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OBSERVED CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
FROM 1951 TO 21ST CENTURY
The blue line shows the difference of temperature from 1952 to 2016. This
implies that the average temperature in the Philippines is projected to increase even
further in the years to come. The average temperature is expected to rise by 0.9°C to
1.9°C by the mid-
21st century
under RCP 4.5
and by 1.2°C to
2.3°C under RCP
8.5. This further strengthens the fact that the climate in the Philippines is continuing to
warm at an increasing rate, and the effects of climate change are becoming more and
more evident. This increase in temperature is expected to bring more extreme weather
events to the region, such as floods, tropical storms, and droughts.
OBSERVED CHANGES IN RAINFALL
FROM 1951 TO 21ST CENTURY
The red line shows the
rainfall pattern from 1952
to 2016. On a global scale,
increases in average annual precipitation have been observed, especially in the tropics and
subtropics. According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), the average
global precipitation increased by around 0.7% per decade between 1951 and 2018. This
increase was mainly attributed to climate change associated with greenhouse gas emissions.
The Rainfall patterns have shifted over the last few decades and continue to do so. These
changes have already had a significant impact on ecosystems, human health, and agriculture.
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OBSERVED CHANGES IN TROPICAL CYCLONE
FROM 1951 TO 21ST CENTURY
Analysis of typhoon
data from 1951 to 2015 in the
Philippines indicated that
there is an average of 19.4
cyclones that enter the
Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) each
year, with nine of them making landfall in the country. Time series analysis of the data
demonstrated no major changes in the annual number of tropical cyclones entering PAR, but a
slight decline in the number of typhoons that hit the Philippines, particularly in the last two
decades. Still, there has been an increase in the amount of extreme tropical cyclones (above
150 kph) that have affected the country. The northern island of Luzon is the area most affected
by cyclones and it has the highest amount of cyclone-associated rainfall compared to other
parts of the Philippines. Economic losses and damages associated with the typhoons have
been increasing over time.
SEA LEVEL RISE IN MANILA, DAVAO,
CEBU & JOLO, SULU FROM 1962 TO 21ST CENTURY
The graph below illustrates the sea level rise in
Manila, Davao, Cebu, and Jolo, Sulu from 1962 to the
21st century.
As shown, the sea level in Manila rose the most, with a
peak of 2.1 meters in 2020. Davao was the second
highest, with
a peak of 1.9 meters in 2020. Cebu had the third
highest rise, reaching 1.7 meters in 2020. Lastly, Jolo,
Sulu had the lowest sea level rise, peaking at 1.4
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meters in 2020. The graph also shows that the sea level rise in all four cities has been
increasing steadily since 1962.
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO
HAZARD
Hazard is a potential source of harm or danger that
may cause injury, illness, or death. Hazards can be
physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial.
Examples of hazards include fire, electricity,
radiation, chemical exposure, and stress.
Moreover, exposure refers to the
elements that are at risk of being affected by a
natural or man-made hazard event. These elements
include people, dwellings and communities, buildings and
structures, public facilities and infrastructure assets, public and transport systems, agricultural
commodities, and environmental assets. All of these elements are vulnerable to the effects of
a hazard event, and it is important for planners and decision makers to consider the potential
consequences of such events when crafting plans and policies.
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What is
VULNERABILITY
What is ??
Vulnerability in the triagram of disaster risk refers to the physical, economic, social, or
environmental factors that make a population or system more susceptible to damage or loss
from a hazard.
Physical Effects:
Structural damage to Social Effects: Environmental Effects:
buildings, roads and
Displacement of Loss of biodiversity
other infrastructure
people Contamination of land,
Injuries and fatalities
Disruption of social water, and air
Contamination of soil,
services Loss of habitat
water, and air
Increase in crime Changes to the
Economic Effects: Increase in mental climate
health issues Pollution of water
Loss of property
Conflict between sources
Loss of life
communities Degradation of
Loss of jobs
ecosystems
Loss of businesses
Cost of clean-up and
SECTORS THAT
remediation
Cost of medical care
THAN
ARE MORE VUL
Cost of compensation
Increase in insurance
costs
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TRANSPORTATION
Transportation systems are
highly vulnerable to disasters
due to their reliance on infrastructure, as
well as the risk of injury or death to
personnel operating in areas affected by
disasters.
T0URISM
Tourism is a sector that
relies heavily on public
transportation and infrastructure, making it
vulnerable to disruptions caused by
disasters. Furthermore, tourist attractions
and sites are often located in areas prone
to natural disasters, making them
particularly vulnerable.
