AKSUM UNI

VERSI
TY

I
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGY
FACULI
TYOFMECHANI
CALANDI
NDUSTRI
ALENGI
NEERI
NG

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGENEERI
NG

Desi
gnmodi
fi
cat
ionofsowi
ng(
plant
ing)machi
nef
orwheat

PREPAREDBY:
Nahom Ar
egawi 1001508
Tewodr
osHabenom 1002757
Lwam Hagos 1205958
 Abst
ract
Lackofi
nli
nesowi
ngmachi
ner
educesut
il
it
yduet
oincor
rectpl
aci
ngseedsandwr
ong
spaci
ng.Theger
minat
ionofpl
ant
sorseedcanbeaf
fectbyt
hel
ackofi
nli
nedr
il
li
ng
seedsi
nther
ightspace.Aswel
last
hedept
hoft
hel
andi
nwhi
cht
hesedi
spl
acedand
seedcompact
ingwi
tht
hesoi
lhav
egr
eatef
fecti
ngoodger
minat
ion.
I
n Ti
grayal
mostoft
hef
armer
sar
eusi
ng t
radi
ti
onalmet
hod ofsowi
ng.Butt
his
t
radi
ti
onal
met
hodofsowi
ngi
snotef
fect
ivet
oachi
eveagoodpr
oduct
.Duet
othi
scase
t
hesowi
ngmachi
nei
sdesi
gnedt
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em i
nfar
mingandpr
oduci
ngut
il
it
ies.
Thi
ssowi
ngmachi
nei
sdesi
gnedsui
tabl
etof
armer
stopushusi
ngmedi
um powerand
speedt
opr
oduceagood ut
il
it
y.Rat
hert
hant
radi
ti
onalsowi
ngmet
hodt
hissowi
ng
machi
necov
ersal
argear
eaperdayandseedscangr
owandpr
oduceef
fect
ivel
yduet
o
r
owt
orowseedi
ng.
Thi
sseedi
ngmachi
nei
ncl
udes1200 ov
eral
llengt
h,900 ov
eral
lwi
dth,900
ov
eral
lhei
ghtoft
hemachi
neandwhi
choper
atesmanual
l
ybypushi
ng.Thef
orce
appl
i
edt
othemachi
ne107.
14 and47.
088 r
esi
stancef
orceoft
hemachi
ne.The

machi 2096ℎ
nesows1. ⁄ andi
tcov
erst
hreer
owsi
nthesamet
ime.

Key
wor
ds Dr
il
li
ngseeds,
Spaci
ng,
Ger
minat
ion,
SeedPl
acement
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
Acknowl
edgment

Fi
rstofal
lwewoul
dli
ket
osayt
hanksf
orouradv
isorMR.Wel
deSemay
atf
orgui
ding
andadv
isi
ngusnextt
oGod.I
nthesamewaywear
egr
atef
ult
o,Aksum Uni
ver
sit
yfor
pr
ovi
dingdi
ff
erentl
abandi
nter
netser
vices.Gener
all
ythanksf
oral
ltheyar
ehel
pus
economi
cal
l
yandmor
all
ytoourpr
ojectef
fect
ivel
y.

KI
OT PageI
I
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s I
Acknowl
edgment I
I
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s I
II
Li
stofFi
gur
es V
Li
stofTabl
es VI
Li
stsofAcr
ony
ms VI
I
Li
stofConv
ersi
onFact
ors VI
I
Chapt
erOne:I
ntr
oduct
ion 3
1.
1Backgr
oundandJust
if
icat
ion 4
1.
2St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em 4
1.
3Object
iveoftheStudy 4
1.3.
1GeneralObj
ecti
ve 4
1.3.
2Specif
icObject
ive 4
1.
4Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy 5
1.
5Scopeoft
heSt
udy 5
1.
6Met
hodol
ogyoft
heSt
udy 5
1.
7Or
gani
zat
ionoft
heSt
udy 5
Chapt
erTwo:Rev
iewofLi
ter
atur
e 6
2.
1Exi
sti
ngMachi
nesandExi
sti
ngPr
obl
ems 6
2.
2Compar at
ivePerf
ormanceofSeedi
ngDev
iceswi
thOt
herSowi
ng 8
2.2.
1CropYield 8
2.2.
2Specif
icat
ionofSeedDr
il
ls 9
2.
3FactorWhichInfl
uencet
heImprov
ementofSeedDr
il
lDesi
gn 10
2.3.
1SeedMet er
ingDevi
ce 10
2.3.
2Cover
ingandCompact i
ngDevi
ce 11
2.
4Farm Power 11
2.4.
1SourcesofFar
m Power 11
ChapterThree………………………………………………………………………………12
3.
1DesignofSowingMachi
neComponent 12
3.1.
1Geometri
cAnal
ysi
s 12
3.1.
2Seedi
ngCapaci
tyoft
heMachi
ne 14
3.
2Strengt
hAnalysi
s 15
3.2.
1DesignofSeedBox(
Hopper
) 16

Page1
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
3.
2.2Desi
gnofGroundWheel 18
3.
2.3Desi
gnofMainFr ame 20
3.
2.4Desi
gnofConnect edRod 22
3.
2.5Desi
gnofBelt 30
3.
2.6Desi
gnofSpurGear 36
3.
2.7Desi
gnofShaftforSpurGear 41
3.
2.8Sel
ecti
onofBlade 44
3.
2.9Desi
gnofBearings 46
3.
2.10 Desi
gnofSeedTube(Funnel
) 48
3.
2.11 Adj
ustabl
eOr i
fi
ce 48
3.
2.12 Furr
owOpenerandCloser 49
3.
3Sel
ect
ionofMat
eri
als 51
3.
4Manufact
uringPr
ocess 52
3.
5CostAnalysis 52
ChapterFour:Resul
tsandDi
scussi
on 10
4.
1BasicResults 51
4.
2Di scussi
on 51
Chapt
erFi
ve:Concl
usi
onandRecommendat
ion 56
5.
1Conclusi
on 56
4.
1Recommendati
on 57
Ref
erence 61
Par
tandAssemblyDr
awi
ng
Det
ail
Drawi
ng 62

Page2
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6

Chapt
erOne
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Agr i
cul
turalmachiner
yar eal otofmachineri
eswhichisusedt oplough,sowi
ngor
pl
anting,harv
esting,andthreshi
ngf orthepur
poseofoptimizi
ngyiel
ds.Regardstothis
i
nTi graythereistheproblem ofsowi ngorplanti
ngseedsbecauseallmostofTi gray
peasants sow the diff
erentkinds ofseeds manual l
y,then t
he plantcannotgi ve
opti
mi zedyi
eld.Tosolvethisproblem t
hemoder ni
zedsowingi
simportant.[
1]
Seedi
ngorsowingisanartofplaci
ngseedsi
nthesoi
ltohav
egoodger
minat
ioni
n
t
hefiel
d.Aper
fectseedi
nggi
ves:
-
1.Cor
rectamountofseedperuni
tar
ea.
2.Cor
rectdept
hatwhi
chseedi
spl
acedi
nthesoi
l
.
3.Cor
rectspaci
ngbet
weenr
owt
orowandpl
antt
opl
ant
.
Agr
icult
uralmachineryis surpassi ng greaterhei ghtwiththe inventi
ons ofnew
machi
ner i
esandnewway sofget t
ingbet tery i
eldhasexposedt heconcernedindustr
y
t
ot hef i
reofcompet it
ion.Todayt hef armershav ebecomeawar eoft hemoder n
t
echnologiest
hatcanfetchthatbettery i
eldandal sohelpthem managei twit
hmul t
ipl
e
machi
ner i
es.Todaythemar keti
sbei ngfloodedwi thav ari
etyofsowingandpl anti
ng
machi
nest omaket hel
abordemandi ngt askabi teasierf
orthefarmers.
Everydayisi ntr
oducingmoder n, sophisticatedandbet terversionofsuchmachi nes,
whichhav edelightedtheagr icul
tur
alpeopl et oagr eatextent.thi
shasal sobr oughtnew
hopesf orthef ar
mer sast heyarelooki ngf orwar dtoabet terandt r
ansformedf uturein
agri
cultur
alindustrywhi chhasnol ongerr emai nedar i
skyarea.Wear ewellawar ethat
sowingofseedsbyhandi sbyf aroneoft hemostl abori
ousandonewhi chonl yaf ew
mencanper form correctl
y.Howev ersur passingt echnologieshav eensuredt hatsowi ng
grai
nswi lllongerbeast udytaskbutv ar i
ousmachi nessui tabl
ydesi gnedf orthis
purposewi l
lper f
ormt het oughertaski nnot i
me.Var i
ousnewt oolshavesophi st i
cated
thetaskofpl anti
ngandsowi ngseedsanddi fferentmachineshav efl
oodedt hemar ket.
Thishasl edtoat hr
il
li
ngboosti nt heagr omar ket.simplerdesi gnsandcompl icated
tasks ar et he t r
ade mar k oft hese machi nes.Pl anti
ng cereal s,gr ains,and ot her
veget ableswasnev ersoeasyt i
llagr orev ol
uti
on.Sowi ngandpl anti
ngi soneoft he
basicoper ationsneededt ogetbet terr evenuef rom agr i
cult
ur e.I tisadev icet hat
preciselyposi ti
onsseedsi nthesoi landt hencov erst hem .beforet hei ntroductiont he
seedingmachi ne,thecommonpr acticewast opl antseedsbyhand.Besi desbei ng
wast efulplant i
ngwasv eryimpreciseandl edtoapoordi str
ibutionofseeds,l eadingt o
l
owpr oducti
v i
ty.I
npl anti
ngwi derrowsar eused, andt heint
enti st ohav epr ecise, even
spacingbet weeni ndivi
dualseedsi nther ow, var
iousmechani smshav ebeendev i
sedt o
countouri ndivi
dual seedsatexacti nt
er v
als.
Page3
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
1.
1Backgr
oundandJust
if
icat
ion
Rwanda is a devel
oping count
ryin agri
cul
turaltechnol
ogy and its adaptati
on.
AccordingtothestudymadebyI SAE,it
’sf
oundthathoes,pagans,axesandshov elsare
themai nfor
mt oolsusedbythef ar
mersinRwanda.Theset ool
sar econventi
onal,ti
me
i
mmor alandnoi mprovementalagri
cul
tur
ali
sadopt ed;henceitcausedust odev elop
drudgeryreducti
onandeasyt ousehandt oolstohel pthef armingcommuni tyin
Rwanda. [
1]
Sowi
ngi soneoft hebasicoperationsneededt ogetbetterrevenuef r
om agricul
tur al
areas.Manualsowi nghast heproblem ofnotgi venadequatespaci ngbetweenr owt o
row andpl antt
opl antleadingt
ol esspopul ati
onofcr opsthanr ecommendedbyt he
agronomists.Al
sot hereistheproblem ofplacingtheseedatcor rectdepthandcor rect
soilcov
ering.Manualsowi ngistimeconsumi ngandcost l
y.Hence,t her
eisneededf or
appropri
ateseeddr i
llforsowing,t hi
spaperdeal sthedev elopmentandt esti
ngof
appropri
ateseedingdril
lforsowingcer eal
cropslikemaize,beansandsor ghum.

1.
2St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em
I
nmanual
sowi
ngorpl
ant
ingseedst
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
mit
ati
onsar
erequi
red.
I
nmanual
seedi
ngi
tisnotpossi
blet
oachi
eveuni
for
mit
yindi
str
ibut
ionofseeds.
1. Poorcont
rol
overdept
hofseedpl
acement
.
2. Itisnecessarytosowathi
ghseedr
atesandbr
ingt
hepl
antpopul
ati
ont
o
desi
redlevelbythi
nning.
3. Laborrequir
ementi
shi
ghbecauset
woper
sonsar
erequi
redf
ordr
oppi
ng
seedandfer
ti
lizer
.
4. Dur
ingmanualsowi
ngbyhandpl acementofseedsatunevendepthmay
resul
tinpooremergencebecausesubsequentrai
nsbri
ngaddit
ionalsoi
lcov
er
overtheseedandaf
fectpl
antemergence.

