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Physics - class 9 notes

Physics HL (The Cambridge International School)

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CLASS 9th NOTES

PHYSICS
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
PRASHANT KIRAD
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PRASHANT KIRAD

Force and Laws of Motion

Force:
A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or
at motion. It can change an object’s direction and velocity. Force can
also change the shape of an object.

Example - opening and closing the door, pushing the table, plucking the
string of a guitar, pulling ropes while playing tug of war, etc.

Effects of force:
Force moves stationary objects.
Force stops objects from moving
Force changes the shape of a body
Force changes the direction of motion 10
Types of Forces:
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1.Balanced Force: Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e., they

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possess kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles moves

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faster because kinetic energy of the particles increases.

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2.Unbalanced Force: Unbalanced forces acting on an object change its

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speed and/or direction of motion. It moves in the direction of the force

with the highest magnitude.

Laws of Motion :
Galileo Galilei : Galileo first of all said that object move with a constant
speed when no forces act on them. This means if an object is moving on
a frictionless path and no other force is acting upon it, the object would
be moving forever. That is, there is no unbalanced force working on the
object.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
But practically it is not possible for any object. Because to attain the
condition of zero, unbalanced force is impossible. Force of friction, force of
air and many other forces are always acting upon an object.

Newton’s first Laws of Motion :

A body continues to be in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line
unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force. The First Law is also called
the Law of Inertia.

Inertia and Mass :

Basically, all objects have a tendency to resist the change in the state of
motion or rest. This tendency is called inertia. All bodies do not have the same
inertia. Inertia depends on the mass of a body. The mass of an object is the
measure of its inertia.
More the mass → more the inertia and vice versa.
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Inertia of Rest : An object stays at rest, and it remains at rest until an
external force affects it. Example: When a car accelerates, passengers may
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feel as though their bodies are moving backwards. In reality, inertia is making
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their bodies stay in place as the car moves forward.

B

Inertia of Motion : An object will continue to be in motion until a force acts on

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it. Example: A hockey puck will continue to slide across the ice until acted upon
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by an outside force.
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Some more examples:

One's body movement to the side when a car makes a sharp turn.
Tightening of seat belts in a car when it stops quickly.
A ball rolling down a hill will continue to roll unless friction or another
force stops it.
If pulled quickly, a tablecloth can be removed from underneath of dishes.
The dishes have the tendency to remain still as long as the friction from
the movement of the tablecloth is not too great.
Shaking a bottle of ketchup. When bringing the bottom down, the suddenly
stopping it, inertia is what causes the ketchup to come out of the bottle.

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Second law of Motion : It states that the rate of change of momentum of a
body is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the
direction in which the force acts.

Momentum (p)
Impacts produced by objects depend on their mass and velocity. The
momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.

An example of momentum is a baseball flying through the air and a bullet

fired from a gun.
A moving bullet has a large momentum since it has an extremely large
velocity though it carries very small mass.
A bowling ball with large mass moving very slowly with a low velocity can
have the same momentum as the base ball with the small mass which is
thrown fast and has a high velocity. 10
Momentum and Mass and Velocity:
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Since momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = m x v) of an

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object. This means momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity.

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Momentum increases with increase of either mass or velocity of an object.

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This means if a lighter and a higher object is moving with same velocity,
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then heavier object will have more momentum than the lighter one.
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If a small object is moving with great velocity, it has tremendous

momentum. And because of momentum, it can harm an object more
severely. For example, a small bullet having a little mass even kills a person
when it is fired from a gun.
Usually, road accidents prove more fatal because of high speed than in
slower speed. This happens because vehicles running with high speed have
greater momentum compared to a vehicle running with slower speed.

Mathematical formulation of second law of Motion :

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Third Law of Motion :

Two forces acting from opposite directions are called Action and Reaction
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forces.
For example : a ball when hits the ground (action) bounces back with a
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certain force (reaction).