HEALTHCARE
Healthcare systems are
vulnerable to disasters due
to their reliance on power and
communication infrastructure, as well as
the fact that healthcare workers can be
exposed to additional risks during
disasters.
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AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is an industry
that is especially
vulnerable to disasters
due to its reliance on the environment,
as well as its production of food, which
can be damaged or destroyed by
extreme weather events.
ENERGY
Energy production is
highly vulnerable to
disasters, as power plants
and other energy infrastructure can be
damaged or destroyed by natural
disasters. Furthermore, the disruption of
energy production can cause
disruptions in other sectors, such as
transportation, communication, and
healthcare.
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The Guadalupe Bridge connects Makati and
VULNERABILITY Mandaluyong in the Philippines. It was built in 1973 and has
since undergone multiple renovations, most recently in 2013.
OF
GUA
This included replacing the bridge deck, widening the lanes,
installing a drainage system, adding a median strip, and other
safety features.
ADL
The Guadalupe Bridge is vulnerable to earthquake
due to its age and design. The steel frame and trusses, as
well as the concrete foundations are susceptible to seismic
UP E
activity. This bridge was built in the late-1960s, and its design
was not influenced by any seismic considerations.
The Guadalupe Bridge in Metro Manila is particularly
vulnerable in comparison to other bridges in the area, such as
BRIDGE the Estrella-Pantaleon Bridge, the San Juan Bridge, and the
TO Magallanes Interchange. These bridges have been designed
and constructed with seismic-resistant features such as
EARTHQUAKE
seismic dampers, shear walls, and flexible foundations in
order to make them more resistant to earthquake damage. In
comparison, the Guadalupe Bridge has not undergone
seismic retrofitting, leaving it more vulnerable to earthquake
damage. Additionally, the other bridges are newer than the
Guadalupe Bridge, making them more resistant to seismic
activity. This makes the Guadalupe Bridge more vulnerable to
earthquake damage than the other bridges in Metro Manila.
In order to reduce the risk of damage to the
Guadalupe Bridge, the authorities should consider
undertaking seismic retrofitting of the bridge. This includes
strengthening the foundations, upgrading the steel frame and
trusses, and installing seismic dampers to reduce the effects
of seismic waves.
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RELATED
HAZARDS
An earthquake hazard is the potential for
an earthquake to cause damage to people,
structures, and other aspects of the
environment. Earthquakes can cause both
physical and psychological damage, and they
can also disrupt essential services such as
electricity and water. Earthquakes can also trigger
landslides, tsunamis, and other natural disasters. In some cases, earthquakes can even trigger
volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes can occur anywhere in the world, and they can vary in intensity
and duration. People who live in areas with a high risk of earthquakes need to understand the
potential risks and take steps to mitigate the potential damage.
Volcanic hazard refers to the potential
for destruction, disruption, and harm
caused by volcanic activity. This includes
the risks posed by the release of gases,
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash
clouds, and other volcanic material.
Volcanic hazards can lead to the destruction of buildings, infrastructure, loss of life, and
displacement of people. It also affects the environment, air quality, climate, agriculture, and
water resources. Volcanic hazards can have devastating consequences for people and their
livelihoods, and should be taken seriously.
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Geological hazards are natural events caused by
geological processes that pose a threat to humans
and their environment. Examples
of such hazards include
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
landslides, tsunamis, floods, and
subsidence. These hazards can
cause loss of life, property
damage, and disruption of
services. Geological hazards can
be unpredictable and difficult to predict, and thus, they can have a significant impact on
people's lives. In order to reduce the risk and mitigate the impacts of these hazards, it is
important to understand their cause and to implement appropriate risk management strategies.
Hydrometeorological
hazards are natural disasters
caused by a combination of
hydrological and meteorological
factors. Examples of
hydrometeorological hazards
include floods, droughts,
landslides, extreme
temperatures, and windstorms. These hazards can cause significant damage to infrastructure,
homes, and lives, and can lead to economic losses. In order to mitigate the risk posed by
hydrometeorological hazards, it is important to understand the underlying causes of these
events and to take steps to reduce their impacts. This can include investing in early warning
systems, developing better irrigation systems and flood warning systems, and educating
communities on how to prepare for and respond to these events.
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Fire hazard is any condition that increases the
likelihood of a fire occurring or makes a fire more
difficult to control or extinguish. Fire
hazards can be physical, chemical,
biological, or environmental in
nature. Common examples of
physical fire hazards include open
flames, combustible materials, and flammable
liquids. Chemical hazards include hazardous materials
and dangerous chemicals. Biological hazards include mold and other microorganisms.