1.
3Obj
ect
iveoft
heSt
udy

1.
3.1Gener
alObj
ect
ive
Themai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hispaperi
stodesi
gnt
hesowi
ngorpl
ant
ingmachi
nef
orwheat
.

1.
3.2Specif
icObjecti
ve
 Todet ermi
net heseedingcapacit
yoft hemachine
Select
ingtheappropriate
 Todesi gnthebelt,spurgearandshaftforspurgear
 Todesi gnblade,beari
ngandspeedt ube

Page4
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
 Todesi
gnf
urr
owopenerandcl
oser
,andadj
ust
abl
eor
if
ice

Page5
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
1.
4Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy
Themainsi
gnif
icanceofthi
sstudyi
stoimprovet
hesimpl
esowi
ng machinewithi
n
l
owcostandpropermateri
alswhi
chisusef
ult
ot hef
armer
sinal
lmostpar
tofTigr
ay.
Thi
s studyis also importantforfar
mer sto savethei
rener gyand theirtime
consumpt i
on to work,as wel las t
his st
udyconsiderto sow seeds inl i
ne and
compact i
ngt hefer
til
i
zert hesoilandtheseedt ogivegoody i
elds.Si
gni
ficantl
ythe
studyisst udi
edandwel lmodi f
iedt
hemachi neEasi
lyunder
standt ofar
mer sofi t
s
operati
onandcostmi nimizat
ion.

1.
5Scopeoft
heSt
udy
Thescopeoft hestudyisupt othest r
engthandt heworkingmechani
smsoft he
machinewithi
nsimpleandav ail
abl
emat eri
alwhicharesimpletomanufact
ure,easyto
maint
ain and easyt o assembl
e and disassemble bythe farmer
sconsideri
ng the
manufact
uringprocessofeachmaterial
sandt hei
rproper
ty.

1.
6Met
hodol
ogyoft
heSt
udy
Wehav
eusedthef
oll
owi
ngengi
neer
ingmet
hodol
ogi
est
odesi
gnt
hispr
ojectf
or
sol
vi
ngt
heprobl
em.
1. Pr
obl
em st
atementoft
hest
udy
.
2. Li
ter
atur
erev
iew.
3. Geomet
ri
canal
ysi
sandwor
kingmechani
sm oft
hemachi
ne.
4. Mat
eri
alsel
ect
ionandmanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessconsi
der
ati
on.
5. St
rengt
hanal
ysi
s.

Page6
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
Chapt
erTwo
Rev
iewofLi
ter
atur
e
Inrecentyear s,therehasbeenanacut eshor tageofagr i
cult
urallaborer
sdur ing
sowingseasonduet oincreasedempl oy mentoppor tunit
iesinurbanar eaforrur
alyout h.
Duet onon- availabi
li
tyofl aborandwor kanimalsdur ingsowi ngseasons,i nmany
placesthesedi ssowingev enwhent hesoi lisatal ow moi stur
econt entwhichaffect s
thegermination,planwest andandy i
eld.Thereforei nordert omechani zecropsowi ng
operati
onunderr efi
nedcondi t
ions,suitableseeddr i
llisvitalasitpl
acedt heseedint he
zoneofadequat emoi stureandatdesi reddept h.Thebul lockdrawnseeddr i
llgives
properseedr ateuni f
orm di str
ibuti
onandcor rectplacementofseedr esult
inginhigher
yiel
dandr educeshumanphy sicalst
rain.[7]

2.
1Exi
sti
ngMachi
nesandExi
sti
ngPr
obl
ems
Ani nnovati
vet echnol
ogydesignedtor enderagr
icult
uralproduct
ionmoreeff
ici
ent
andpr ofi
tabl
e.Her earesomeoft heexampl esvariousagr i
cul
tur
alequi
pmentand
machines.Thi s devi
se can make the work easybutatt he same t
ime t
heyar e
expensiv
e.[3]

Fi
g.2.
1Exi
sti
ngt
ract
ors

Page7
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6

Fi
g.2.
2Exi
sti
ngmanual
seedi
ngmachi
ne

Nowadayami
ddlecl
assf
armerwasinastagetobuyt
hisequi
pmentandal
soi
t
t
akest
imet
ohi
m andcompl
extolear
nit
’sworki
ngpri
nci
ple.

Here,weselect
edthepr obl
em facedbythef
armersdur
ingtheti
meofsowing.Wehave
noti
cedthatthepercentsowingmachinesareofhi
ghcost.Therentoft
hemachinesi
s
al
soconsiderabl
yhigh.Hencewedeci dedtodesi
gnnewequi pmentwhi
chissi
mpl et
o
underst
andforfar
mer s.

Page8
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6

2.
2Compar
ati
vePer
for
manceofSeedi
ngDev
iceswi
thOt
herSowi
ng

2.
2.1Cr
opYi
eld
Studi
esindi f
fer
entpar
tsoft hecount ryhaveshownt hatseedi
ngdev i
cesintroduced
i
nr ai
nf edareashav eincreasedcr opy i
eldsby10t o20per centoverconv entional
methodsofseedingduet obetterplantestabl
i
shmentandpr operappl
icati
onofi nputs.
I
nmostpar tofNort
liI
ndia,seedingf er
ti
li
zerdri
ll
sareusedf orsowingwher easseed
dr
il
lsarefoundinusemoistlysouthernpartofthecount
ry.
Byusing thr
ee row bull
ock-dr
awn-fer
ti
le-
seed dri
l
ls,wheatyi
eld was boost
ed up
t
o10.93percent(aver
age)higherthesamei nputandcul
tur
alpr
acti
cewhencompet ed
wit
hthebehindtheploughsowing.
Si
ngrev
ealedthatbyusingafer
ti
li
zerseeddr
il
lforwheatcropt
herewasani
ncr
ease
i
nyi
eldby13.
025percentwhencomparedwitht
heconventi
onalmet
hod.
Restageandvi
nodrumarconduct
eddemonstrati
onsduringkhar
ifusi
nghandseeddr il
l
forbajrasowingandcompareditwit
hthesowi ngofbajrabylocalmethodi.e.behi
nd
discplough.Anaver
ageincreaseinyi
eldof19.73percentwasobt ai
nedoverthelocal
met hod.
Vindokumarandr ast
ogicompar edtheabul l
ockdr awnseedcormfert
il
izerdri
llwith
desipi
nigh forwheatcr op .
they haver eport
ed thatan incr
ease i
ny i
eld about
10.5percentwasachi
evedduetot heuseoffert
il
izer-
seeddr
il
l.
Astudyhasshownthatt
heuseofseeddr
il
lgi
vesani
ncr
ease12.
5per
centwheat
y
ieldovert
radi
ti
onal
methods.
[1]
Singhandchancel
lorobser
vedupt
o26per
centmor
eyi
eldofwheatbyusi
ngseedi
ng
dr
il
lsatthefarmerfi
eld.
[1]
Shar
maetobser
ved19.1percenti
ncr
easeinwheatwit
htheuseofseed-
rum-
fer
ti
li
zer
dr
il
latt
hefer
neri
esfi
eldsundernormal
sowingcondi
ti
ons.[
1]

Si
nghandSinghobser
v edanincreaseof17.
3per
centi
nwheaty
iel
dthemal
vi
yaseed
–cum –f
ert
il
iz
erdr
il
latthefanner’
sfiel
ds.
Sharmaetrepor
tedt
hatonanav er
ageincr
easei
ngr
ainy
iel
dofwheatandgram was
24.92percentand20percentr
espect
ivel
ywitht
heuseofseeddr
il
lovertr
adit
ional
met hod.
Theperformancetr
ial
sconductedwithbull
ockdrawnI NAUi
mpr ovedseedpalt
erat
ninedif
ferentpl
acesinanareaof1.48harevealedanincr
easei
ngroundnutyiel
dby11
to14per centwhencomparedwithsowingbehindthecountr
ypl
ough.[
1],
[7]
Astudywasconductedtoev al
uatetheeffectofuseofthemechani
calsowingon
wheaty i
eldi
ncompari
sonwi t
ht radi
ti
onalmethod.Theani
maldraw mechani
calwas
hasresul
tedi
na10.
4percent
increasei
nyiel
d.

Page9
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
2.
2.2Speci
fi
cat
ionofSeedDr
il
ls
Sowi
ngcanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
nphases
1. Theunif
ormf eedofseedsf r
om thegrai
nhoppert oopenersand
2.Thepreparati
onoff urr
ows, t
heplacement,ofseedsint hem andcov
eri
ngofthe
f
urr
owswi t
hsoi l
tothesamedept h.
BasedonThanes,Ber ancki
,et
alstat
edtheagronomi c.Specifi
cat
ionofmachi
nesof
sowingasfol
lows:
1.Dist
ri
butionofseedsont heareaofsowi ngmustbeunifor
m
2.Themet eringmechani smsofdi eseedsdr i
ll
smustdroptheseedsunif
ormly
.
Theav eragenon-uni forml
ybet weensepar at
emechani smsmustex ceed
3%forcerealsand4%forleguminouscrops.
3.Theamountofseedsi neachr owmustbet hesameandmustcor r
espondto
theadopt edseedr at
e.Dev iat
ionofov eral
lsowingfr
om theseedrat
emust
notbegreat ert
han+/-3%.
4.Duri
ngsowi ng,seedsmustnotbedamagedi nthemeteri
ngmechanisms,
openersandot herpartsoftheseeddr i
ll
.3
Furr
ow openersmustcr eateasli
ghtl
ycompressedfur
row bottom andt hef
urr
ow
depthmustbeconst ant
.Seedsareonthecompressedbot
tom andconv ert
edwit
hwet
soil
.Permi
ssibl
edev i
ati
onsfrom t
hegiv
endept
hofdr i
l
li
ngare+/-
0.5,+/
-0.
7and1cm for
sowingdepths3-4,
4-5and6-8cm.
Squar
e-pocketplant
ersmustsow t hesameamountofseed i n nests.The
percentagedamageofseedsshoul dnotexceed1.5percent.Devi
ationofnestcenters
form, t
heaxiall i
ne,per
pendicul
artothedirecti
onofmot i
onoft heuni t,mustnotbe
greaterthan+/-5cm i
nthelongit
udi
naldi
rectionitmustnotbegreaterthan+/-2cm and
i
nt hejoini
ngrowsi tmustnotbegreat
erthan+/ -
5cm.
Thenumberofseedsplacedsimul
taneousl
yinparti
cul
arrowsshoul
dber oughl
y
thesameovereachmeterofrowlengt
h.Thiscri
ter
ionshoul
dbemetf orv
ariouski
nds
ofseedsandf
erti
l
izer
stooandatvari
ousseedingandfer
ti
li
zerappl
i
cat
ionrat
es.
1. Met eringoft her equiredseedingandf ert
il
izerapplicat
ionateshoul dber eli
abl
e
andeasyt oadj ust.
2. Prov i
sionf orchangi ngr owspaci ngbetweenseedsandbot hverti
cal and
hor i
zont aldistancebet weenseedsandf ertil
i
zerdeposi t
ioninsoil.
3. Placingofseedsatanappr opr
iatedepthandcov er
ingwi t
hsoillayer.
4. Seedsshoul dnotbei njur
edbyt heseedsmet er
ingandpl acement ,devices.
5.Insensi bi
l
ityofwor kingelementsoft hedistri
butorstocor r
osi
v eact i
onof
ferti
lizermet al coating.

