© IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Experimental investigation of circular stepped dish

type combustion chamber (piston top) geometry for
four stroke single cylinder di diesel engine fueled
with diesel and ramtil oil
P. Rana Prathap1, Dr. Smt.G. Prasanthi2
PG Research Scholar, Advanced IC Engines, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUCEA, Ananthapuramu, A.P, India.
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Director Faculty Development & IQAC, JNTUA, Ananthapuramu, AP, India.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: In this investigation, the Internal combustion engine is established because of the main power supply to the
automobile is internal combustion engine. For this reason, heaps analysis goes on combustion to extend the
performance and reduce the emissions. So as to fulfill the tight emission standards, vital efforts are created for the
event of isolated I.C engines. During this project work done on the combustion chamber. The new design and
modification of the piston bowl is projected to cut back the emissions and improve the engine performance with the
assistance of RAMTIL OIL and DIESEL fuels. The circular stepped dish type combustion chamber is to produce
higher mixture of fuel with intake air so higher mixture of fuel can result sensible combustion of mixture. This design
of the piston could improve the squish of the air fuel mixture, which can end up in higher thermal efficiency and
emission reduction of exhaust emissions. It’s projected to hold out associate experiment on a four-stroke single cylinder
DI Diesel engine by victimization of DIESEL and RAMTIL oil fuel (i.e., within the type of blends B5, B10, B15, B20,
B25) as another fuel. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and overall
efficiencies are to be calculated. The Brake Thermal efficiency of the engine is increased compared to diesel fuel with
normal piston to the modified (circular dish type combustion chamber) piston with RAMTIL oil blends. The Brake
Thermal efficiency (30.77%) of the engine is greatly improved with the comparison of basic piston to changed piston
with B15 fuel. The Nox emissions of the B10 and B15 are decreased (min 181 ppm) at full load conditions.

Key words: single cylinder DI diesel engine, Ramtil seed oil alkyl radical Ester, CSDCC piston, Trans esterification
method bio diesel, Engine performance and emissions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 INTRODUCTION
Bio-diesel is another fuel source to petroleum-based fuels derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and used waste
vegetable oil as well as triglycerides. Since the crude crises in Nineteen Seventies, the quickly increasing costs and
uncertainties regarding crude accessibility, a growing concern of the environmental pollution the fossil fuel gasses greatly
damage the ozone layer. And also, it results of greenhouse gases throughout the last decades has revived a lot of researches
and a lot of interests within the use of vegetable oils as a substitute of fuel. Vegetable oils or biodiesel fuels are square measure
wide accessible from different sources. World faces a dreadful challenge to meet emission standards. Renewable energy
sources bio-fuels (like vegetable fuels etc.) is capable of reducing our dependency on foreign import there by increasing the
protection of energy offer. The Diesel and biodiesel (Ramtil oil + Diesel) mixture measures the two liquid bio fuels (one is
diesel and other one is Ramtil oil at various blends) that may replace substitute of petrol, diesel in the future, in order to meet
the fuel necessity of all vehicles. [1-3] initially the primary use of oil in an exceedingly CI diesel engine was first incontestable
through Rudolph Diesel. The CI engines were more suitable than the SI engine because of its high compression ratio and its
high temperature generating quality. World Health Organization used oil. The long run use of vegetable oils (Ramtil oil) is to
appliance in coking and also the thickening of cylinder walls of engine, that resulted in seal projected. Therefore, vegetable
oils aren't utilized in SI engines owing to endurance problems. Production and utilization of the bio fuel would generate the
new economic opportunities and protection of the setting in Fat economic growth countries like India and wide spread across
the globe.
The performance and emissions characteristic of the diesel fuel engine for various biodiesel fuel and vegetable-based fuels
have been presented in various publication by the authors across the globe, and they have been shown that the bio fuels
(Jetropha oil, Neem oil, vegetable oil and waste cooking oil etc.) are supportive to the fossil fuels in order to control the
emission that have been omitted by the industrial engines and transportation vehicles. Study shows that the mass content of the
biofuels is lesser than petroleum-based diesel fuel, it reduces Un-burnt hydro carbons, and carbon monoxide and NOx are
moderate temperature. The Jetropha blend i.e., B5, B10, B15, B20 and B25 are running abnormal load condition during the
testing of diesel engine performance test. B15 showed very nearer performance of the diesel fuel. A few experimental
investigations of fuel blends with additives shows that the properties of the fuel improved hence it leads to increase the higher
thermal efficiency and lower the harmful emissions [4-9]. Generally, the vibration occur in diesel engine is more than the