Environmental hazards include high temperatures and dry conditions. Fire hazards can result in
serious injury or death, property damage, and environmental damage.
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TROPICAL
COMPARISON OF TROPICAL CYCLONE RAINFALL
IN ISABELA TO OTHER PROVINCES.
Cyclone
FIGURE 1. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND
PRECIPITATION IN ISABELA
The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line)
shows the maximum temperature of an
average day for every month. Likewise,
"mean daily minimum" (solid blue line) shows
the average minimum temperature.
Figure 1 shows the temperature for Isabela,
FIGURE 2. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND with an average of 26.7°C and average
PRECIPITATION IN CAGAYAN precipitation of 2,046mm. Figure 2 shows the
average temperature for Cagayan, which is
26.4°C, and has an average precipitation of
1,788mm. Figure 3 shows the average
temperature of Nueva Vizcaya, which is
26.3°C, and has an average precipitation of
1,562mm. Overall, Isabela has the highest
average temperature and the highest average
FIGURE 3. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND precipitation compared to Cagayan and
PRECIPITATION IN NUEVA VIZCAYA Nueva Vizcaya.
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KEY CONCEPT
DISASTER PRINCIPALS
ELEMENTS
The key concept of disaster is the occurrence of an event that creates a disruption in
the normal functioning of a community. This disruption can be caused by natural events
such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters, as well as by human-
made events such as terrorist attacks, industrial accidents, and civil unrest.
The principals of disaster are the strategies employed to prepare for, respond to, and
recover from a disaster. This includes the development of emergency response plans, the
training of personnel, and the allocation of resources.
The elements of disaster include the identification of risks, the assessment of
impacts, the development of plans and procedures, the implementation of preventive
measures, the establishment of communication systems, and the establishment of recovery
strategies. These elements are essential to ensure that an organization is prepared for and
can effectively respond to any potential disaster.
DISASTER RISK
Importance to man’s life
Disaster risk reduction is essential to man's life because it helps to reduce the risk of
harm from natural and man-made disasters. Disaster risk reduction strategies help to minimize
destruction and loss of life by preparing for and responding to disasters. This includes
implementing effective risk assessment, early warning systems, improved infrastructure, and
better preparedness and emergency response plans. By taking these measures, communities
can reduce the risks of disasters and protect lives and livelihoods.
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DISASTER RISK
laws and policies in the Philippines
The Philippine government has enacted various laws and policies related to disaster risk
reduction (DRR). The following are some of the most prominent:
1. The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act of 2010. The Act aims
to strengthen the country's capacity to reduce disaster risks and manage disasters. It provides
a comprehensive framework for DRRM that covers all levels of government from the national to
the municipal level. It also establishes the National DRRM Council, which is responsible for
formulating and implementing DRRM plans and programs.
2. The Climate Change Act of 2009. This Act recognizes the need to address the effects of
climate change and to reduce climate change-related risks. It establishes the Climate Change
Commission, which is responsible for formulating climate change-related policies and plans.
3. The Local Government Code of 1991. This Code provides the legal framework for local
governments and spells out their responsibilities in DRRM. It requires local governments to
establish a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (LDRRMC) and to
formulate a local DRRM plan.
4. The National Building Code of the Philippines. This Code sets guidelines for the construction
of buildings to ensure that they are built to withstand natural disasters.
5. The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Act of 2017. This Act provides a
legal framework for the government to respond to disasters. It also establishes the HADR Fund,
which provides assistance to affected communities.
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Different Components of
COMMUNITY EMERGENCY
BASED ON
PLAN
1. Emergency Plan: This is the primary component of a community-based emergency plan,
which outlines the steps to be taken in the event of an emergency. It should include procedures
for contacting emergency services, evacuation plans, and protocols for communication and
coordination among various agencies and organizations.
2. Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is an important part of a community-based emergency
plan. This involves identifying potential hazards and assessing the risks associated with them,
in order to help reduce the potential for disaster.
3. Preparedness: Preparedness is the process of preparing for potential emergency events.
This includes developing plans, training staff, and educating the public on how to respond to an
emergency.
4. Response: Response is the process of responding to an emergency event. This includes
coordinating resources, providing medical care, and restoring a safe environment.
5. Recovery: Recovery is the process of restoring a community following an emergency event.
This includes providing support to affected individuals and families, rebuilding infrastructure,
and restoring services.