Page10
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
2.
3Fact
orWhi
chI
nfl
uencet
heI
mpr
ovementofSeedDr
il
lDesi
gn
Thedesi gnofagr icul
turalmatbi nsi nv
ol vestheunder standingoft hev ari
ablef i
eld
condit
ions and ot herf act ors which inf l
uence machi nery per f
or mance,i ncluding
envi
ronment alandhumanr elatedfactors.Machi nesshoul dbeoper at
ionall
yr eli
able
andeconomi callyaccept ablet othefarmer .Inthecaseofagr icult
uralmachi nerydesign,
therelevantsci enti
ficpr i
nci pl
esconcer ningsoi ls,plantsandpl ant ,part
sandot her
biol
ogicalmat erial
sar eal soconsi dered.Desi gner soffarm machi nesmusti ntegrate
analyt
icaldesign and r esul ts ofexperiment ali nvest
igations whi ch are simpl et o
fabr
icate,af
fordable,l i
ghti nwei ght
,easyt omai ntainandr equirereadi l
yav ai
lableand
l
owcostmat erials.
[8]

2.
3.1SeedMet
eri
ngDev
ice
Amet eringdev i
cedr awsseedsfrom hulkanddel i
verst
hem atdesiredi ntheseed
tubef orsowi ng.Seedst obesownshoul dbear r
angedaccordingtot
hedesi redplant
spacing.The dev ice shoul
d notcause mechani caldamage t othe seed whi l
ei n
operation.Seeddr ill
sar epr
ovi
dedwi thmet eri
ngdev i
cedetermineagivenv olumeof
seedf orr andom di st
ri
buti
onalongt herow.Thesi zeandt heshapeofseedsaf f
ect
machi neoper at
ionbecauseofl argev ari
ationsinrecommended seedr atef orthe
crops.[7]
Bar
ri
ngtonstudi
edtheef
fectofvar
iousfactor
sont
heseedmet
eri
ngandseed
pl
acementer
ror
s.Thosef
act
orssummari
zedas:-
1. Vari
ationinseedsi zeandshape
2. Pl
antingseed
3. Desi
gnofmet eri
ngmechani sm anddroppingmechanism
4. Desi
gnofseedhopper
5. Conditi
onsoilfurrowatwhichseedsar edropped.
Autr
landSchr
oldergiventhedesi gnfactorsf orhi
sdrophorizontalpl
antplant
ersand
st
udiedtheeff
ectofcel lshapeanduni f
orml yseedsizeandaccur acyofplant
ing,
di
spersi
onatv
ariousheight
soff ail
.
Snookerconduct ed labor ator
yt rial
s on seed withf l
uted wheel,serrat
ed wheel
,
centri
fugalandpreci
sionseeddr il
l
sdr oppingonthegr easedbeltmov i
ngat3and6
km/ h.Thespacebetweent heseedwer ecountedandmeasur ed.Fieldtri
alswererun
wit
ht hesamedr i
l
lsatappr oximat ely5,7,
9and10kg/ haofseedr ateanddat acol
l
ected
atthet i
meofemer gencyandpl antdensi t
y.Subsequentmechanicalthinni
ngproduced
goodr esul
tsatl
owerseedr ates.
Devnani
etalconduct edstudyoni nterrawv ari
ationwhichoccur r
edinaf l
utedr ol
l
er(12
fl
utesat50mm di amet er)atdiff
er entexposedl engthsof4r aw animaldr awnseed
–cum –ferti
l
izerwheatcr op.Ther esultsi
ndicatedthattheinter-rawv ariati
oni ncr
eased
astheex posedl engt hoff l
utesi
s,r educedf r
om 25t o10mm.t heseedr atev ari
ati
ons
arecausedbyv aryingseedchar act eri
sti
cs,fr
icti
onbet weenseedsaswel lasbet ween
theseedandI cedcupandt hedimensi onalaccuracyoftheflutedr ol
l
er .
[7]
Vermadescribedt
hequali
tat
iveper
for
manceofcupt
ypemet
eri
ngdev
iceusedon
sowingequi
pmentas:
-[
7]

Page11
 Sowingmachi
nef
or 201
wheat 6
1.Sui
tabl
eandsensitiveseeds
2.Nonposit
iveseparateunit,
requir
edf
ordiff
erentcr
ops
3.Dif
fer
entt
ocont r
ol seedrat
e, whi
chvar
ieswithspeedofoper
ati
on

Page12
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
4.Si
mplemechani sm
5.Moderatecost
6.Ski
l
linfabri
cat
ionrequi
red.

2.
3.2Cov
eri
ngandCompact
ingDev
ice
Pl
ant,studi
esi saf f
ectedbyt hecompact ionofsoi lovertheseeds.Therefor
e,the
seedshouldbepl acedatuniform depthshavingloseanduni f
orm contactwit
hthesoil
.
Underfastdry
ingcondi ti
onssuffi
cientloosesoilshoul
dber et
ainedtopreventmoist
ure
l
ossandav oi
dcr ustformati
on.Soi lcompactionaftertheseedisplacedinthefurr
ow
hasshownbet terplantemergence.[7]

2.
4Far
m Power
Far
m poweri sessent
iali
nputi
nagr
icul
tur
efort
imesf
iel
dfori
ncr
easi
ngpr
oduct
ion
andproduct
ivi
tyofland.[6]

2.
4.1Sour
cesofFar
m Power
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentsour
ceoff
arm powerav
ail
abl
einndi
awhi
char
ecl
assi
fi
edas
1.Humanpower
2.Animalpower
3.Mechanicalpower
4.El
ectr
icalpower
5.Renewableenergy

2.
4.1.
1HumanPower
Humanpowerissourceforoperat
ingsmal
limplementer
sandt oolsatthefar
m
st
ati
onar
yworkli
kechaffcutt
ing,
lif
ti
ng;wat
er,t
hreshi
ng,winnowingetc.ar
ealsodone
bymanuall
abor
Anav
eragemancandev
elopedmaxi
mum powerofabout0.
1hpf
ordoi
ngf
arm wor
k.[
6]

Page13
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Chapt
erThr
ee
Det
ailDesi
gn

3.
1 Desi
gnofSowi
ngMachi
neComponent

3.
1.1Geomet
ri
cAnal
ysi
s

Fi
g.3.
1Geomet
ri
cal
assembl
i
ngofsowi
ngmachi
nef
orwheat

Page14
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
S.
NO Par
tname Quant
it
y

1 Wheel 2

2 Mai
nfr
ame 1

3 Hopper 1

4 Shaf
t 2

5 Bl
ade 2

6 Bel
t 2

7 Spurgear 2

8 Fur
rowopener 3

9 Seeddr
op 3

10 Fur
rowcl
oser 3

11 Adj
ust
abl
eor
if
ice 1

Thisdesi
gni soperatedbothbyhumanpushusi ngthehandleandbyanimalpull
ing
system.Ifthemachi neispushi
ngbyt hehumanpowerandt heniti
ssimpletopullby
animalpowerbecauset hepowerofanimalisgreaterthanhumanpower.Theref
orewe
taket heaveragehumanpowert ocheckt hemachi neisoperat
edbypushingandt he
assumpt i
onspeedofhuman.Si ncetheaveragespeedofhumanwal kwit
houtexter
nal
factoris1.
4m/ sor
5km perhour.Thereforthespeedt opushthemachi
nemustbel ess
thanthisstandardspeedtowalkwithoutexter
nalfactor.

GI
VENPARAMETER

1.Humanpower75w
2.Speedofhuman0. 7m/s(
assumption)
3.Overal
ll
engt hofthemachine1200mm (1.
2m)
4.Overal
lheightofthemachine900mm (0.
9m)
5.Widthofthemachi ne900mm or(0.9m)
6.Rawt orawspacing200mm or20cm
7.Depthofthef ar
m wheatseed5cm to6cm

Page15
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
I
nthi
sdesi
gnweneedt
odet
ermi
net
hemachi
nehav
ing80kgoft
otalmass.
Thenwel
ldet
ermi
neeachmassoft
hecomponentt
ocheckt
hemassoft
he
machi
neusi
ngsel
ect
ingt
hepr
opermat
eri
alofeachcomponent
.

3.
1.2Seedi
ngCapaci
tyoft
heMachi
ne
Todeterminet heseedi
ngcapaci
tyoft
hemachineperday,usi
ngtheareaoft he
seedi
ng space and t
he powerofa per
son t
o push t
he machi
ne f
rom the gi
ven
paramet
er:
-

Rawt or
awspacing=20cm sincethemachineseeds3rows.Sothatt
het
otalseedi
ng
di
stancei
s60cm.andt hespeedoft hemachinei
sthesamewi t
hthelowspeedofthe
humanbecausethemachinepushbyt hehumanwi t
hthespeedof0.7m/s.
aswellas
onenormalper
sonworks8-10hrperday.

Ar
eaorseedi
ngcapaci
tyoft
hemachi
ne=v×di
stanceofseedi
ng
2
7 ⁄ ×0.
=0. 42 ⁄
6 =0.

42 ⁄ 2×3600 ⁄
=0. ℎ
=1512 2⁄
ℎ
Thehumanwor
ks8hrperdayt
her
efor
e,
2 8ℎ
Seedi
ngcapaci
tyoft
hemachi
neat8hr
/day
=1512 ×
ℎ

=12096m2/
day
Since1ℎ
=10000 2
=12096m2/day×
hect
are
10000m2
=1.
2096ℎ /

Calcul
atet
heappl
i
edf
orcet
opusht
hemachi
neusi
ngt
hegi
venpowerandt
hespeed
ofthehuman.

P=F×V

Wher
eP=power(
0.1hp)or75w=

75Nm/
sF=appl
i
edf
orcet
opusht
he

Page16
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
machi
ne

V=speedoft
he

humanP=F×V

Page17
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
F=

75 /
F=
0.
7 /

F=107.
14N

Buthal
foft
hetot
alf
orcei
sappl
i
edt
ooneoft
hewheel
oft
hef
orceappl
i
edonone
gr
oundwheel
is53.
6N

Cal
cul
atet
hef
ricti
onf
orceduet
othesoi
lfr
ict
ionwi
tht
hewheel
andt
hef
urr
owopen
er
aswell
asthef
urrowcl
oser
g
F= wher
eµ=coef
fi
cient
off
ri
cti
ont
aken0.
12
2

m=t
otal
massoft
hemachi
negi
venas

80kgG=gr
avi
tat
ional
for
ce

Si
ncehal
fthef
ri
cti
onf
orcei
sactononewheel
:
0.
12*
80*
9.81
F=
2

F=47.
088

ThenCompar
etheappl
i
edf
orceactont
hemachi
neandt
hef
ri
cti
on

f
orce.Appl
i
edf
orce>f
ri
cti
onf
orcet
her
efor
ethef
orcet
opusht
he

machi
nei
ssaf
e.Wei
ghtoft
het
otal
machi
neduet
ogr
avi
tyi
s

cal
cul
atedas

Wm=t
otal
mass×

Wm=784.
8N

Thedownwar
dfor
ce(
wei
ght
)oft
hemachi
neatt
heequi
l
ibr
ium posi
ti
oni
sequal
toup
wardfor
ce.

3.
1St
rengt
hAnal
ysi
s
Thishumanorani
maldri
vi
ngsowi
ngmachi
nei
susedf
orseedi
ngorsowi
ngwheat
cropsandwhi
chcontai
nthefol
l
owi
ngpar
ts.

1. Mainframe
2. Groundwheel
3. Hopper(seedbox)

Page18
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
4. Connect
ingr
odbet
weent
wowheel
s

Page19
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
5. Belt
6. Spurgear
7. Shaftsforspurgear
8. Blade
9. Bearing
10.Seedt ube
11.Furrowopenerandcloser
12.Adjustabl
eorif
ice

3.
2.1Desi
gnofSeedBox(
Hopper
)
Theseedboxmadeupofmi l
dsteelsheetwhichi
susedtocont
aintheseedandt
he
fert
il
izerwhi
chhav i
ngtheamountof30kgf r
om thegiv
enparameter
.Theseedbox
havingtheshapeofpyr
amidt
runcat
edatt hebott
om endi
sshownbel
ow.

A E F B

D C

Fi
g.3.
2Fr
ontv
iewoft
hehopper

Gi
venassumpt
ion

Hei
ght(
h)=

450mm Wi
dth(
w)

=400mm

Thi
ckness(
t)=5m

Densi
tyoft
hemi
l
dst
eel
i m3
s2400kg/

Andt
hehopperi
sfi
xedwi
tht
hesl
opof20° ()
.Ther
efor
efr
om t
hegi
ven

Page20
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
geomet
rycal
cul
atet
hehy
pot
enuse(
AD=BC)usi
ngt
hehy
pot
enuset
heor
em.