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 618

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

petrol-based engine because of its heavy rigid body and high compression ratio, variable compression ratios of the engines
cause different range of temperature extractions from the engine cylinder walls. [10]
At present scenario there will be different types of techniques carried out to improve the performance those are pre-
combustion, post combustion, piston bowl modifications are employed (i.e., piston crown is changed to different shapes) in the
present investigation on piston bowl modification i.e., circular stepped dish type combustion chamber (CSDCC) is used in the
present research work. The test is conducted with Ramtil blends of B5, B10, B15, B20, and B25 with diesel fuel for both
Normal piston and modified piston with mechanical loaded Kirloskar diesel engine test rig equipment. [12-18] On the face of
the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of engine fuels. They are being researched
widely because of their huge availability, renewable in nature and better performance when used in the diesel engines. There
are so many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine
modifications.
2 Materials and Methods
Niger is understood as Ramtil or Niger seed oil in India and Noog in African nation it's very important minor oil seeds
crop of Tropical system like India Ramtil oil is edible oil, scientifically referred to as GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA. It is
obtained from the seeds of Niger seed plant that belongs to the composite. The Niger seed plant is associate erect, stout,
branched annual herb, grownup for its edible seeds and oil. It’s typically cultivated in Mysore, Madhya Pradesh states,
geographic region etc. In India south Gujarat zone wherever the cultivation of Ramtil is high and it's in the main for the
exports purpose and as a bird feeding purpose. Ramtil oil additionally considers as a minor oil seed crop is incredibly vital in
terms of quality and style of its oil and export potential. This social group crop is additionally facing up to the adverse climate
and poor soil conditions.

Fig.2.1Ramtil biodiesel

Table 2.1 Properties of fuel

S.No Parameters Units D100 R100
1 Density at 15 0C kg/m3 844 885
2 Kinematic Viscosity at 40 0C cst 2.95 4
0
3 Flash point C 66 140
4 Water content %w/v 0.005 0.19
5 Acid value mg KOH / gm - 0.5
6 Calorific value kJ/kg 44,120 40,000
7 Cetane Number - 49.7 45

3 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this investigation is to effectively utilized the ramtil oil as a substitute fuel for diesel engine and
there by greatly reducing environmental harms caused by engine emissions
1. To find out the characteristics of ramtil oil and its blends, the engine fueled with ramtil biodiesel to study the
performance and its effects of modified circular stepped combustion chamber.
2. To improve turbulence and quality of fuel mixture the circular steps on piston crown are employed.
3. To experimentally evaluate the effects of modified combustion chamber on single cylinder diesel engine fueled with
ramtil oil.
4. To reduce exhaust emissions by employing biodiesel fuel with rich content of oxygen in biodiesel fuel compared to
diesel fuel.
5. To reduce NOx and HC emissions by using swirl and squish with the help of modified crown and appropriate
biodiesel blend.

4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.1 Engine Set Up
In the present research work the investigation of engine performance by using single cylinder DI diesel engine with Ramtil
oil as blend and circular stepped dish type combustion chamber used in this research work. The experiments were conducted
on single cylinder Kirloskar make direct injection four stroke cycle diesel engine. The specifications of the Kirloskar engine
are given in the table 4.1. Naturally aspirated, water cooled eddy current dynamometer was used for this experimental test rig.
The engine was coupled with Piezo type cylinder pressure sensor, electromagnetic pick up, thermo couples to measure the