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B
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“When one body exerts a force on the other body, the first body experiences
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a force which is equal in magnitude in the opposite direction of the force

which is exerted”.
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Example :
The flight of the bird is an example of an action-reaction pair. The wings of
the bird push the air downwards. The air pushes the air upwards.
A swimmer pushes against the water, while the water pushes back on the
swimmer.
Lift is created by helicopters by pushing the air down, thereby creating an
upward reaction force.
Rock climbers pull their vertical rope downwards to push themselves
upwards.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Conservation and Momentum :

If the external force on a system is zero, the momentum of the system

remains constant i.e. in an isolated system, the total momentum remain
conserved.
Initial momentum = Final momentum

Suppose there are two objects A and B both objects collide with each other:

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&
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B
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CLASS 9th NOTES

PHYSICS
GRAVITATION
PRASHANT KIRAD
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Gravitation
Gravitation
It is the force of attraction between any two bodies. All the objects in
the universe attract each other with a certain amount of force, but in
most cases, the force is too weak to be observed due to the very large
distance of separation. Besides, gravity’s range is infinite but the effect
becomes weaker as objects move away.
Examples:
The force that causes the ball to come down is known as gravity
Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.
Gravity is the force that causes a rock to roll downhill.

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&
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B
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Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

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Newton’s Law of gravitation states that every object in the universe

attracts every other object by a force that is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Relation between Newton’s third law of motion and Newton’s law of
gravitation:

According to Newton’s third law of motion, “Every object exerts equal and
opposite force on other object but in opposite direction.”

” According to Newton’s law of gravitation, “Every mass in the universe

attracts the every other mass.”

In case of freely falling stone and earth, stone is attracted towards earth
means earth attracts the stone but according to Newton’s third law of motion,
the stone should also attract the earth and really it is true that stone also
attracts the earth with the same force F = m × a but due to very less mass of
the stone, the acceleration (a) in its velocity is 9.8 m/s2 and acceleration (a)
of earth towards stone is 1.65 × 10-24 m/s2 which is negligible and we cannot
feel it. 10
Importance of universal law of Gravitation:
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The force that binds us to the earth.

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The motion of moon around the earth.

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The motion of earth around the sun.

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The tides due to moon in the sea.

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Free Fall:
When an object is thrown upward, it reaches certain height, then it starts
falling down towards earth. It is because the earth‘s gravitational force
exerts on it.
This fall under the influence of earth is called ‘free fall of an object‘.
During this free fall direction do not change but velocity continuously
changes which is called acceleration due to gravity.
Its unit is same as acceleration m/s.
When an object is under free fall, acceleration due to gravity is constant
at g = 9.8ms-2.
Value of g does not depend on mass i.e. any object big or small experiences
the same acceleration due to gravity under free fall. All three equations of
motion are valid for freely falling objects as it is under uniform motion.
The sign of convention → towards earth g is positive/ away from earth g is
negative.

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Gravitational Acceleration:

24 2 6 2
G = 6.673 x 10 Nm /kg , M = 6 x 10 kg, R = (6.37 x 10 ) m
-11 2 2 2

10
Then,
&
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B
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Relationship and difference between ‘G’ and ‘g’ :

G = Gravitational constant
g = Acceleration due to gravity

Difference between G and g :

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Equation of motion when an object is falling freely towards earth or

thrown vertically upwards :

There are three equations of motion.

For free-falling bodies when falling with uniform accelerated motion,
these equations of motion under uniform acceleration can be applied to the
motion of freely falling bodies.
For a falling object, the acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’, so ‘a’ is replaced
with ‘g’ while the distance ‘s’ of the freely falling bodies is replaced by the
height ‘h’ of the freely falling bodies.

(a) The first equation of motion,

becomes

v = final velocity 10
u = initial velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
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t = time taken by the body

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B

(b) The second equation of motion,

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becomes
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ℎ = distance travelled by the body

t = time taken
u = initial velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity

(c)the third equation of motion,

becomes

v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
ℎ = distance travelled by the body

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Mass:
It can be defined as the measure of the amount of matter in a body.
The SI unit of mass is Kilogram (kg).
The mass of a body does not change at any time.