Page21
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

A E

H=450mm

j
cos( )
=( )ℎ
ℎ ( )
=
= =
cos

450
AD=
cos20°

AD=478.
6mm t
ake478mm

Ther
efor
eAD=BC=498mm andf
indAE=BF

i
si
n = =
ℎ
ℎ

si
n20°
= 478 = =164

AE=BF=164mmt
henf
indl
engt
hABAB

=AE+EF+FB

AB=164+164+400AB

=728mm

Todet
ermi
near
eaoft
hehopperAh

Ah=ar
eaoft
her
ect
angul
arshapeofar
eaoft
het
ri
angul
ar

shape(
Ar)Ah=Ar+Atwher
e

Page22
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Ar=ar
eaoft
her
ect
angul
ar

At=ar
eaoft
het
ri
angul
ar

Page23
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Ah=ar
eaoft
hehopper
1
Ah=DC×ED+×2×( × )
2

Ah=400mm×450mm ×(
450×164)

800mm2or
Ah=253, 0.2538m2

Vol
umeofhopper(
Vh)=Ah×t
h

2 3
Vh=253,
800mm ×5mm or0.
2538m

Vol
umeofhopper(
Vh)
=Ah×t
h

800mm2×5mm
=253,

=1260000mm3=0.
000127m3

Theref
oret
otal
massofthehopperi
sdet
ermi
nedusi
ngt
hedensi
tyoft
hemi
l
dst
eel
sheetandt
hevolumeoft
hehopper

mh=Vh* ℎ

00127m3*
mh=0.

m3mh=3.
2400kg/ 05kg

Determinethewei
ghtofthegr
ainfr
om t
hegi
venassumptionwhichisboththef
ert
il
izer
andtheseedaregi
v enas30kgther
efor
eusi
ngthegrav
itati
onalaccel
erat
ioncal
culate
theweightoft
hegrain.

WG=m×g

=30kg×

9. s2WG=29
81m/

4.
3N
3.
2.2Desi
gnofGr
ound
Wheel
Thegr
oundwheel
canbemadeupofcar
bonal
loyst
hattheyshoul
dbeofmi
nimum
wei
ghtt
hatt
heymovewi
theaseofi
nthemudofthef
rame.

Page24
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Fi
g3.
3Gr
oundwheal

GI
VENASSUMPTI
ON:
-

Radi
usofwheel
(R)=200mm

Thi
cknessoft
hewheel
(t)=2cm =

20mm Wi
dthoft
hewheel
(w)

=10cm=100mm

Thet
otal
rev
olut
ionpermi
nut
eoft
hewheel
canbecal
cul
atedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a.
× × × ×
V= =
1000 60

×1000
N=
*

0.
7×1000
N=
×400

N=0.
557

=33.
42

Det
ermi
net
heangul
arspeedofwheel
usi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a.

= Wher
eV=v
eloci
ty(
low)
speedofhuman

R=r
adi
usoft
hegr
oundwheel

Page25
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
0. 1000
7 200
×
=3.
5rad/
sec

Page26
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Det
ermi
net
hecont
actar
eaoft
hewheel
andt
hesoi
l
;-

A=t
×w wher
eA=cont
actar
eat
othesoi
l

T=t
hicknessofwheel

W=wi
dthoft
he

wheel
A=t×w

A=2cm×10cm

A=20cm2=2000mm2

Sothi
smuchcontactar
eaissafetor
esi
sttheappl
iedl
oadandifthecont
actar
eai
s
i
ncr
easedi
tdecr
easethetendencyoft
hefi
nali
nsert
edtothesoi
ldeepl
y.

Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassoft
hegr
oundwheel
:
-

mgw= × but =2× × × ×

mgw=2× × × × × wher
e

R=r
adi
usofwheel

T=t
hickensof

wheel
W=wi
dthof

wheel
V=v
olumeof

wheel

=Densi
tyofwheel =19.
73
g
mgw=2× ×0.
2 ×0.
02 ×0.
1 ×7850
3

3.
2.3Desi
gnofMai
nFr
ame
Mainf
rameofseeddr i
l
lmadeupofmildst
eelanditcanwit
hstandallt
ypeoftheload
duri
ngoperat
ing.Themainf
ramecat
ti
esseedbox(hopper
),andthehandl
eforpushing
seeddr
il
l.

Page27
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Fi
g.3.
4Mai
nfr
ame
Themil
dst eelf
rom Fe290t o490i sgenerat
edst
ructuralst
eelsandisavai
labl
einthe
f
orm ofbars,select
ion,tubs.Plat
s,sheetsAndstrips.Themi l
dsteelFe290hav i
ng
2 2
t
ensi
lest
rengthandy i
eldstr
ength290N/ r
mm and220N/ mm r especti
vel
y,aswellas
3
t
hedensi
tyofmi l
dsteel i
s2400kg/m.

Basedont
hegeomet
ryanal
ysi
sthef
oll
owi
ngassumpt
ions

ar
egi
ven;
Densi
tyofmai
nfr m3
ame2400Kg/

Lengt
hoft
hemai
nfr
ame

1200mm Wi
dthoft
hemai
nfr
ame

45mm Thi
cknessoft
hemai
n

f
rame8mm Det
ermi
net
hear
ea

oft
hemai
nfr
ame

AF=WF×Lf

Wher
e Af=ar
eaoft
hemai
n

f
rameWf=wi
dthoft
hemai
n

f
rame

Lf=l
engt
hoft
hemai
n

f
rameAf=45×120

=54000mm2

054m2
=0.

Andv
olumeoft
hemai
nfr
ame
Page28
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Vf=Af×Tf

Page29
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
=0.
054×0.
008

000432m3
=0.

Nowwecancal
cul
atethemassoft
hemai
nframeusi
ngthevol
umeofthefar
m and
t
hedensi
tyoft
hemat
erialwhi
chi
smil
dst
eel
thati
spref
err
edfort
hemainfr
ame.

Massoft
hemai
nfr
ame=v
olume×densi
ty

=0.
000432×2400

=10.
3968kg

Thewei
ghtoft
hemainfr
amecanbecal
cul
atedduet
othegr
avi
tat
ional
accel
erat
ion
andt
hemassofthef
rame.

Wei
ght(
W)f
=10.
396kg×9.
81 2

=101.
71N

3.
2.4Desi
gnofConnect
ed
Rod
Thisconnectedrodisusedtoconnectthetwowheelsandcarri
esal
lthemachinepar
ts
orcomponent soft hesowingmachine.Thepoweri sdeli
ver
edtotheshaftbysome
tangenti
alforce and the r
esul
tanttorque (
ortwistofmoment )setup wi
t hi
nthe
connectedrodper mit
st hepowertot r
ansfer
redt
ov ari
ousmachineli
nkedupt othe
shaft.

Fi
g.3.
5Connect
edr
od

I
nor
dert
otransferpowerf
rom t
hisconnectedr
odtotheshaf
tweusev-
beltandpul
ley
s
mount
edonit.Thevari
ousmember saremountedontheshaf
tbymeansofkeysor
sl
ings.

Themat
eri
alusedf
ort
heconnect
edr
odi
scar
bonst
eel
,

Page30
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Tabl
e3.
1Mechani
cal
proper
ti
esofst
eel
usedf
orconnect
edr
od
I
ndi
anst
andar
ddesi
gnat
ion Ul
ti
mat
etensi
l
est
rengt
h(MPA)Yi
eldst
rengt
h(MPA)

48 8 560−670 320

45 8 610−700 350

50 4 640−760 370
50 12 700− 390

3.
2.4.
1 Di
amet
erDet
ermi
nat
ionofConnect
edRod

Todet
ermi
net
hedi
amet
eroft
heconnect
edr
odusi
ngt
hecombi
nedt
wist
ing
andbendi
ngmomentwef
oll
owt
hef
oll
owi
ngder
ivedf
ormul
as.
[2]
1)Maximum shearst r
esst heor
yorgueststheory.Iti
susedforductil
emater
ial
suchasmildsteel.
2)Maximum normal stresstheor
yranknesstheoryitisusesforbri
tt
lemat
eri
al
suchascastir
on.
=Shearstr
essi nducedduet otwi
sti
ngmoment .
=Bendingstress( t
ensil
eorcompressire)inducedduet obendi
ng
moment .Accordingt omaximum shearstresstheory,
themaximum shear
stressi
ntheshaf tis:
1
max= ×√( b)2+4 …………………………. eqn.a
2 2

Subst
it
utethev
aluesof f
rom ar
t.
14.
9
andart
.14.
10Wehav e
1 32m 2 16T2 16
= ×[
√[( ) +4×( ) ]
= ×√[
(m2)
+(T2)
]

max
2 d3 d3
2
d
2
× ×d3=√[
( 2
m)+(
T)] eqn.b
16 ma
x
Theexpr on√[ 2+ 2]i
essi sknownasequi
val
entt
wist
ingmomentandi
s
denot
edbyTeandi
tiswri
tt
enas:
-
Page31
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
m2+T2]
Te=√[ =× ×d3 eqn.c
16

Page32
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Nowaccordi
ngt
omaxi
mum normalstr
esst
heor
y,themaxi
mum nor
mal
str
essi
n
t
heshaft
.
Nowaccordi
ngt
omaxi
mum normalstr
esst
heor
y,themaxi
mum nor
mal
str
essi
n
t
heshaft
. 2
1 1 )+4× 2]
= × + ×√ (
[
2 2 32 2 16 2
1
= × 32× 1 )+ 4×( )
3
3+ ×√[
( 3
2 3212
= ×[ +√ 2+ 2]
[ 2
3
3 1 2
=× × = ×[ +√ + ] eqn.
d
32 2
Theexpr on1×[ +√ 2+ 2]i
essi sknownasequi
val
entbendi
ngmomentandi
s
2
denot
edasMeandwr
it
tenas
Me= × × 3 eqn.
e
32

Forshaft
spur chasedunderdefi
nit
ephysi
calspeci
fi
cati
onthepermissi
blet
ensi
l
estress
(δ)maybet aken60%oft heelast
icli
miti
ntension(δa)butmorethan36%oful t
imate
tensi
lest
rength(δu),i
notherwordstheper
missibl
etensi
lest
ress

(
δt)=0.
6δelor0.
36δuwhi
chev
eri
s

l
essTheper
missi
blesheerst
ress( )

=0.
3δelor
0.18δuwhi
chev
eri
sless

Tocal
cul
atet
het
orqueoft
heshaf
tinusest
her
pm oft
hewheel
.

60× 60×
= 2× × ×
=
60×0.
7 /
N=
2× ×0.
2

N=33.
44r
pm

Tor
que(
T)= ×60
2× ×

75w××60
=
2× ×33.
44

T=21.
43Nm

Themateri
aloftheshaf
tisst
eel
40C8,t
heul
ti
mat
etensi
l
est
rengt
h(δu) mm2
=560N/
andyi
eldst
rengt
h320mpa, 320N/mm2

Page33
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Thepermissi
blet
ensi
l
e
st
ress(
δt)
δt=0.
36×δu

δt=0. mm2
36×560N/
2
=210.
6N/
mm

Theper
missi
bleshearst
ress
() =0.
18δu

=0.
18×560MPA

=100. mm2
8N/

I
tisknownt
hatt
heupwar
dfor
ceoft
hemachi
nei
s

cal
cul
atedwm=mm×gwher
ewm=wei
ghtofmachi
ne

mm=massof

machi
neg=gr
avi
ty

wm=80×

9.
81wm=784.

Thet
otal
upwar
dfor
ceofmachi
ne784.
8N

B 245.
25N C294.
3N D

245.
25NA E

200 900mm

For
ceatpoi
ntA=f
orceatpoi
ntE

Atpoi
ntcm assoft
hegr
aini
s
30kg.
Page34
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
g=m ×g

4.

2.

