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 WB  1000 
1. We know, Tf = i Kf m m  
 M B  WA 
 WB (solute) = 1.9 gm
WA (H2O) = 50 g
MB (MgCl2) = 95 g mol–1, Kf  1.86
 H 2O 
i = 3 (for MgCl2, MgCl2 Mg+2 + 2Cl–, 3 ions produced)
1.9  1000
Tf  3  1.86 
9.5  50
= 2.232 K

 Tf  Tf0  Tf   273.15  2.232  K  270.918 K

2. 2 (M) glucose, more will be the concentration in molality more will be the elevation in b.pt., as Tb  m .
3. Reverse osmosis takes place.
4. Tf = i Kf m
WB  1000
 Kf  [as i = 1]
M B  WA
Now, Tf = 0.383 K, Kf = 3.83 K kg mol–1
WB (weight of solute) = 2.56 g
WB (weight of solvent) = 100 g
2.56  1000
 0.383 = 3.83 ×
M B  100

3.83  2.56  1000

as M B   256 g mol1
0.383  100
256
By the formula of sulphur (Sx), x × 32 = 256 or x  8
32
 formula of sulphur is S8.
CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

5. (i) Water moves out from blood cell, it will shrink.

(ii) Water will enter into blood cell, it will swell.
6. (i) The elevation in the boiling point of a solvent caused by 1 mol of non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid solute
dissolved in 1000 g or 1 kg of the solvent is called molal boiling point elevation constant (Kb).
Unit  degree/molality or degree kg mol–1.
(ii) The depression in the freezing point of a solvent caused by 1 mol of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid
solute dissolved in 1000 g or 1 kg of the solvent is called molal freezing point depression constant (Kf).
Unit  degree/molality or degree kg mol–1.
7. WB (urea) = 15 g
MB (urea) = 60 g
As the urea in H2O solution is isotonic with glucose solution, urea = glucose (= osmotic pressure)
or, CureaRT = CglucoseRT

n urea RT n glucose RT
or, 
V V

15 Wglucose
or, 
60 180

15  180
or W (glucose)   45 g
60
8. Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
Intermolecular force of attraction between ethanol and acetone is weaker than intramolecular force of attraction
in ethanol molecules (due to H-bond) and acetone molecule (due to dipolar interaction). So they have a tendency
to leave the solution and hence observed vapour pressure is more than that predicted by Raoult’s law.
W2  1000
9. We know, Tf  K f  Kf(H2O) = 1.86 K kg mol–1 ; W2 = .5 g ; W1 = 100 g
M 2  W1

1.86  .5  1000
 0.24  Tf = 0 – (–0.24)ºC = 0.24ºC
M 2  100
or M2 = 38.75 (abnormal molecular mass)

Normal molar mass  39  35.5 

Now, Van’t Hoff factor for KCl (i)    1.9226
Abnormal molar mass 38.75
Again KCl K+ + Cl–
1 0 0
or, (1 – x) x x [x = degree of dissociation]
total no. of moles = 1 – x + x + x = (1 + x)
Hence, 1 + x = 1.9226
or x = 0.9226
Then degree of dissociation will be 92.26%.
10.  When total vapour pressure is greater than that expected from Raout’s law, (+ve) deviation occurs.
e.g. ethanol + aectone.

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

 Attractive forces between A – A or B – B > A – B (where A and B are the two liquids present in a binary
mixture), Hmix  0.
11. Azeotropes are those liquid mixtures which boil at a constant temperature and distill without any change in
composition.
Minimum boiling azeotropes are formed by (+ve) deviation from Raout’s law.
e.g. H2O + benzene.
12. WA(H2O) = 5 kg, Tf = –15ºC, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1
MB (glycol) = 62 g