Weight:
It is the measure of the force of gravity acting on a body.
The formula for weight is given by:

As weight is a force its SI unit is also the same as that of force, SI

unit of weight is Newton (N).
It depends on mass and the acceleration due to gravity, the mass may
not change but the acceleration due to gravity does change from
place to place.
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The weight of an object on the Moon is 1/6 times the weight on
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Earth.
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Difference between Mass and Weight:

B
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Thrust and Pressure

Thrust: Force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called

thrust. The effect of thrust depends on the area of contact.

Pressure: Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. If a force F is

applied on a surface of area A, then the pressure P is defined as:

Unit of Pressure : N/m 2 or Pascal (Pa).

Buoyancy: The buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object

wholly or partly immersed in a fluid. This upward force is also called
Upthrust. Due to the buoyant force, a body submerged partially or fully in a
fluid appears to lose its weight, i.e. appears to be lighter. 10
The following factors affect buoyant force:
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the density of the fluid

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the volume of the fluid displaced

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the local acceleration due to gravity

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Density: The mass per unit volume is called density of an object. If M is the
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mass and V is the volume, then density (d) is:

Archimedes‘ Principle: “The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a

body immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal
to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward
direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid”.

Applications of Archimedes’ principle:

Submarine
Hot-air balloon
Hydrometer

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Relative density:
The ratio of the density of a substance to that of the density of water
is called relative density.

It has no unit.

10
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B
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CLASS 9th NOTES

PHYSICS
MOTION
PRASHANT KIRAD
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MOTION
Motion - An object is said to be in motion when its position changes
with time.

Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of path by

which the object is going through :
Circulatory motion/Circular motion - In a circular path.
Linear motion - In a straight line path.
Oscillatory/Vibratory motion - To and fro path with respect to origin.

Distance :
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The actual path or length travelled by a object during its journey
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from its initial position to its final position is called the distance.
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Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only magnitude but no

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direction to explain it.

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Displacement :
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The shortest path travelled by a object during its journey from its
initial position to its final position
is called the displacement.
Displacement is a vector quantity
requiring both magnitude and direction
for its explanation.
Displacement can be zero.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Uniform motion : When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time,
then the motion is said to be uniform motion.

Non-uniform motion : In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal
distances in equal intervals of time.

(i) Scalar Quantity : It is the physical quantity having own magnitude but no
direction. Example : distance, speed.
(ii) Vector Quantity : It is the physical quantity that requires both
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magnitude but direction. Example : displacement, velocity.
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Speed : The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is

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called speed. Its SI unit is metre (m).

B
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Average Speed : Average speed is stated as the distance covered by the

object within a period of time.

Velocity : The rate of change of displacement is velocity. It is a vector

quantity. Here the direction of motion is specified.
Velocity of an object is measured in meter per second in SI unit.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
It is a vector quantity.
In non-uniform motion, velocity varies with time, i.e., the change in
velocity is not zero.
It is denoted by “a”.

If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value u to the final

value v in time t the acceleration a is :

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This kind of motion is known as accelerated motion.

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The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of

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velocity and negative when it is opposite to the direction of velocity.

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Negative acceleration is also called De-acceleration or Retardation.

The SI unit of acceleration is ms -2 .
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Uniform acceleration : An object is said to have a uniform acceleration

if it travels along a straight path and its velocity changes (increases or
decreases) by equal amounts in equal time intervals.
e.g. the motion of a freely falling body.

Non-uniform acceleration : An object is said to have a non-uniform

acceleration if it’s velocity changes (increases or decreases) by unequal
amounts in unequal time intervals.
e.g. if a car travelling along a straight road increases its speed by unequal
amounts in equal intervals of time, then the car is said to be moving with
non-uniform acceleration.

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Graphical Representation of Motion :

Distance-Time Graph : It represents a change in position of the object

with respect to time.
Linear variation = uniform motion and non-linear variations imply non-
uniform motion
The slope gives us speed.

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&
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Velocity-Time Graph : Velocity-Time graphs show the change in velocity

B

with respect to time.