F
A
=
F
E
=
3
9
2.
4
N

Page35
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
WG =30×

9.
81WG=294.
3

Thebendi
ngmomentoft
heshaf
tar
ecal
cul
atedas

f
oll
owsThebendi
ngmomentatA=0

MA=0

Bendi
ngmomentatB=f
orceatpoi
ntC×per
pendi
cul
ardi
stance

MB=245.
25N×

200mmMB=

49050Nmm=49.
05Nm

Bendi
ngmomentatC=f
orceatpoi
ntC×per
pendi
cul
ardi
stance

MC=294.
3N×450mm

MC=132435nmm =132.
435Nm

Bendi
ngmomentatD=f
orceatpoi
ntD×per
pendi
cul
ardi
stance

MD=245.
25×700mm

MD=171675Nmm =171.
675Nm

Bendi
ngmomentatE=f
orceatpoi
ntE×per
pendi
cul
ardi
stance

ME=392.
4×900mm

ME=353160Nmm =353.
16Nm

Shafti
ssubjectedtoconst antt oconstanttor
queandbendingmomentbuti nactual
practi
cetheshafti ssubject
edt of luct
uati
ngt or
queandbendingmoment s.I
nordert o
designsuchshaftlikeli
neshaf tandcount ershaftt
hecombinedshockandfati
ngfactor
mustbet akeni nt oaccountf ort hecomposedt wi
sti
ngmoment( T)andbendi ng
moment( M)t husforashaf tsubj ectedtocombinedbendingandtor
siontheequi
valent
twisti
ngmoment .
2 2
Te=√[
(Km×M )+(
Kt×T)]

Wher
eK=combi
nedshockandf
ati
guef
act
orf
orbendi
ng

Page36
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
andKt=combi
nedshockandf
ati
guef
act
orf
ort
orsi
on

Page37
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Tabl
e3.
2Recommendedv
aluesf
orKm andKt

Nat
ureofand Km Kt

1st
ati
onar
yshaf
t

Gr
adual
l
yappl
i
edl
oad 1 1

Suddenl
yappl
i
edl
oad 1.
5 1.
5
t
o0.
2 t
o0.
2

2r
otat
ingshaf
t

Suddenl
yappl
i
edl
oad 1.
5 1

Suddenl
yappl
i
edl
oadwi
thmi
norshocksonl
y 1.
5 1.
5
t
o0.
2 t
o0.
2

Weknowt
hatt
orquet
ransmi
tt
edbyt
heshaf
t
×60
T=
2× ×

75×602×
T=
×33.
42

T=21.
43Nm

Themaxi
mum bendi
ngmomentM=353.
16Nm=353160Nmm

Thev
alueofKm andKtf
rom t
het
abl
erecommendedv
alue1.
5

and1Weknowt
hatequi
val
entt
wist
ingmoment
2 2 2
Te=√[
( × )+( × )[(
Km×m)
2 2
=√[
(1.
5×353160)+(
1×21430)]=530173.
3Nmm

Page38
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Weal
soknowt
hatequi
val
entt
wist
ingmomentf
rom equat
ionc,
3
Te= × ×
16

16Te
d3=
×

16×530173.
3Nmm
d3= N
×100.
8
mm2

d3=26787.
21mm3
3
d=Ñ(
26787.
21 )

d=29.
9mm =

30mmWeal
soknowt
hatequi
val
entbendi
ng

momentMe

Me=½[
(Km×M )
+(Kt×TC)
]

Me=1[
(1.
5×353160 )
+(1×21430 )
]
2

Me=275585Nmm

Andt
hent
hisequi
val
entbendi
ngmomentsubst
it
utedt
oequat
ione,
3
*
Me= *
32

32
d3=
ð

32*
275585
d3=
*
210.
6
2

d3=

99m3d=
13328.

Ñ(
13328.
99)

d=23.
7mm =24mm

Taki
ngt
hel
argeoft
het
wov
alueswehav
ed=30mm say
30mm

D=30mmt
hedi
amet
eroft
heshaf
t

Page39
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Tor
sionalr
igi
dit
y:-

Thepermissi
bleamountoftwistshoul
dnotexceedo.250 permeterl
engt
hofsuch
shaf
tforl
ineshaftortr
ansmissi
onshaftdef
lect
ion2.
5t o3degr eepermeterl
engt
h
maybeusedasl i
mit
ingval
ue.

Thet
orsi
onal
def
lect
ionmaybeobt
ainedbyusi
ngt
het
orsi
onequat
ion

= Or =

Wher
e =t
orsi
onal
def
lect
ionorangl
eoft
wisti
n

r
adi
ansT=t
wist
ingmomentort
orqueont
he

shaf
t

J=pol
armomentofi
ner
ti
aoft
hecr
osssect
ionar
eaaboutt
heaxi
sofr
otat
ion
4
J= × f
orsoi
l
dshaf
t
32
4 4
)−( i)for
hol
l
owshaf
t
J= [
(
32

G=modul
usofr
igi
dit
yfort
heshaf
t

mat
eri
all
L=l
engt
hofshaf
t

Tabl
e3.
3Val
ueofCf
ort
hecommonl
yusedmat
eri
al

Mat
eri
al Modul
usofr
igi
dit
yinGPai
. m2orKN/
e.GN/ mm2
St
eel 80t
o100
Wr
oughti
ron 80t
o90
Casti
ron 40t
o90
Copper 30to
50
Br
ass 30to
50

Themodulusofr
igi
dityoft
hemat
eri
aloft
hest
eel
isv
alues80- m2or
100GN/ KN/
mm i
ssel
ect
ed
2 2
80GN/
m orKN/ mm

Page40
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
4
6
Ther
efor
eJ= 32
4
×30432J=79521.
7mm
J=

Page41
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
TL 21430Nmm*900mm
= = 4 N
J 79521.7mm *80000
G
mm2

-
3
=3.
032×10 r
ad/
sec

0.
00303×180°
= =0.
174°

Ther
eforethedi
amet erofshaf
tissafebecauset
hepermissi
bleamountoftwistdegr
ee
0 0 0
i
slessthan0.25 thi
smeans0. 174<0.25sothediamet
eroftheshaftorconnectedr
od
i
s30mm.

Fi
nal
l
ywecancal
cul
atet
hemassofconnect
edr
od:
-

mcr= ×

mcr= × ×

wher
eV=v
olumeof

shaf
t

L=l
engt
hofshaf
t

A=ar
eaoft
he

shaf
t

=Densi
ty
× 2
m= × ×
cr 4
*
(0. 2
03 ) g
m= ×0.
9 ×7850 =5
cr 4 3

3.
2.5Desi
gnofBel
t
Thebeltsorr
opesareusedt
ot r
ansmitpowerfr
om shaftt
oanothershaf
tbymeansof
pull
eyswhichrotat
esatthesamespeedordi ff
erentspeeds,t
heamountofpower
tr
ansmit
teddependsuponthefol
lowi
ngfactor
s

1. Thevelocit
yofthebel
t
2. Thetensionunderwhichthebelti
splacedonthepul
ley
3. Theareaofconstantbetweenthebeltandthesmall
erpul
l
ey
4. Theconditi
onunderwhichthebeltisused

Mat
eri
alusedf
orbel
t:
-

Page42
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Themat er
ial usedf
orbeltandropesmustbestr
ongf l
exi
bleanddur abl
eitmusthave
highcoeff
icienttof
ri
cti
onduet othi
sleat
herbel
tissel
ectedthemassdensi t
yofleat
her
3
i
s1000kg/ m
Accor
dingtoIndi
anst andard(
IS2494-1974)t
heV-bel
taremadeinfi
v et
y pesi
.e.ABCDandE

Page43
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Tabl
e3.
4Di
mensi
onsofst
andar
dV-
bel
tsaccor
dingt
oIS2494-
1974
Mi
nimum
Power pi
tch
r
angei
nKW di
amet
erof Top Wei
ghtpermet
er
Ty
pesofbel
t pul
l
ey(
D) wi
dth(
b)m Thi
ckness(
t) l
engt
hinnewt
on
m
A 7-
3.5 75 13 8 1.
06
B 2-
15 125 17 11 1.
89
C 7.
5-75 200 22 14 3.
43
D 20-
150 355 32 19 5.
96
E 30-
350 500 38 23 -

Fi
g.3.
6Pul
l
ey

3.
2.4.
1Coef
fi
cientofFr
ict
ionbet
weenBel
tandPul
ley
Thecoef
fi
cientoff
ri
cti
onandpul
l
eydependsupont
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors

1.Themateri
alsofbel
t
2.Themateri
alofthepul
l
ey
3.Thesl
ipofbeltand
4.Thespeedofbelt

Accor
dingt
oCGbert
hthecoeff
ici
entoff
ri
cti
on(µ)foroartannedl
eat
herbel
toncast
i
ronpull
eyatt
hepoi
ntofsl
i
ppingisgi
venbythefol
lowingrel
ati
ons
42.
6
i
.e. =0.
54−
152.
6+

Page44
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Theopenbeltdri
v eisusedwit
hshaf tarr
angedparal
lelandrot
ati
ngint hesame
di
recti
ont
husthetensi
oninthel
owersidebelt
sis(becausemoretensi
on)knownas
ti
ghtsi
dewher
etheuppersi
debel
t(becauseofl
esst
ension)i
sknownasslacksideas

Fi
g.3.
7

Bel
tWher
ed1=t
hesmal
l
erdi
amet
eroft
hepul
l
ey

d2=t
hel
argedi
amet
erofpul
l
ey

X=di
stancebet
weent
hecent
ral
oft
wo

pul
l
eysL=t
otal
lengt
hofbel
t

From t
hestandardgiv
eni nt
hetabl
eabov
etaket
hemi
nimum di
amet
eroft
he
pull
ey(
d1)isgivenas112.5mm =115mm

Cent
erdi
stance

Themaxi
mum cent
erdi
stanceofbel
tinusedependsont
hesi
zeoft
het
wopul
l
eysand
i
sgiv
enas

Xmax=2×(
d1+d2)

=2×(
75+115)
mm

Xmax=380mm

Page45
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Beltl
engthcanbecal
cul
atedi
fthedi
amet
erofbot
hthebi
ggerpul
l
eyandt
hebel
t
cent
erdist
ancesar
eknown
2
( 2− 1)
L ( )
=2× +()
× 1+ 2+ 4*
2

Wher
ex=cent
er

di
stance

L=l
engt
hofbel
t
( 2
115−75)
L=2 ×380+ (
115+75)
+
2 4*
380

L=760+298.
3+1.
0523L

=1059.
35mm

Det
ermi
net
heangl
eofl
apf
oropenV-
bel
tdr
ivei
sgi
ven
as

=( −2 )
180° ×
180°
( 2− 1)
si
n =
57.
5−37.
5
Si
n =
380

Si
nα=

0. n-
05263α=si
1
(
0.05263)

020
α=3.

t
an 1=180°
−2×

=180°
−2×3.
02°
×
173.
97°
×
970=
=173.
180°

=3.
0363r
ad

2=180°+2×

=180°
+2×3.
02

Page46
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
=180+6.
04

=186.
02°
=186.
04°
* 180°

Page47
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
=3.
25r
ad

Det
ermi
nespeedofbel
tV

V= × ×
wher
eD=di
amet
eroft
hedr
ivepul
l
ey
60

×0.
075×33.
42
V=
60

V=0.
13124m/
s

3.
2.4.
2 Worki
ngSt
ressi
n
Bel
t
Thewearlif
eofbeltismor
eimport
antthanact
ualst
rengt
h.i
thasbeenshownby
experi
encet hatunderaver
agecondi
ti
onsanal l
owablest
ressof2.8Maporlesswill
gi
vear easonabl
ebel tl
i
fe.anal
lowabl
estressof1.75Mpamaybeexpectedt ogi
ve
abeleofabout15y ear
s.