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How
NDRRMC has into what it is now?
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) was
established in 1999 under Executive Order No. 551. It was established as a response to the
increasing frequency and intensity of disasters in the Philippines, and aimed to provide an
institutional framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and to ensure the coordinated
implementation of a comprehensive and integrated DRR program.
Since its inception, the NDRRMC has evolved into a more comprehensive and
systematic system for disaster risk reduction and management. Its mission has been widened
to not only focus on DRR, but to also include emergency preparedness, mitigation, response,
and recovery. It now works with several government agencies, non-government organizations,
and private sector organizations in order to strengthen the country’s disaster risk reduction and
management capacity.
The NDRRMC also recognizes the importance of public awareness and education in
disaster risk reduction and management. It has spearheaded several initiatives to raise
awareness about the risks posed by disasters and to build resilience among vulnerable
communities. It has also worked to ensure that the public is able to access reliable and timely
information about disaster risks.
The NDRRMC has become an important part of the Philippine government’s efforts to
reduce the impact of disasters, and has laid the groundwork for a more comprehensive
approach to disaster risk reduction and management. It has worked to ensure that the country
is well-prepared to respond to disasters and to reduce the risks posed by them.
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FAMILY PLAN
IN CASE OF
SUPERTYPHOON AND
1. Make an Emergency Plan: Create an emergency plan that
includes a designated meeting spot for family members if you
are separated, as well as contact information for family, friends, and
emergency services.
2. Stock Up on Supplies: Stock up on enough food, water, and medical
supplies to last your family several days. Include items such as
flashlights, batteries, and a battery-operated radio.
3. Know Your Evacuation Routes: Familiarize yourself with the evacuation
routes near your home and plan alternative routes in case of flooding or
blocked roads.
4. Secure Your Home: Make sure to secure your home by ensuring all
windows and doors are well-sealed before the storm hits.
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5. Stay Informed: Monitor the news and weather reports so you
can stay informed about the storm’s progress.
6. Have a Backup Plan: Have a backup plan in case you need to evacuate, such
as staying with family or friends in a safer area.
7. Listen to Authorities: Listen to and follow the advice of local authorities
during a typhoon or flood.
My ROLE in Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
As a young citizen of the Philippines, I have an important role to play in Disaster Risk
Reduction & Management. I can help raise awareness on the importance of reducing risk and
managing disasters in my local community through sharing educational materials and
presentations. I can also volunteer with local organiz ations to help implement risk reduction
and disaster management strategies. I can join groups and initiatives that focus on building
resilient communities, and I can also contribute to the development of emergency plans and
protocols in my region. Furthermore, I can help create and maintain early warning systems and
alerting systems. Finally, I can help collect and analyze data related to disaster risk and provide
input to local authorities to help them improve their policies and strategies for reducing risk and
managing disasters.
COVID19 is a
Disaster.
Covid19 is considered a disaster. The World Health Organization has
declared it a pandemic and the United Nations has declared it a global
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health emergency. Its spread has caused worldwide disruption to daily life, with entire countries
being put on lockdown to try to contain it. The economic impacts of the virus are massive, with
millions of people losing their jobs and businesses struggling to stay afloat. Furthermore, the
virus is having a devastating effect on global health, with the death toll steadily rising. All of
these factors make Covid19 a disaster.
PRECAUTIONARY!
THESE ARE THE PRECUATIONARY TO PROTECT THE LIVES, PROPERTIES
AND LIVELIHOOD OF A COMMUNITY AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE VULNERABLE TO
DISASTERS.
1. Create an emergency plan for the community and individuals that includes evacuation
routes, emergency contacts, and other important information.
2. Educate the community and individuals about disaster preparedness and safety, including
how to recognize signs of danger.
3. Develop a disaster response system that includes warning systems, emergency response
teams, and access to emergency services.
4. Make sure the community and individuals have access to basic resources such as food,
water, and medical supplies.
5. Develop a system of public information to keep the community informed about disaster risks,
safety tips, and available resources.
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6. Establish a risk-reduction plan that includes preventive measures such as strengthening
infrastructure, reinforcing buildings, and implementing zoning regulations.
7. Ensure that the community and individuals have access to insurance and other financial
resources to help cover losses from disasters.
8. Prioritize the protection of vulnerable populations, including children, elderly, and disabled
individuals.
9. Identify and implement strategies to reduce the potential impacts of disasters, such as
building flood barriers or developing drought-resistant crops.