K f  WB
Tf 
M B  WA

1.86  WA
or, 15 
62  5
or, WB = 2500 g

WB 2500
Now, Tb  K b   0.52   4.193 K
M B  WA 62  5

 b. pt. (Tb) of ethylene glycol is = (273 + 4.193) = 277.193 K

13.  = 50% = 0.5,  n = 2

i 1 i 1
as we know,    0.5  or, i = 1.5
n 1 2 1
Now, Tf = i Kf m
or, Tf = 1.5 × 1.86 × 1 = 2.79 K
freezing point of solution (Tf) = (273 – 2.79) = 270.21 K
14. Cyclohexane-ethanol mixture shows positive deviation from Rault’s law as attractive force between cyclohexane
and ethanol is less than pure ethanol.
Hmix  0, Vmix  0
Acetone-chloroform mixture shows (–ve) deviation with Hmix  0, Vmix  0. Here attractive force between
acetone and chloroform are higher than their pure form seperately.
15. Osmotic pressure (), is the pressure which must be applied to the solution to prevent the passage of solvent
through a semipermeable membrane.
Reverse osmosis is a water purification process. When the pressure is applied on solution side is higher than the
osmotic pressure, the flow of solvent is reverse than from the osmosis. This is known as reverse osmosis.
16. The vapour pressure (V.P.) of the solvent decreases on addition of non-volatile solute because the number of
solvent molecules escaping from the surface is reduced as some of the solvent molecules at suface get covered by
the solute particles.
17. (i) NH2CONH2, it will not dissociate and i = 1.
(ii) NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl– and osmotic pressure () of 1(M) NaCl is almost double than 1 M glucose
as the number of particles is double.
(iii) No, because they distill out together and remain unchanged in their composition.
(iv) Intermolecular H-bonding.

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

(v) i = 3, as Na 2SO 4  10H 2O  2Na   SO4 2  10H 2O

 
 3ions 
18. The property which depends only on the number of particles of solute and not one the nature of solute and solvent
is called colligative property.
3
19. K 3  Fe  CN 6  3K    Fe  CN 6 

i 1
 
n 1
i 1
or, 0.5  [as  = 50% = 0.5 ; n = 4 ions]
4 1
or, i = 2.5
WB  1000
Now, Tf = i × Kf ×
M B  WA

0.1 1000
or, Tf = 2.5 × 1.86 ×  0.0141
392  100
f. pt. (Tf) = Tfº – Tf = (273.15 – 0.0141) = 273.1359 K
20. (i) It is because atmospheric pressure is less, so at lower temperature, vapour pressure of H2O becomes equal
to atmospheric pressure, H2O starts to boil.
(ii) Cold water contains more amount of dissolved oxygen than hot water.

PA0  PA n2
21.  XB  [n1 >> n2]
P n1  n 2

WB
n M
 2  B
n1 WA
MA

Hence, WB = 30 g, MB = ?, WA = 90 g, MA = 18 g mol–1

30
PA0  2.8 M
or,  ...... (i) [ PA0 = V.P of pure solvent ; P = V.P of solution ; MA = 18 g mol–1]
PA0 90
18
Again, WB = 30 g, MB = ?, WA = 90 + 18 = 108 g, MA = 18 g mol–1

30
P0  2.9 M ...... (ii)
 A 
PA0 108
18

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

P 0  2.8 108 18 6
equation (i)  equation (ii), A   
PA0  2.9 18 90 5

or, PA0 = 3.4 kPa ( Ans. of (ii) )

30
3.4  2.8 M
from equation (i) 
3.4 90
18
or, M = 34 g mol–1 ( Ans. of (i) )
22. Osmotic pressure.
23. The vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to the mole fraction of each component.
24. It is the ratio of numer of moles of substance to the total number of moles of solute and solvent.
25. Molality is temperature independent.
26. Henry’s law : Partial vapour pressure of gas in vapour phase (g) in directly proportional to the mole fraction of
the gas in the solution.
Applications :
(i) To minimise the painful effects accompanying the decompression of deep sea divers, oxygen diluted with less
soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas.
(ii) To incrase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
0 0
27. Pheptane  105.2 pKa, Poctane  46.8 pKa

26 35
n heptane  , n octane  [M. wt. of heptane = 100 g mol–1 ; octate = 114 g mol–1]
100 114

26
X heptane  100  0.458
26 35  X octane  1  0.458  0.542

100 114

0
Pheptane  X heptane  Pheptane  0.458  105.2  48.18 kPa

0
Poctane  X octane  Poctane  0.542  46.8  25.36 kPa
Ptotal = (48.18 + 25.36) = 73.54 kPa.
28. Molar mass of CH2Cl2 = 12 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 35.5 × 2 = 85 g mol–1
Molar mass of CHCl3 = 12 + 1 + 35.5 × 3 = 119.5 g mol–1
40 25.5
n CH 2Cl2   0.47 mol , n CHCl3   0.213 mol
85 119.5
n = (0.47 + 0.213) = 0.683 moles
0.47
X CH 2Cl2   0.688 ; X CHCl3  1  0.688   0.312
0.683