Det
ermi
ningt
het
ensi
onoft
hebel
tint
hesl
acksi
deandt
ightsi
desusi
ngf
ormul
a
2.
3log(1)=
2

Wher
eT1=t
ensi
oni
nthesl
ack

si
deT2=t
ensi
oni
nthe

t
ightsi
de

Fi
rstf
indcoef
fi
cientoff
ri
cti
onµ

µ=0.
54-
42.
6/152.
6-

0.
13124µ=0.
26

Tor
queont
het
ight
si
deT1
1= −

Themaxi
mum t
orqueT

T=δ*
A wher
eT=maxi
mum

t
orqueδ=al
l
owabl
est
ressof

bel
t

A=ar
eaoft
hebel
t
Page48
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Fr
om t
hestandardandthegi
vent
abl
eoft
hebel
tthi
ckness(
t)8mm andwi
dth(
w)
13mm bel
trespect
ivel
yar
etaken

T=δ×A

Page49
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
T=2.
8 ×8 ×13

T=291.
2N

Cent
ri
fugal
tensi
onoft
hebel
t = ×

=1.
06×0.
13124=0.
14

T1=T×TC

=291.
1 2−0.
14=291

log( )
=
Then2.
3 1
2

)=0.
26×3.
02
2.
3log(1
2

2.
3log(1)
=0.
7894
2

()=0.
3432
Log1
2

T1/
T2=ant
il
og

(
0.34)
T1/
T2=2.
2
1 291
2 = = =132
2.2 2.
2
T2=132N

Theref
oret
hetensi
let
ensionofsl
acksi
de(
T2)i
slesst
hant
het
ensi
onoft
het
ightsi
de
sothedesi
gnofthebel
tissafe

2<

132
1 <2
91

Powert
ransmi
tt
edbybel
tthepowert
ransmi
tt
edbybel
tisgi
venby

=( 1− 2)
×

=(
291−132)×0.
13124

Page50
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
P=20.
87

wat
t

P=0.
02kw

Page51
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
3.
2.6Desi
gnofSpurGear
Select
ionofgears:
-Ther
ear
ethreecl
assif
icat
ionsofgear
saccor
dingtheposi
ti
onof
axesofshaft:
-Theaxesoft
hetwoshaftsbetweenwhichthemot
ionistobetr
ansmi
tted,
may be
A,
Par
all
elB,
int
ersect
ingC,
non-
int
ersect
ingandnon-
par
all
el.
[2]
Wehav eselectspurgear
ingf
orourdesi
gnbecauset
het
woshaf
tsar
epar
all
elandco
-
planarconnectedbythegears

Fi
g.3.
8Spurgear
Sy
stem ofGearTeet
h:-
Thef
oll
owi
ngf
oursy
stemsofgeart
eet
har
ecommonl
yusedi
npr
act
ice.
1,
14.5°composi
tesyst
em,2,
14.
5°f
ull
dept
hinv
olut
esy
stem,
3,
20°
ful
ldept
hinv
olut
e
sy
stem,4,st
ubinvol
utesyst
em
Weselectt
hetoothprof
il
eoft
he20°f ul
ldept
hinv ol
utesy
stems,
becausei
twas
dev
elopedforusewit
hhobsforspurandheli
calgear.

Page52
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Tabl
e3.
5St
andar
dpr
opor
ti
onsofgearsy
stem f
or20°
SNO Par
ti
cul
ars 20°
ful
ldept
hinv
olut
esy
stem
1 Addendum 1m
2 Duodenum 1.
25m
3 Wor
kingdept
h 2m
4 Toot
hthi
ckness 1.
5708m
5 Mi
n.t
otal
dept 2.
25m
6 Mi
n.cl
ear
ance 0.
25
7 Fi
l
letr
adi
usat
root 0.
4m

Tocal
cul
atet
hepar
amet
ersi
nthet
abl
ear
eaccor
dingt
omodul
e
Module:
-i
sther
ati
oofthepi
tchci
rcl
ediamet
eri
nmil
l
imet
erst
othenumberoft
eet
h.
I
tisusuall
ydenot
edby(
m)mat hemati
cal
l
y :
Modul
e,
M= ⁄
Not
e:-
Ther
ecommendedser
iesofmodul
einI
ndi
anst
andar
dar
e:-
1 choi
ce1,
2.25,
1.5,
2,
2.5,
3,
4,
5,
6,
8,
10,
12,
16,
20,
25,
32,
40and50
Tabl
e3.
6mi
nimum numberoft
eet
hont
hepi
nioni
nor
dert
oaxi
ali
nter
sfer
vency
.
S.
No Sy
stem ofgeart
eet
h Mini
mum numberoft
eet
h
onthepi
nion
1 14.
5°composi
t 12
2 14.
5°f
ull
dept
hinv
olut
e 32
3 20°
ful
ldept
hinv
olut
e 18
4 20°
stubi
nvol
ute 14

Hencei
nter
fer
encei
stheundercut
eort
het
eet
handr
emov
epar
toft
hei
nvol
utes
pr
ofi
l
eoft
oot
h.Gearmat
eri
als:
-
Themat er
ialusedfort
hemanufact
uri
ngofgearupont
hestrengt
handservi
ce
condi
ti
onslikewearnoiceet
c.t
hegearmaybemanufact
uredfrom met
all
i
cornon-
metal
li
cmat eri
als
Thecastir
oni swil
dlyusedfort
hemanufactur
eofgearduet
oit
sgoodwearing
proper
ti
es,excel
lentmuchinabi
li
tyandeaseofpr
oduci
ngcompli
cat
edshapesby
casti
ngmet hod.
Page53
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Ther
eforewehavesel
ect
edthemateri
alcastir
onbasedontheabovedef
ini
ti
on.Cast
2
i
rongradshav
eminimum t
ensi
lest
rengt
hof 200N/mm andBr
iel
lehar
dness
numberof
179mini
mum.[2]

Desi
gnConsi
der
ati
on:
-
Thedesi
gnofageardr
ive,
thef
oll
owi
ngdat
aisusual
l
ygi
ven.
1. Thepowert obetransmi
tt
ed
2. Thespeedofdr i
vi
nggear
3. Thespeedofdr i
vi
nggearort
hev
eloci
tyr
ati
o.
4. Thecenterdist
ance.
Gi
venparameters:
-
a.Powertobet ransmittedi
sequaltobel
tpowercal culat
ed,20.
89watt
b.Numberoft eethont hepi
nion18for20°pressureangle.
c.Module(m)=4
d.Speedorgearr ati
o=2
Velocit
yofthegearwhichr ecei
vespowerfrom t
hebeltisalsogiventhevel
oci
tyofthebel
tis
0.13124 ⁄ .
Theref
orefr
om thepressureangleof20°andmoduleof4 .Wecancalcul
atet
he
foll
owingparameter
s.
1. Addendum ( ha)=1m=4mm
2.Dedendum ( hf)=1.5m=5mm
3. Wor ki
ngdept h=2m=8mm
4. Teethofthickness=1.5708m =6.
28
5. Minimum total depth=2.
25m=9
6. Minimum clearance=0.25m=1
7. Fil
l
etradi
usatr oot=0.4m=1.
6
Fr
om thespeedorgearr ati
o(i
)wehav ecal
cul
atedt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms.
n d z
Gearr
ati
o(i
)=1=2=2
n2 d1 z1

Wher
ez1=t
eet
hoft
he
pi
nionZ2=t
eet
hofgear
D1=di
amet
erof
pi
nionD2=di
amet
er
ofgearN1=speedof
pi
nionN2=speedof
gear
z d1 ⇒d=4×18=72mm
1= ⁄
m

=z2⁄
i z1

Page54
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
⇒2=z
2⁄ ,
18z
2=36

=d1⁄
i d=2d1⇒d2=144mm
2

Page55
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
13124m⁄
d2
Vgr= 144×n2=0.
n2 =π×0.
6 60 s
m⁄s
n2=60×0.
13124 =17.
4rpm
n1 ×0.
144
i
= ⇒n2=17.
4×2=34.8rpm
n2
Facewi
dth:
-Themaxi
mum f
acewi
dthmaybet
akenas12.
5mt
o20m
Assumi
ngf
acewi
dthb=
12.
5mb=50 m
Ci
rcularpi
tch:
-Itisthedistancemeasur edont hecircumfer
enceofthepit
chci
rclef
rom
apointofonet oothtothecor r
espondi ngpoi ntonthenexttoot
h.
D
pc= = m
T
Calcul
atet
het angentialtoothloadisobt ainedfrom thepowertr
ansmit
tedandthe
pi
tchlinev
elocitybyusingt hefoll
owingr elati
on.
p Where
W=×c
T v s

WT=per
missi
blet
angent
ial
toot
hinNewt
on
P=powertr
ansmittedinwat
twhichi
sgi
venas20.89watt
= dN/60D=pi
tchcir
clediamet
eri
nm=mz
V=pit
chli
neveloci
tyinm⁄s
D= 4 ×36=0.
144m
1000
c1=ser
vicef
act
or

×D×N ×m×T×N pc×T×N

V= = =
60 60 60
×0.
144×17.
4rpm
=
60
1312m⁄
=0. s
Theservi
cef
act orf orsteadyloadand8–10hrperdayt
ypeofser
vicei
s1.
00
Ther
ef eW=20.89w×1
or =159.5N
T
1321m⁄
0. s
Theval
uesofdef
ormat
ionf
act
or(c)f
ort
hemat
eri
alcasti
rongear20°f
ull
dept
h
havi
ngthetoot
herr
or0.
11mm i
s57Nmm
Checki
ngt
hegear
sfordy
nami
candwearl
oad,
weknowt
hatt
hedy
nami
cload.
21 ( + )
WD=WT+
21 +(
√ + )
21×0.
1312(
50×57+159.
5)
=159.
5+
21×0.
1312+[
√(50×57)+159.
5]

Page56
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
303.
42N
Fi
ndt
hest
ati
ctoot
hload:
-forsaf
etyagai
nstbr
eakagewsl
oadshoul
dbegr
eat
ert
hanwp.
Ws= b×pc×y
e

Thef
lexur
alendur
ancel
i
mitf
orcasti
roni
s84Mpa
912
y
=0.
154− ,
For
20°
ful
ldept
hinv
olut
esy
stem
Z
0.91
y
=0.
154− 2

129 36
=0.
Ws=84N⁄
mm2×50mm×12.
57mm×0.
129
=6810.
426N
Ther
efor
eWsi
sgr
eat
ert
handy
nami
c
l
oad.Si
nceWs=6810.
426N>WD=303.
4N
Fi
nal
l
yfi
ndt
heweart
oot
hloadbyusi
ngt
her
elat
ion
Ww=Dp×b×Q×k
Thewearl
oad(
ww) shoul
dnotbel
esst
handy
nami
c
l
oad.Q=Rat
iof
act
or
KN
EPandEG=100 f
orcasti
ron.
mm2
es =Sur
faceedur
ancel
i
mit630N⁄
mm2
2
K= (
630) si [ 1 +
n20° 1 ]=1.
94 N
⁄
mm2
1.4 100000 100000
Ww=(
72×50) mm2×1. 94N⁄
33×1. mm2=9288.
72N
Ther
efor
eww>wDt
hedesi
gni
ssaf
e.
Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassofgear
:-f
ir
stcal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
hegear
.

2
1 2
A=[ −ℎ]
*− i
g
4
wher
e
2 4
Ag=ar
eaofgear
Dg=di
amet
erof
gear
Ds=di
amet
erofgearshaf
t
Wor
kingdept
h=2*
m =2*
4=8mm
2
2 (
* 03 )
0. 2
*
0.144 1
A g=[
( )
−( *
0.008 )
]− =0.
0111954
4 2 4

Page57
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Somassofgear(
mg)
= g* *
g
m=
g
0111954 2*
0. 0.05 *
7250 =4.
0583
3

Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassofpi
nion,
fir
s2
tcal
cul
atear
eaofpi
nion
( 1 2
AP=[ −ℎ]
* i wher
e
4 −
2 4
Ap=ar
eaofpi
nion
Dp=di
amet
erofpi
nion
Ds=di
amet
erofpi
nionshaf
t
*
0.072 1 2 *
0.032
Ap=( −* 0.
008) − =0.
0020545 2
4 2 4

mP= * *
g
m=
p
0020545 2*
0. 0.05 *
7250 =0.
745
3

3.
2.7Desi
gnofShaf
tforSpurGear
I
nor
dert
ofi
ndt
hedi
amet
erofshaf
tforsupergeart
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
emay
bef
oll
owed.

Fi
g3.
9Loadappl
i
edont
hegear

1,
Fi
rst
ofal
l
,fi
ndt
henor
mal
load(
WN)act
ingbet
weent
het
oot
hsur
faces.