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 619

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

temperatures of outlets like, water, air and gas, Rota meter to measure the water flow rate and manometer is used to air flow
and fuel rates. The smoke meter and gas analyzers are situated to measure the smoke density. In this research work Bosch
smoke meter is used to find out the smoke density. An attempt is made in this work with circular steps on the piston crown of
the aluminum alloyed piston with finished machining of the piston head.
The circular stepped bowl shape on the piston head shown in the fig.4.2.the experiments are conducted on single cylinder
DI diesel engine by varying loads and blends (loads are 0 to 15 kg applied gradually) and the blends are B5, B10, B15, B20,
B25 (Ramtil oil + Diesel fuel) the results of the different blends of performance of the circular stepped dish type combustion
chamber were compared with normal piston engine.
4.2 Test Procedure
The procedure for performance analysis of single cylinder DI diesel engine is in two phases. At firstthe experimental
investigation of performance test is carried out with normal piston fueled with diesel in order to get standard values to compare
with the modified piston values. In the second stage the experimental investigation is conducted by using Ramtil oil and it
blended fuels (i.e., B5, B10, B15, B20 and B25). Before conducting these steps firstly need to check the lubrication system of
the engine, fuel tank level and permit the water to flow into the engine. In this investigated experiment different type of
instruments are used to measure the different engine parameters. After that, apply the load (using rope dynamo meter) on the
engine and note down the all required readings of Engine i.e., speed of the engine, time taken for ten 10cc of fuel consumption
and brake load placed on the engine. Repeat the same procedure for various masse of the fuels. Finally stop the engine by
removing the load on the engine, then cut off the fuel supply and Continue the experimentation for different load trials.

Fig.4.1 Schematic Diagram of Experimental setup Fig.4.2 Experimental Engine setup

Table 4.1Specification of Test Engine:

S.No Parameters Specifications
1 Type Naturally aspirated
2 No. of Cylinders Single
3 No. of strokes Four
4 Fuel Diesel
5 Make Kirloskar
6 Rated Speed 1500Rpm
7 Cylinder bore 80mm
8 Cylinder stroke 110mm
9 Cooling method Water cooled engine

4.3 Engine Modifications

In this present research work the piston crown of the standard engine combustion chamber is changed to evaluate the
performance, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of Ramtil bio fuel on single cylinder Di diesel engine. The
standard spherical combustion chamber was designed for single cylinder DI diesel engine, but when it comes to biofuel
application the engine need for modification in the combustion chamber shape has to be taken into consideration to evaluate its
characteristics and performance. The greatly improved fluid motion in the combustion chamber by its design of geometry
applicable the mixture formation biofuel with air particles therefore stoichiometric mixture leads to complete combustion it
leads to improving BTE and lower the SFC. Squish and squill enhancement by circular steps are provided on piston top to
improve the efficiency of biodiesel air particle mixing by improving the speed swirling motion of the mixture with the
fabricated circular stepped dish type combustion chamber piston and schematic representation of piston are shown in fig. 4.1
& 4.2.
In the suction stroke, outside air which is entering in to the engine barrel was compacted to higher weight and temperature,
which is not adequate to blend with the fuel injector and a portion of the fuel particles are not consumed in this procedure and
leaves in to air from exhaust stroke, because of this there is loss of fuel and furthermore delivers less power than the required
power generated. Piston features include the piston head, bore, piston pin, piston skirt, piston rings, and lands. The piston
head is the top surface (closest to the cylinder head) of the piston which is subjected to tremendous forces and heat during

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 620

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

normal engine operation. The circular stepped dish type combustion chamber (piston head) was replaced to check the
performance of it. The main advantage of this new design is increasing the thermal efficiency with the perfect combination of
ramtil oil blend at full load. The piston head will effectively use to form squish and swirl by its circular stepped shape, so that
a rich stochiometric fuel mixture will cause the high compression ratio. The reason behind the circular stepped piston
combustion chamber piston of cylinder is to make the turbulence to get an appropriate air fuel ratio. Mainly in the new MPFI
frameworks since there is no carburetors utilized, however different piston bowl shapes were utilized. This is yet predominant
in old DI diesel engine as well. Turbulence and squish will enable the air and fuel to blend appropriate mixture. The fluid
motion inside the single cylinder diesel engine cylinder plays a vital role, and the mixture has a significant impact on the
combustion quality of the fuel (Ramtil oil + Diesel).

Fig.4.3 standard piston Fig.4.4 Fabricated circular stepped type piston.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
a. Performance Analysis:
LOAD vs BSFC:
The variation of brake specific fuel consumption with Load is shown in figure 5.1. The graph itself reveals that as the Load
increases Brake specific fuel consumption decreases. It can be observed that the BSFC of 0.412 kg/kW-hr were obtained for
diesel and 0.36 kg/kW-hr for B10 at full load. It was observed that BSFC decreased compared to other blends.