(i) Ptotal  PA0 X A  PB0 X B

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

= 415 × 0.688 + 200 × 0.312 = 347.92 mm Hg

PCHCl3 200  0.312 62.4

(ii) X CHCl3 in vapour phase     0.18
total pressure 347.92 347.92

(as PCHCl  P 0  XCHCl3 )

3 CHCl3

X CH 2Cl2 in vapour phase = 1 – 0.18 = 0.82.

29. We know, V – i nRT,  = osmotic pressure = 0.65 atm ; V = volume = 1 litre
 0.65 × 1 = i × 0.01 × 0.0821 n = 0.01 mol
× 300 R = 0.0821 lit atm mol–1 K–1
T = temperature = 273 + 27 = 300 K
or i = 2.63
As the value of i > 1, the electrolyte dissociates into solution.
30. As we know, Tb = Kb  m ; Tb = (373.18 – 373) K
or, 0.18 = 0.512 × m = 0.18 K
or, m = 0.3515 mol/kg Kb = 0.512 K kg mol–1
Now Tf = Kf  m
= 1.86 × .3515
= 0.6537 K
 freezing point = Tf0 – Tf = (273 – 0.6537)K = 272.34 K

W
31. We know, V = i RT,  = osmotic pressure = ? ; V = volume = 500 ml = 0.5 litre
M
1.71
 × 0.5  1  × 0.0821 × 300 W = weight of solute = 1.71 g
342
M = mol. weight = 342
T = 300 K
i=1
or,  = 0.2463 atm.
W1
32. We know, 1V = RT, 1 = osmotic pressures ; V = volume = 100 ml = 0.1 litre
M1

W2
and 2V = RT
T W1 = mass of cane sugar = 10 g
M2
W2 = mass of urea = 1.754 g
M1 = mol mass of cane sugar = 342
M2 = mol mass of urea = ?
As the solution are isotonic 1 = 2

W1 RT W2 RT
 
M1 V M2 V

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

10 1.754
or, 342  M
2
or, M2 = 59.98
33. The ratio of the observed osmotic pressure () of a solution to the calculated osmotic pressure () of the solution
is known as van’t Hoff factor (i).

i

34. Pº = V.P. of pure H2O = 17.24 mm, T = 20ºC = 273 + 20 = 293 K
WB = weight of solute = 20 g
WA = weight of solvent = 100 g
P = lowering of V.P. = 0.30 mm

WB
P nB MB
 
Pº n B  n A WB  WA
MB MA

20
0.30 MB
or,  or, MB = 203.483 g mol–1
17.24 20 100

M B 18

WB  1000
35. As we know, Tb  K b  Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1 ; WB = 5 gm ;
M B  WA

5  1000
Tb  0.52  MB = mol. wt. of sucrose = 342 ; WA = 95 g
342  95
or, Tb = 0.08 K

 Boiling point  Tb   Tb0  Tb = (373 + 0.08)K = 373.08 K

36. (i) Van’t Hoff factor (i) is greater than 1 in case of dissociation and number of particles increases.
Again ‘i’ will be less than 1 for association as particle number decreases.

(ii) Tf  NaCl   i  K f  m  2  K f  m [i = 2 as NaCl Na++ Cl–]

1

Tf  BaCl   i  K f  m  3  K f  m [i = 3 as BaCl2 Na+2+ 2Cl–]]

2 2

Tf 2 3 Kf m 3
or,  
Tf1 2 Kf m 2

3 3
or, Tf 2  Tf1    2  3º C
2 2
 
37. It means, when 1 mol of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid solute is dissolved in 1000 g of pure benzene the
increase in boiling point of the solution is 2.5ºC.
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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

100 1000
38. nA   0.714 nB   5.55
140 180
n = nA + nB = 6.264
nA n
 XA (mole fraction)  = 0.114 X B  B  0.886
n n

Now, we know, P  PA0 X A  PB0 X B

or, 475  PA0  0.114  500  0.886

or, PA0  280.70 torr..