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Slope gives acceleration

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The area under the curve gives displacement

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Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity-

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Equations of Motion by Graphical Method :

Here, u = initial velocity

v = final velocity
a = uniform acceleration
s = distance travelled
t = time taken

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B
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CLASS 9th NOTES

PHYSICS
SOUND
PRASHANT KIRAD
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SOUND
Sound:
A sound is a form of energy which produces
a sensation of hearing in our ears.
It is produced due to vibrations of
different objects.
It travels in the form of waves.

Production of Sound:
Sound is produced by the vibrations of objects.
Vibrations create compressions and rarefactions in the surrounding
air, leading to the formation of a sound wave.
The energy required to make an object vibrate and produce sound is
provided by some outside source (like our hand, wind etc.).
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Examples:-
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Sound of our voice is produced by the vibration of two vocal cords in

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our throat.
B

Sound of a drum or tabla is produced by vibration of its membrane

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when struck.
PH
EX

Sound can be produced by following methods:

By vibrating string (sitar)
By vibrating air (flute)
By vibrating membrane (tabla, drum)
By vibrating plates (bicycle bell)
By friction
By scratching or scrubbing the objects etc.

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Propagation of Sound
The matter or substance through which sound is transmitted is
called a medium. It can be solid, liquid or gas. Air is the most
common medium for sound propagation.
A wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium when the
particles of the medium set neighbouring particles into motion.
Sound waves are characterised by the motion of particles in the
medium and are called mechanical waves.

When a vibrating object moves forward, it pushes and compresses

the air in front of it creating a region of high pressure. This region
is called a compression (C).This compression starts to move away
from the vibrating object.
When the vibrating object moves backwards, it creates a region of
low pressure called rarefaction (R).
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&
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B
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Sound needs medium for propagation:

It needs material medium for propagation like air, water, steel, etc.
It cannot travel in vacuum.

Experiment to show that sound needs a medium:

An electric bell is suspended in airtight
bell jar connected with vacuum pump.
This shows that presence of medium is
necessary for propagation of sound waves.

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Sound waves as longitudinal Waves:
The matter or substance through which sound is transmitted is called
a medium. It can be solid, liquid or gas. Air is the most common
medium for sound propagation.
When longitudinal waves travel through any given medium, they also
include compressions and rarefactions.

Transverse Waves: A transverse wave is produced when the particles of

the medium oscillate in a direction which is perpendicular to the direction
of the propagation of the wave. The particles in a transverse wave
oscillate in an up and down motion.
For Example, light waves are transverse in nature.

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Characteristics of Sound Waves:

Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive compressions or

refractions is called Wavelength.
SI unit: metre (m)

Frequency (f): The number of oscillations per unit time is called the
Frequency of a Wave (Number of compressions + the number of
refractions per unit time)
SI unit: Hertz (Hz)

Amplitude (A): The maximum displacement of the particle of the medium

from their original undisturbed position is called amplitude of the wave.
SI unit: metre (m).

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Time period (T): The time taken between two consecutive compressions
or refractions to cross a fixed point is called Time Period of the Wave.
In other words, the time taken for one complete oscillation through a
medium is called a Time Period.
SI unit: second (s)

Relationship between Frequency and Time period: f = 1/T

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&
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Pitch: Pitch of a sound depends upon:

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1. the frequency of the sound

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2. size of the object producing the sound

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3. type of the object producing the sound

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Timbre: The timbre or quality of sound is a characteristic with which

we can differentiate between different sounds even if they have same
pitch and amplitude.

Loudness: It depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.

Two sounds with same intensity can vary in loudness only because we can
detect one sound easier than the other.

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Velocity: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called

velocity of the wave.
SI unit: metre per second (m/s).

This is the wave equation.

Speed of Sound in Various Mediums:

Sound cannot travel at the same speed in different mediums. The
speed of sound in a medium is affected by three things:
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The density of the medium. For instance, speed of sound is the
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maximum through solids.

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The temperature of the medium. As the temperature increases, the

B

sound propagates easily.

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Humidity in the air also affects the travel of sound. As the humidity
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increases, so does the propagation of sound.