Page58
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
I
tisgivenby
WN=WTcos
Wher
eWT=tangentai
ll
oadwhi
chi
scal
cul
atedas15.
92N.
α=pr
essur
e
angl
e20°
WN=15.
92×cos20°
WN=16.
94N
1.Theweightofthegearisgi
ven
2
byWG=0.
00118TG×b×m ( i
nN)
Wher
eTG=t
eet
hoft
he
gearB=f
acewi
dth
M=modul
e
00118×36×30×4233.
WG=0. 98N
2.Nowt heresul
tantl
odeont heacti
ngont hegear.
2 2 2 2
WR=√(
WG)+(
WN)+2×WN+WGcos =√[ (
16.94)+( 33.94)+2×16.94+33.984*
cos20]
WR=38.
83N
3.Sincethegearisoverhangingont heshaft
,thenbendi
ngmomentonthe
shaftduetotheresul
tantload.
M=WR×X
Wherex=overhangt
hedi
stancebet
weent
hecent
erofgearandt
heshaf
t
ont
heframe,=108mm.
M=38.
83N×108mm
M=4193.
64Nmm
Si
ncetheshaf
tisundercombinedef
fectoftorsi
onandbending,
ther
efor
ceweshal
l
det
ermi
netheequiv
alentt
orque.Weknowt hatequi
val
entt
orque.
M2+T2]
Te=√[
D
T=t
wisti
ngmoment=WT×E
2
144mm
T=159.
5N×
2
T=11484Nmm
Te=
2 2
√[(
4193.
64) +(11484) ]
12225.75N
mm
4.Nowthedi
amet
erofthegearshaft(d)i
sdeterminebyusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
elat
ion.
Te=× ×d3 wher
e =permi ssi
bleshearstr
ess
16
Forshaf
tsmaximum per
missi
bleshearst
ressmaybet
aken
A,
56Mpaf orshaf
tswit
houtal
l
owancef orkeyway
s
B,42Mpaforshaf
tswi
thal
l
owancef
orkeyway
sTher
efor
etof
indt
hedi
amet
eroft
he
shaftt
ake =42Mpa

Page59
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
3
Te=× ×d
16
D3 16Te
=
3 16*
12225.
75
D = 42
D3=1482.5mm3
D3=3√1482.5mm3
D=11.
4mm theni
tisbettertotakethedi ameteroftheshaf
tgearis
20mm f orbettersafety
.
Thesameprocedurewecancalcul
atethedi ameterofthepinion.Wehavethesame
nor
mallodeact
ingbetweent
hetoothsurfaces.WN=16. 92N
1,
cal
cul
atet
hewei
ghtoft
hepi
nion

00118×TP×b×m2
WP=0.
00118×18×50×42
WP=0.

WP=16.992=17N
Result
antload(
wR)
2 2
WR=√[
(WN)+(WG)+2×WN+WG ]
2 2
WR=√[(16.94)+(
17) +2×16.94+17cos ]
WR=25.02N
Thent
hebendi
ngmomentontheshaftduetotheresult
antload.
M=WR×X
M =25.02N
×108mmM=
270.77Nmm
Theequivalenttor
queisalsof
inding
2 2 DP
as:
Te=√[M +T]si nceT=WT× 2
72
T=159.5× =5742Nmm
2
2
Te=√[(
2701.77) +
2
(
5742)]
Te=6345.87Nmm

89 =16×6345.
87
D3=
16×2761. 51mm3
=769.
× ×42

D=Ñ769.
51

D=9.
2mm

Theni ti
sbettertotakethediamet erofthepi
nionshaf
t18mm for
bettersaf
ety.Final
lywecancal culatethemassofthetwoshaf
ts.
mgsh= × × Wher e
=densit
yoft hemat er
ialsel
ectedwhi chi
ssteel
85Kg
7.
cm3
Page60
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
7850 g
= 3

Page61
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
wher
emgsh=massofgearshaf
tmpsh=massofpi
nionshaf
t

× 2× ×
mgsh
= 4
2 g
*
(20 ) 7850
= ×900 ×
3
4 10 9

=2.
22

mpsh= × × wher
e
2 mpsh=massoft
hepi
nion 7850
shaf
t
×(
18 2
) 3
mpsh= × × = ×900 ×
4 4 109

=1
.8

3.
2.8Sel
ect
ionofBl
ade
Thisbladeisusedt odistr
ibutetheseedfl
owingfrom thehopperbyt hemeansof
adjustableori
fi
ce.Thebl adeismount edontherotati
ngshaftbythet womeshinggear
s,
sot hebladeinwhi chtheshaftmount edrot
atesbackwar dtodroptheseedsintothe
seedf unnelandt hentheseeddr opstothefurr
owopenedt hroughtheseedfunnelor
tube.Thebl ademat er
ialshouldbeeasyandsmal linthi
ckness.Assumewehav e
selectsheetmet almat er
ial
hav i
ng0.5 massand5 t
hickness.
Select
ionofkey:-
Akeycanbedef
inedasamachineelementt
hatisusedtoconnectt
he
tr
ansmi ssi
onshaftt
orot
ati
ngmachineel
ement
slikepul
ley
,gear
,sprocketorf
ly
wheel.
[4]

Fi
g.3.
10Key
way

Page62
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Tabl
e3.
7Di
mensi
onsofsquar
eandr
ect
angul
arsunkkey
s(i
n )
.
Shaf
tdi
amet
er Keysi
ze Key
waydept
h
Abov
e Up t
o and ×ℎ
i
ncl
udi
ng
6 8 2×2 1.
2
8 10 3×3 1.
8
10 12 4×4 2.
5
12 17 5×5 3.
0
17 22 6×6 3.
5
22 30 8×7 4.
0
30 38 10×8 4.
5

Duetot
heabovet
ablethesi
zeoft
hekeyandt
hekey
waydept
his6×6 3.
5
si
ncet
heshaf
tdi
ameteri
s20 .
Wher e =wi dt
hofthekey
ℎ=Hei ghtorthi
cknessofthekey
Wecancal
cul
atethelengt hoft
hekeyusingthefol
lowi
ngequat
ion.
=1.
5
Where =lengthofthekey
=Diameteroftheshaft
=1.5×20=30
Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassoft
hekey
.
mk= × but = ×ℎ×
wher
eV=v
olumeoft
hekey
B = wi
dth oft
he
keyH =hei
ghtof
t
he keyL= l
engt
h
oft
hekey
g
k
m= ×ℎ× × =0.
006 ×0.
006 ×0.
03 ×7850
3

mK=0.
0085

Page63
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
3.
2.9Desi
gnofBear
ings
Beari
ngismachi
neel
ementwhi
chsupport
sanotherbovi
namachi
neelement.I
t
permitsarel
ati
vemot
ionbet
weenthecont
actsur
facesofthememoi
rs,
whilecarr
ying
theload.
Consi
der
ati
ont
her
elat
ivemot
ionbetweenthecontactsurf
aceacertai
namountof
poweri
swait
edi
nov
ercomingf
rict
ional
resi
stanceandiftherubbi
ngsurf
acei
ndir
ect
cont
act
.
Inrol
l
ingcontactbear
ingt
hecont
actbet
weent
hebear
ingsur
facei
srol
l
ingi
nst
ead0f
sl
i
dingcontactbeari
ng.
Wesel
ect
edt
her
oll
ert
ypeofbear
ing

Fi
g.3.
11Bear
ing
Li
feofaBear
ing:
-
Thelif
eofindi
vi
dualrol
l
erbeari
ngmaybedefi
nedasthenumberofr
evol
uti
on(
orhor
s
atsome
i ) ℎi ℎ ℎ i ƒ ℎ
ƒi i ƒƒ i i ℎ
mater
ialofonet
heringsoranyofther
oll
i
ngel
ements.
Theappr
oxi
mat
erat
ing(
orser
vice)l
i
fer
oll
erbear
ingi
sbasedont
hef
undament
alequat
ion.
2 6
=()×10 i .
= (
Page64
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
206 1⁄
)4
Wher
eL=r
ati
ngl
i
fe

Page65
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
C=basi
cdy
nami
cloadr
ati
ng
=Equi
val
entdy
nami
cloadand
=3f
orbal
lbear
ing
=10f
orr
oll
erbear
ings
3
Fi
rstcal
cul
atet
heequi
val
entofdy
nami
cload
W = 0 + 0 Wher
, e =r
adi
all
oad
=Axi
all
oad
0=Radi
all
oadf
act
or
0=Axi
alort
hrustl
oadf
act
or
Accor
dingt
oit3824–1984,
thev
alueof 0 f
ordi
0 ff
erentbear
ingsar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
e

Tabl
e3.
8Val
ueof 0 f
orr
0 adi
albear
ings:
-[
2]
SNO Ty
peofbear
ing Si
ngl
erowbear
ings Doubl
erowbear
ings
Angularcontactgr
oov
e
bear
ing 0 0 0 0
=15° 0.
5 0.
46 1 0.
92
1
=20° 0.
5 0.
42 1 0.
89

=30° 0.
5 0.
38 1 0.
70

W= 0 + 0 , =0
W= 0 =0.
42×245.
24 =103.
05
Therelat
ionshipbet
weenthel
i
fei
nrevol
uti
on(L)andtheli
fei
nwor ki
ng
hour
(LH)i
s f rom standar
d l
i
fe of bear
ing for v
ari
ous types of
machine(LH)
.8000
=60 × i
=60×33.
42×800
042×106
=10. i
1
Basi
cdy
nami
cload( )
= ()⁄4
106

Page66
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
3
042×106
16.
=103.
05 ×( 106
)
10

=103.
05×2.
299=237.
97

3.
2.10Desi
gnofSeedTube(
Funnel
)
Whentheshaftrotates,bl
adespickorr
eceiveseedsfr
om seedhopperanddropthem i
n
seedf
unnel.Si
zeofseedf unnel
dependsonsizeandnumberofseedsperhill
.Thist
ype
ofmeteri
ngisusedf orseeds,whichareeasil
ydamagedbymechani caldevi
ces.The
mater
ial
wesel ectfortheseedtubeissheetmetal.
Thedi
ameteroft
heseedfunneli
scal
cul
ateddependi
ngupont
hegr
ainsi
zeandt
he
amountoft
heseeddr
ops.
Theref
orewemustknowt hesizethegrai
nofthewheatfrom experi
mentalr
esultsand
discussi
ons,the`l
engths,width,andthi
cknessof257grains(105”small
”grainswhich
passedt hr
oughasievewi t
hsl otsmanuall
y2.09 width,and132”l
arge”gr
ainswhich
wer eret
ainedabovethesi evewer emanuall
ymeasuredbycal i
pers.Thethicknessof
thesegrainaremostl
ybetween1 −3 .[
5]
Ther
efor
efrom t
heexper
iment
alr
esul
twet
aket
heav
eraget
hicknessoft
hegr
ainas
2 2.
09 wi
dth.
Ar
eacov
eredbygr
ain= i ℎ× ℎi
2 2
=2×2.
09 =4.
18
AssumeWeneedforgr
ainst
odr
opi
nthesamet
hrought
hef
unnel
hav
ingsi
eveend.Ther
efor
e
2
4×4.
18 =16.
72
2
Take17 t
ofl
owf
reel
ythegr
aint
otheendorsi
eve.
Ther
efor
ethedi
ameteroft
heseedf
unnelshoul
dbecal
cul
atedf
rom t
hear
eaf
rom t
he
ar
eacover
edbythegr
ain.
2
ƒ
ƒ = =17
2
4
2
2 4×17
=
=4.
65 8 ƒ ƒ .

3.
2.11Adj
ust
abl
eOr
if
ice
I
nthisty
peofmet er
ingdev
ice,seedi
sregul
atedbychangi
ngt
hesi
zeofopeni
ng
pr
ovi
dedathopperbott
om.
Anagi t
atorfi
xedaboveseedopeninghel
psincondit
ionsf
low ofseedsorcl
osesto
stoptheseedf l
ow.Aswel lasiti
susedtocont
rolt
hef l
ow ofseedswhichmeansto
decrease orincr
ease thea mountofseeds t
o dr
op.The mat eri
alWe sel
ectfor
adjust
ableori
fi
cessteel
.