39. 2KI + HgI2  K2[HgI4] 2K+ + [HgI4]–2
HgI2 forms a complex K2[HgI4] with KI. As number of ions decrease, V.P. increases.
40.  = CRT C = concentration = 0.02
= 0.02 × 0.0821 × 300 R = 0.082 lit atm K–1 mol–1
= 0.4826 atm T = 27ºC = 300 K
41. (i) The relative lowering of vapour pressure (V.P.) of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid
solute is equal to the mole-fraction of solute (X2)
P P
 X2 ,  relative lowering of V.P..
Pº Pº
X2 = mole-fraction of solute.
(ii) Ideald solution v/s Non-ideal solution
(i) It obeys Raoult’s law (ii) Does not obey Raoutl’s law, shows deviation
(ii) Hsoln = 0 (ii) Hsoln  0
42. We know, Tf = Kf M
= 1.86 × 0.1 = 0.186ºK

 Tf  Tf0  Tf = (273 – 0.186) K = 272.814 K.

43. KBr K+ + Br–  n = 2
i 1
Now, degree of dissociation    
n 1
i 1
hence  = 80% = .8 .8 
2 1
i 1
or, .8 
1
or, i = 1.8
 Vant Hoff factor (i) = 1.8
44. At a certain temperature, the ratio of lowering of V.P. (Pº – P) of a solution containing non-volatile non-electrolyte
solid solute to the V.P. of pure solvent (Pº) is known as relative lowering of vapour pressure (V.P.)
Dependence : It depends only upon the mole fraction of solute, not on the nature of solute and solvent.
45. The osmotic pressure of 0.84% NaCl solution and that of blood cells are same. 0.84% NaCl solution hence
isotonic with our blood. So it is used as normal saline. Otherwise the cells will shrink or sweell.

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CHEMISTRY SOLUTION

46. (i) Some solid solute in solutin gets dissociated or associated making the number of particles increases or
decreases respectively, so we get abnormal molecular masses.
Nature of abnormalities are
(i) Association of solute (dimer / polymer)
(ii) Dissociation of solute.
(ii) When tow solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane do not exhibit any net flow of solvent molecules
from one into another, they are said to be isotonic with each other. They are having same osmotic pressure.
18
47. nglucose  = 0.1 mol [M. wt. glucose = 180]
180
178.2
n H 2O   9.9 mol [M. wt. glucose = 18]
18
9.9
X H 2O (mole fraction)   0.99
1  9.9
Now we know, vapour pressure of solution (P)

 X H 2O  PH0 O
2

= 0.99 × 760  PH O  760 mm Hg 

0
 2 
= 752.4 mm Hg
48. We known,

 Tf 1  Tf0  Tf   278.4  277.12   1.28 K

WB = 1.4 g, MB = 58, WA = 100 g
WB  1000
  Tf 1  K f 
M B  WA

1.4 1000
or, 1.28 = K f 
58  100
 Kf = 5.3 × K kg mol–1
Now, (Tf)2 = (278.4 – 277.76) = 0.64 K
(WB)2 = 2.8 g ; (MB) = ? ; WA = 100 g

 WB 2  1000 5.3  2.8  10 00

  Tf 2  K f  
 MB2  WA  M B 2  100
5.3  2.8  10
or, 0.64 
 M B 2
or, (MB)2 = 231.875 g mol–1
49. Elevation of boiling point of a dilute solution of non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid slute is directly proportional to
molal concentration of the solution.
Tb  m

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50. Depression of freezing point of a dilute solution of non-volatile, non-electroylyte solid solute is directly proportional
to molal concentration of the solution.
Tf  m
51. 1st law : At constant temperature (T) the osmotic pressure () of a dilute solution of non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solid solute in directly proportional to the molal concentration (C) of the solution.   C
2nd law : At a given concentration, the osmotic pressure of a dilute non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid solute in
proportional to absolute temperature.   T
 CT
or,   CRT , R = universal gas constant.
52. Of the two solutions, separted by a semipermeable membrane, the one with lower osmotic pressure is called
hypotonic solution and the one with higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic solution.

______ ______
×

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