressive
10262. For each concrete mix, slump tests were performed strength is given in Figures 3.1. As expected, the higher the
and recorded at the casting time of the specimens. After 24 rubber content in the mix, the higher the reduction in
hours of casting cubes, beams and cylinders were taken out compressive (fc) strength.
from the mould and then submerged in water tank for
curing.

193
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: [Link] (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
Detailed examination of the Figure shows that increasing This behaviour is similar to the behaviour of the tough
the crumb rubber upto 10% exhibited a linear relationship materials having most of its energy generated upon fracture
between the increase of crumb rubber and the compressive as plastic energy.
strength, showing a loss of about 24% of the compressive
strength at 10% rubber content. Therefore, this result limits
the use of the modified concrete when strength is the prime
requirement.

FIGURE 5 VARIATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH AT 7 AND 28 DAYS V/S

PERCENTAGE OF CRUMB RUBBER AS REPLACEMENT FOR FA

FIGURE 4 VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 7 AND 28 DAYS

V/ S
PERCENTAGE OF CRUMB RUBBER AS REPLACEMENT FOR FA

B. Flexural Strength
A primary concern in designing concrete for use in
highway applications is the flexural strength of concrete. Its
knowledge is useful in the design of pavement slabs and
airfield runway as flexural tension is critical in these cases. FIGURE 6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN FOR
The flexural strength or the modulus of rupture of concrete DIFFERENT RUBBER CONTENTS
is an indirect measure of the tensile strength. The value of D. Others
modulus of rupture depends upon the dimensions of the
beam and above all on the arrangement of the loading. It is TABLE III
observed that with the increase in the crumb rubber, the
flexural strength decreases. However, it is noticed that at Crumb Slump Compressive Flexural Split tensile
rubber (mm) strength Strength Strength
the later age rate of strength reduction, due to increase in (%) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
percentage of crumb rubber was steeper than that of the
0 45 36.2 4.6 3.4
compressive strength. From figure 3.2 it can be concluded
that, with the large percentage replacement of fine
aggregates, flexural strength decreases drastically. 5 48 32.2 4.1 3.3

C. Stress Strain Behaviour 10 49 27.7 3.3 3.1

The stress–strain behaviours of the specimens containing
rubber of upto 10% behave in a similar trend to the control 15 40 24.8 2.8 2.9
specimen, but having a smaller peak. From the figure, it
can be observed that there is linear increase of stresses until
20 35 22.7 1.4 2.7
it reaches its peak before energy is released by specimen’s
fracture. For this case, the specimens behaved like a brittle
material of which the total energy generated upon fracture
is elastic energy. However, nonlinear behaviour is seen for It can be noted from the above table that with increase in
the other two specimens containing 15% and 20% rubber. the crumb rubber the tensile strength decreases. The
Here, once the peak stress is reached, the specimen decrease in the strength is due to nonpolar action of the
continues to yield, as represented by the branch-line. rubber particles which attract air and repels water.

194
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: [Link] (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
The split tensile strength of the concrete decreases about Concrete with higher percentage of crumb rubber
30% when 20% sand is replaced by crumb [Link] possess high toughness The slump of the modified concrete
of plain and rubberized concrete in compression and split increases about 1.08%, with the use of 1 to 10% of crumb
tension shows that rubberized concrete has higher rubber. Energy generated in the modified concrete is
toughness. The failed samples containing 15% and 20% mainly plastic. Stress strain shows that concrete with a
fine aggregate substitution with rubber appeared like a true higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high toughness,
crushing resulting in a post failure material that was since the generated energy is mainly [Link] of plain
sponge-like and elastic in nature. It can be noted that with and rubberized concrete in compression and split tension
increase in the crumb rubber upto 10%, the slump value shows that rubberized concrete has higher [Link]
increases after that it started decreasing. The increase of the split tensile strength of the concrete decreases about 30%
crumb rubber content in the mix resulted in an increase in when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber. The flexural
the slump. At rubber contents of higher than 10% (10% by strength of the concrete decreases about 69% when 20%
fine aggregate volume), the slump decreases. sand is replaced by crumb rubber. The compressive
strength of the concrete decreases about 37% when 20%
sand is replaced by crumb [Link] large percentage of
crumb rubber the compressive strength gain rate is lower
than that of plain concrete. With the addition of the crumb
rubber, the reduction in strength cannot be avoided.
However, these data provide a preliminary guideline of the
strength-loss of locally produced modified concrete in
comparison with the conventional concrete of 30 MPa
targeted strength.
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