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Sonic Boom:
When an object travels in the air with a speed greater than that of
the sound, it produces a sound with high energy.
These objects exert a large amount of pressure on the air which
causes the production of shock waves in the air. These shock waves
produce extremely large and loud sound waves which are called Sonic
booms.

Some aircrafts, bullets, rockets etc. have ‘supersonic speed’.

This energy is loud enough that it can break glasses or damage the
buildings. The sound produced is similar to the sound of an explosion
or thunderclap.

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Reflection of Sound
Like light, sound also bounces back when it falls on a hard surface. It is
called reflection of sound. The laws of reflection of light are also
applicable to reflection of sound.
i. The incident sound wave, the reflected sound wave and normal at the
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
ii. Angle of reflection of sound is always equal to the angle of incidence
of sound.

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Echo
&

The repetition of sound caused by the reflection of sound waves is

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called an echo e.g. Clapping or shouting near a tall building or mountain.

B
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To hear a distinct echo sound, the time interval between the original
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and reflected sound must be at least 0.1s, as sound persists in our

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brain for about 0.1s.

The minimum distance for obstruction or reflective surface to hear
an echo should be 17.2 m.
Rolling of thunder is due to multiple reflection of sound of thunder
from a number of reflecting surfaces such as clouds and the earth.

Reverberation
The persistence of sound in a big hall due to repeated or multiple
reflections of sound from the walls, ceiling and floor of the hall is
called reverberation.
If its too long, sound becomes blurred, distorted and confusing.

To reduce reverberation in big halls, heavy curtains are put on doors

and windows, carpets are put on the floor and seats are made of
sound absorbing material.

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Application of reflection of sound

i. Megaphone, loudspeakers, bulb horns, etc. are designed to send sound
in a particular direction without spreading all around. All these have
funnel tube which reflects sound waves repeatedly towards audience.
ii. Stethoscope - It is a medical instrument used for listening the sounds
produced in human body mainly in heart and lungs. The sound of
heartbeats reaches the doctor’s ears by the multiple reflection of the
sound waves.
iii. Sound board - In big halls, a curved board(cause multiple reflections)
is placed behind the speakers so that his speech can be heard easily by
audiences.
iv. The ceiling of concert halls are made curved, so that the sound after
reflection from ceiling reaches all the parts of the hall.

Range of hearing
i. Range of hearing in human is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz.
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Children younger than 5 years and dogs can hear upto 25 KHz.
&

ii. The sounds of frequencies lower than 20 Hz are known as ‘infrasonic

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sounds’.
B

A vibrating simple pendulum produces infrasonic sounds.

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Rhinoceroses communicate with each other using frequencies as low

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as 5 Hz.
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Elephants and Whales produce infrasonic sounds.

Earthquake produce infrasonic waves which some animals can hear
and get disturbed.
iii. The sounds of frequencies higher the 20 KHz are known as
‘ultrasonic’ waves.
Dogs, dolphins, bats, and rats can hear ultrasonic sounds.
Bats and rats can produce ultrasonic sounds.

Hearing Aid
It is battery operated electronic device used by persons who are hard
of hearing. Microphone convert sound into electrical signals, the those
are amplified by amplifier. Amplified signals are send to the speaker of
hearing aid. The speaker converts the amplified signal to sound and
sends to ear for clear hearing.

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Application of ultrasound
i. It is used to detect cracks in metal blocks in industries without
damaging them.
ii. It is used in industries to clean ‘hard to reach’ parts of objects such
as spiral tubes, odd shaped machines.
iii. It is used to investing the internal organs of human body such as
liver, gall bladder, kidneys, uterus and heart.
iv. Echocardiography: These waves are used to reflect the action of
heart and its images are formed.
v. Ultrasonography: The technique of obtaining pictures of internal
organs of the body by using echoes of ultrasound waves.
vi. Ultrasound is used to split tiny stones in kidneys into fine grains,
which then get flushed out with time.

Sonar (Sound navigation and ranging)

SONAR is a device which is used to find distance, direction and speed
10
of underwater objects.
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How does it work?

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SONAR consists of a transmitter and a receptor or detector that is

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installed at the bottom of a ship.