Page67
 Sowi
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6
3.
2.12Fur
rowOpenerandCl
oser
Furr
ow opener
:-Todesignoff urr
ow openersofseeddri
ll
sv ar
iestosui
tthesoi
l
condi
ti
onsofpar
ti
cul
arregi
on.Furrowopenersshoul
dbesel
ectedaccor
dingt
othet
ype
ofsoi
landdept
htheseedplacement.[
8]
1.Fort r
ashy ,stonyandl i
ghtt omedium soi ls,shov elty
peopenersareused.The
depthseedpl acementf rom 50−100 isachi evedwiththeseopeners.
2.Smal lshoeorshov eltypeopenersar eal sousedf orshall
ow(20−50 deep)
placementofseedsandr eformi
ngar eas.
3.Shoet ypeopener swit
hsingleor
twinboot sareusedf orsowingi
nheavy
andmedi umsoi
l
sforseedpl acement at20−70 depth.
4.
Runner typeopener i
swidely
usedfor pl
acement ofseedsatshall
owdepthwheresoi
l
dis
turbancer equir
edismi nimum soil coverov erseedi salsomi ni
mal.
Themat
eri
alusedt
odesi
gnf
orf
urr
owopeneri
s25 ×5 mi
l
dst
eel
.

Fi
g,
3.12Fur
rowopener
Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassoff
urr
owopenerf
rom t
hedensi
tyoft
hemat
eri
alsel
ect
.
mop= × butf
ir
stcal
cul
atet
hev
olume,
Vop=Ar×At
vop=(hr×wr×t
r)
+(ht×wt×t
)
1 3
=(
0.2 ×0. 05 )
175 ×0. + ×2( 0.
0875 ×0. 05 )×0.
05 =0.
00197
2
= × =0. 00197 3×2400
0 3

=4.
725

Furr
owcloser
:-
thefur
rowcloseri
salsodesi
gnedtoadjust
orcoverandcompactthe
seedwi
ththesoil
.Themateri
alusedtodesi
gnforfur
rowcloseri
salso15 ×5

Page68
 Sowi
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ne 201
6
Mi
l
dst
eel
.

Fi
g.3.
13Fur
rowcl
oser
Wecancal
cul
atet
hemassoft
hef
urr
owcl
oser
,fi
rstcal
cul
ateofv
olume.
=(
ℎ× × )
+(ℎ× × )
Wher
eVcs=v
olumeoff
urr
owcl
oser
mcs=massoff
urr
owcl
oser
=(
0.15 ×0. 05 )
175 ×0. +(0.
05 ×0.
275 ×0.
05 )
3
=0.
002
002 3×2400
= × = . =4.
8
3

Accor
dingtothedesi
gndeter
minat
ionofallthecomponentsofthemachi
ne,t
hetot
al
massoft hemachinebecame70 .Sothecal cul
atedmassoft hemachi
neisless
thantheassumedmass.Therefor
ethiscal
culatedmassisoperat
edbythegi
venpower
andspeedoft hemachi
ne.

3.
2Sel
ect
ionofMat
eri
als
Theselecti
onofpropermateri
alforengi
neer
ingpur
poseisoneofthemostdi ff
icul
t
probl
emsf ort
hedesigner
.Thebestmateri
ali
sonewhichser
vesthedesi
redobjecti
ve
atthemi ni
mum cost
.Thef ol
l
owingfactor
sshoul
dbeconsider
edwhilesel
ect
ingt he
materi
al.
[2]
1.Avai
labi
li
tyofthemater
ial
2.Sui
tabil
i
tyofthemateri
alf
ort
hewor
kingcondi
ti
onsi
nser
vice,
and
Page69
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
3.Thecostoft
hemat
eri
al
Theimport
antpropert
ieswhichdeter
minet
heut
il
it
yoft
hemat
eri
alar
ephy
sical
,
chemi
calandmechanical
proper
ties.

3.
3Manuf
act
uri
ngPr
ocess
Manufact
uri
ngoft hepr oductisanimportantl
inki
nt hechainofeventsthatbegins
wit
htheconceptofpr ovableproductandendswithacompetiti
veproducti
nthemar ket
pl
ace.Inproductdesignselecti
onofmat eri
alsandprocessi
ngmat eri
alsi
ntof i
nished
componentsarecloselyrel
atedtooneanother.
[2]
Themanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocesscanbebr
oadl
ycl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreecat
egor
ies.
i
. Cast i
ngpr ocess
ii
. Deformat i
onpr ocess
i
ii
. Mat eri
alremov alorcut
ti
ngprocess
Theopt
imum manufacturi
ngmet hodissel
ectedbyconsi
der
ingt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors.
i
. Mat er
ial
oft hecomponent
ii
. Castofmanuf actur
ing
i
i
i. Geomet r
icshapeoft hecomponent
i
v. Surfacefi
nishandt olerancer
equi
redand
v. Volumepr oduction

Ther
eforethefol
lowingtabl
eshowst
hepr
opermat
eri
aloft
hecomponentandt
hei
r
manufact
uringpr
ocess.
[1]

Page70
 Sowi
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ne 201
6

Tabl
e3.
9Component
s,pr
opermat
eri
alsandt
hei
rmanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocess
SN0 Componentname Quant
it
y Pr
oper mater
ialManufact
uri
n
s gprocess
el
ected
1 Hopper 1 Mil
dsteel
sheet Def
ormation
pr
ocess,byrol
l
ing
2 Gr
oundwheel 2 Car
bonal
l
oy Cast
ingpr
ocess
3 Connect
edr
od 1 Car
bonst
eel Machi
ningpr
ocess
4 Bel
t 2 Leat
her
5 Mai
nfr
ame 1 Mi
l
dst
eel Heat tr
eat
ment
,
accompl
ished by
coldwor
king
6 Spurgear 2 Casti
ron Cast
ingpr
ocess
7 Shaf
tforspurgear2 Car
bonst
eel Hot r ol
ling, then
col
d dr awing or
tur
ningandgr i
ndi
ng.
8 Key 2 St
eel Machi
ningpr
ocess
9 Fur
row opener 6 Mi
l
dst
eel Heatt
r mentand
eat
and col
dworki
ng
cl
oser

3.
4CostAnal
ysi
s

Tabl
e3.
11Cost
anal
ysi
s

Par
tname Mat
eri
al Quant
it
y Cost(
ETB)
S.
NO

Hopper Mil
dsheet 1 400
1 st
eel

Gr
oundwheel Car
bonal
l
oy 2 1000
2

Page71
 Sowi
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ne 201
6

Connect
edr
odCar
bonst
eel 1 750
3

Mai
nfr
ame Mi
l
dst
eel 1
4
410

Spurgear Casti
ron 2 450
5

Shaft
sfor Car
bonst
eel 2 1600
6
spurgear

Bel
t Leat
her 2 390
7

Pul
l
ey Casti
ron 4 440
8

Bear
ing 2 280
9

Bl
ade Sheetmet
al 2 140
10

Key St
eel 2 160
11

Fur
rowopenerMi
l
dst
eel 3
12

Page72
 Sowi
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ne 201
6
340

Mi
l
dst
eel 3 340
13 Fur
rowcl
oser

14 Seedand Sheetmet
al 6 280
fert
il
izer
tube(funnel
)

Adj
ustabl
15 eor
ifi
ce St
eel 1 60

Tot
al
7040

Page73
Sowi
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ne 201
6

Page74
 Sowi
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ne 201
6
Chapt
erFour
Resul
tsandDi
scussi
on

4.
1Basi
cResul
ts
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
hebasi
cresul
tsofcomponent

di
mensi
on.
Tabl
e3.
10Resul
tsofcomponentdi
mensi
on

Quant
it
y Dimensi
ons(i )
S.
N0 Component Lengt
h Height Di
amet
er Wi
dth Thi
ckness

1 Hopper 1 450 400 5

2 Groun 2 400 100 200

d
wheel
3 Connect
ed 1 900 30
Rod
4 Belt 2 1060 13 8
5 Pull
ey 4 Mini
.
75and
max.
115
6 Mainf
rame 1 1200 45 8
7 Spurgear 2 75pini
on
144gear
8 Shaf
t f or 2 900 20
Gear
9 Key 2 30 6 6
10 Seedfunnel6 8

11 Furrow 6 250 50 50
openerand an
Closer d2
00

Page75
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

4.
2Di
scussi
on
The abov er esul
ts aret he basic paramet ers ofthe machine t hatare used t
o
manuf act
ureandt oassembl et hesowi ngmachi ne.Inthisdesignwef i
ndthef or
ce
appl i
edandt heresi
stanceforceusingthegi venpower .
Ther ef
ore when we compar et he for ce applied t
o push the machi ne and t
he
resistanceforce,which issaf eto oper atet hemachi neeasily.Aswel lasal lt
he
dimensi onsoft hemachi necomponent sar ebasedont hedesi gnanalysi
sandt he
standar dofthematerial
sofeachcomponentf r om thest
andardtables.

Page76
Sowi
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ne 201
6

Page77
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Chapt
erFour
Concl
usi
onandRecommendat
ion

5.
1Concl
usi
on
Thi
spr
ojecti
sdesi
gnedwi
thdi
ff
erentpar
amet
ersoft
hecomponent
soft
hesowi
ng
machi
ne.Thesowi
ngmachi
nehav
eamet
eri
ngmechani
smssuchasr
owt
orow
spaci
ng,
adj
acentor
if
ices,

Dept
hoft
heseedi
nwhi
chcov
eredt
othesoi
lhav
i 7 ⁄ Vel
ng0. oci
tyoft
hemachi
neand

75 oper
ati
ngpower
.Whencompar
ingt
hef
orceappl
i
edt
other
esi
stancef
orce
oft
hemachi
nei
tiseasyt
ooper
ate,si
ncet
hef
orceappl
i
ed107.
14 i
sgr
eat
ert
han4
7.
088 r
esi
stancef
orce.Al
lpar
amet
ersoft
hecomponent
sar
edet
ermi
nedf
rom t
he
gi
venpower
,speedandf
rom st
andar
dsoft
hecomponentmat
eri
als.

Page78
 Sowi
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ne 201
6
5.
2 Recommendat
ion
I
tisal
readyknownt
hatEt
hiopi
aisacount
rywhi
chf
oundwi
thagooddev
elopi
ng
count
ryeconomi
cal
l
y,butf
orf
astr
ategr
owt
hwer
ecommendedt
othef
armer
stouse
f
astort
imesav
ingmachi
nesmat
eri
alsbypr
operuseoft
heequi
pment
.Si
ncet
his
machi
necov
ersl
argear
eaperdayar
ound1.
2096ℎ . andi
tissaf
eto
sowt
heseedi
nli
ne.Ther
efor
etheseedgr
owsv
erywel
landgi
vesagoodut
il
it
y.

Page79
 Sowi
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ne 201
6
Ref
erence

5.2.
1 Dr.Jagdi
shWar Sahay 1971Element sofAgricult
uralengineeri
ng.
5.2.
2 Textbookofmachi nedesign,fi
rst
mul ti
colorediti
on,R.S.KhurmiJ.
K.Gupt
a.
5.2.
3 htt:
/tr
actor
s.wikiacom/ wiki
/Tractor%26const ractionplant
.
5.2.
4 Text bookofmachi neelementTat aMcGr aw- hil
lpubl
ishing
companyli
mited,
WestpatelNapar ,
NewDel hi110008.
5.2.
5 htt:
//www.graintrade.or
.au…/
5.2.
6 htt;
//www.hyper t
exstbook.com/ …/KarenSut herl
and.
5.2.
7 www. ij
pret
.com/ ..
./4/MECH%20140. pdf
5.2.
8 Rev i
ewofmet hodsofseedsowi ngandconceptofmul ti-
purpose
seedsowingmachine,
AdityaKawadaskar ,I
JPRET, 2013;VOLv olume1(8).

Page80
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

Par
tandAssembl
yDr
awi
ng

Det
ailDr
awi
ng

1,
Hopper

2,
Groundwheel

Page81
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

3,
connect
edr
od

4,
V-Bel
t

Page82
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

5,
Spurgear

6,
Shaf
tforspurgear

Page83
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

7,
Fur
rowopener

8.
Fur
rowcl
oser

Fi
g.3.
14Det
ail

dr
awi
ng

Page84
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6
Assembl
edr
awi
ngs

A)

Page85
 Sowi
ngmachi
ne 201
6

b)

Fi
g.3.
15Assembl
edr
awi
ng

Al
ldi
mensi
onsar
einmi
l
li
met
er.

Page86