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The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves.

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These waves travel through water and after striking the objects on
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the bottom of sea, are reflected back and received by detector.

These reflected waves are converted into electric signals by
detector.
The sonar device measures the time taken by ultrasound waves to
travel from ship to bottom of sea and back to ship.

Uses of SONAR
The sonar is used to find the depth of sea, to locate underwater hills,
valleys, submarines, icebergs and sunken ships etc.

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Structure of Human Ear:

The ear consists of three parts : outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.
The ears are the sense organs which help us in hearing sound.

Pinna - The outer part of the ear that gathers sound from the
environment.
Auditory Canal - Sound collected from the surroundings passes through
the Auditory Canal.
Eardrum or Tympanic Membrane - It is located at the end of the
auditory canal.
The Middle Ear - It consists of three bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup).
These bones amplify the vibrations produced by the eardrum. These
vibrations are then passed onto the inner ear by the middle ear.
The lower part of middle ear has a narrow ‘Eustachian tube’.
Cochlea - It is located in the inner ear. It converts the vibrations into
electrical signals which are then carried to the brain by the auditory
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nerve.
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Working of Human Ear:

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When compression of sound wave strike

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the ear drum, the pressure on the

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outside of ear drum increases and pushes

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the ear drum inwards.

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While during refraction ear drum moves

outwards. Thus, ear drum starts vibrating
back and forth.
These vibrations are increased by three bones and middle ear transmits
these amplified pressure variations received from sound waves to inner
ear.
In the inner ear the pressure variations are turned into electric signals
by the cochlea.
These electric signals are sent to the brain via auditory nerve and the
brain interprets them as sound.

Sound wave >> Pinna >> Ear canal >> Vibrate ear drum >> Hammer
>> Anvil >> Oval window >> Cochlea >> Auditory nerve >> Brain
(which interprets these electrical impulses as sound and we get the
sense of hearing).

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CLASS 9th NOTES

PHYSICS
WORK AND ENERGY
PRASHANT KIRAD
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PRASHANT KIRAD

Work and energy

Work
For doing work, energy is required.
In animals, energy is supplied by the food they eat.
In machines, energy is supplied by fuel.

Reading, writing, drawing, thinking, and analyzing are all energy-

consuming, but scientifically, no work is done in all these tasks.

Example- A man is completely exhausted in trying to push a wall, but

work done is zero as the wall is stationary.
A man standing still with a heavy suitcase may be tired soon but he
does not work in this situation as he is stationary.
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Work is said to be done when:

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i. a moving object comes to rest

ii. an object at rest starts moving
iii. the velocity of an object changes
iv. the shape of an object changes

Scientific conception of work is done when force is applied on a body

and when that force produces motion under its influence.

Condition of work done Moving

i. Force should be applied on the body.
ii. Body should ne displaced.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Work is done when:
A cyclist is pedaling the cycle.
A man is lifting a load in an upward or downward direction

Work is not done when:

A coolie carrying some load on his head stands stationary.
A man is applying force on a big rock.

Work is done by a fixed force

Work done in the moving of a body is equal to the product of force and
displacement of the body in the direction of force.
Work = Force x Displacement
W=FxS
Work is a scalar quantity.

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The unit of Work is Newton metre or Joule.
When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1
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metre in its direction, then the work done is known as 1 Joule.

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1 Joule = 1 newton x 1 metre

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1 J = 1 Nm
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Whenever work is done against gravity, the amount of work done is equal
to the product of the weight of the body and the vertical distance
through which the body is lifted.

W = Weight of the body x vertical distance

W = m x g x h
where m = mass of the body
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height through which the body is lifted

The amount of work done depends on the following factors:

i. Magnitude of force: Greater the displacement, the greater the
amount of work, and vice-versa
ii. Displacement: The greater the displacement, the greater the amount
of work and vice-versa.
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PRASHANT KIRAD
Negative, Positive, and Zero work
i. Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of
the body. E.g., A child pulls a toy car with string horizontally on the
ground.
ii. Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction
of the body. E.g., When a moving football slows due to friction acting in
a direction opposite to the motion of the football.
iii. Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the
direction of motion. E.g., The moon moves around the earth in a circular
path, here the force of gravitation acts on the moon at right angles to
the direction of the moon, so work done is zero.

Energy
The capacity to do work is known as energy.

The sun is the biggest source of energy. 10

Most of the energy sources are derived from the Sun.
Some energy is received from the nucleus of atoms, the interior of
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the earth, and the tides.

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The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of

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work it can do.

The working body loses energy, body on which work is done gains
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energy.

Forms of energy
Mechanical energy - The energy possessed by a body on account of its
motion or position.
Kinetic energy - The energy of a body due to its motion is called
kinetic energy. Examples-
A moving cricket ball
Running water
A moving bullet
Flowing wind
A moving car
A running athlete
A rolling stone
Flying craft

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Kinetic energy formula derivation

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Potential energy - The energy of the body due to its position or change
in shape is known as potential energy.
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Examples:
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i. Water kept in damn: It can rotate the turbine to generate

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electricity due to its position above the ground.

ii. Wound-up spring of a toy car: It possesses potential energy which
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is released during the unwinding of spring. So the toy car moves.

iii. Bent string of low: Potential energy due to change of its shape
(deformation) released in the form of kinetic energy while shootigmg an
arrow.

Factors affecting Potential energy

i. Mass: P.E.∝ m
ii. Height above the ground: P.E. h ∝
iii. Change in shaping: The Greater the stretching, twisting, or bending,
the more the potential energy.

The potential energy of an object at a height

If a body of mass ‘m’ is raised to a height ‘h’ above the surface of the
earth, the gravitational pull of the earth (mxg) acts in downward
direction.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
To lift the body, we have to work against the force of gravity.
Thus, Work done (W) = Force x displacement
W=mxgxh
This work is stored in the body as gravitational potential energy.
Ep = m x g x h

Transformation of Energy
The change of one form of energy to another form of energy is known as
the transformation of energy. 10
Example:
A stone at a certain height has entire energy. But when it starts
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moving downward, the potential energy of the stone decreases as

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height decreases but its kinetic energy goes on increasing as the

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velocity of the stone goes on increasing. At the time the stone

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reaches the ground, potential energy becomes zero and kinetic

energy is maximum. Thus, its entire potential energy is transformed
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into kinetic energy.

At a hydroelectric powerhouse, the potential energy of water is
transformed into kinetic energy and then into electrical energy.
At thermal powerhouses, the chemical energy of coal is changed into
heat energy, which is further converted into kinetic energy and
electrical energy.
Plants use solar energy to make chemical energy in food by the
process of photosynthesis.

Laws of Conservation of Energy

Whenever energy changes from one form to another form, the total
amount of energy remains constant.
“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed”.
Although some energy may be wasted during conversion, but the total
energy of the system remains the same.

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PRASHANT KIRAD
Conservation of energy during free fall of a body
A ball of mass ‘m’ at a height ‘h’ has potential energy = mgh
As the ball falls downwards, height ‘h’ decreases, so the potential energy
also decreases.
Kinetic energy at ‘h’ is zero but it increases during the falling of the ball.
The sum of the potential energy & kinetic energy of the ball remains the
same at every point during its fall.

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Rate of doing Work - Power

“Power is defined as the rate of energy consumption”.

where, P = Power, W = Work done, T = Time taken

Unit of Power
SI unit of Power is Watt (W) = 1 J/s

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PRASHANT KIRAD

Average Power = Total work done

Total time taken

Power of Electrical gadget

The power of an electrical appliance tells us the rate at which
electrical energy is consumed by it. Here, when work is done, an equal
amount of energy is consumed.
Bigger unit of Power: Kilowatt or KW.

Commercial unit of energy: Joule is a very small unit of energy and it

is inconvenient to use it where a large quantity of energy is involved.

For commercial purposes, a bigger unit of energy is Kilowatt hour

(KWh).

1KWh: 1 KWh is the amount of energy consumed when an electric

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appliance having a power rating of 1 Kilowatt is used for 1 hour.
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