Fig.5.1: Load vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Fig.5.2: Load vs Brake Thermal Efficiency
LOAD vs BTE:
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with Load is shown in figure 5.2. The above graph is reveals that, as the Load
increases the brake thermal efficiency increases. The maximum thermal efficiency is occurred at B15 with modified piston, at
full load (30.77%) was higher than that of diesel with modified piston (26.58%).
LOAD vs BMEP:
The variation of brake mean effective pressure with Load is shown in below figure 5.3. The graph is reveals that, the
highest BMEP of the modified piston with diesel is higher than all remaining blends (diesel and remaining blends) i.e., 319.26
kN/m2 noted at full load condition.

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 621

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Fig.5.3: Load vs Brake Mean Effective Pressure Fig.5.4: Load vs Mechanical Efficiency
LOAD vs ME:
The variation of mechanical efficiency with load is shown in the above figure 5.4. The plot show that the brake mean
effective pressure is slightly varies with respect to the load. The highest brake mean effective pressure is obtained at full load
with B10 (426.01 kN/m2) was higher than that of diesel with modified piston (405.16 kN/m2). So, it is evident that the brake
mean effective pressure is higher with modified piston with B15.
b. Emission Analysis:
LOAD vs HC:
The variation of hydro carbons with load is shown in figure 5.5. The plot itself reveals as the load increases hydro carbons
also increases i.e., the HC of the engine with blends (B5, B10, B15.B20, and B25) are slightly higher than the NP with diesel
fuel. Generally, the hydro carbon emissions are high when there are dust particles in the fuels, and density of the fuels is high.
The minimum HC emissions are noted at NP piston with diesel i.e., 12.25 ppm.

Fig.5.5: Load vs Hydro Carbon Emissions. Fig.5.6: Load vs Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Load vs CO:
The variation of carbon monoxide with normal piston and modified piston with different blends is plotted in the above
graph 5.6. The amount of carbon monoxide is caused due to improper burning and temperature variation. With the comparison
of diesel (both normal and modified piston) the carbon emissions of blended fuel is comparatively low. The B5 is slightly
nearer to the diesel fuel. The maximum CO emissions are noted at normal piston at no load condition (0.089 ppm) and the
minimum CO emissions are noted at B25 at ¾ of the full load condition (0.0289 ppm).

LOAD vs NOx:
The variation of N0x with the load is shown in the below figure. The plot is reveals that as the load increases N0x
will increases. The amount of NOx produced by the engine at diesel (at both normal piston and modified piston) is
comparatively low. B10 is 254 ppm, where as in case of Diesel fuel is 320 ppm for diesel fuel. The N0x of Ramtil oil blend
B10 decreased when compared to the diesel at full load condition.

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 622

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

Fig.5.7: Load vs NOx Emissions Fig.5.8: Load vs CO2 Emissions

LOAD vs CO2 EMISSIONS:

The variation of the NOx with normal piston and modified piston with various blends is ploted in the listed graph. The
amount of NOx is extracted due to high temperature of the engine cylinder. The NOx emission of the B10 and B15(181 ppm is
notes as min.) of the engine is comparivetly lower than remainig blends.

6 CONCLUSION
1. The experiments were conducted on single cylinder DI diesel engine with varying loads with diesel and different
proportion of blends of Ramtil oil (also known as Niger seed oil) like B5, B10, B15, and B20 and B25 with the both
normal piston and modified piston.
2. The graph of Brake Thermal Efficiency vs Load will show that, the Brake Thermal Efficiency of the engine will
greatly improve B15(30.77%) fuel with modified piston bowl.
3. The BSFC of the modified piston was decreased with B15 and B10 with modified piston bowl. lower than the
modified piston with diesel fuel.
4. The CO Emissions of B10 and B15 of the engine was comparatively lower (0.031) than the all the blends with
modified piston bowl. (Max. CO is 0.087)
5. The CO2 emissions of the engine with B20 is comparatively lower (1.7% at no load condition) than the diesel fuel
with modified piston. (max CO2 is 3.9 ppm at NP with diesel)
6. The NOx emissions of the B10 and B15 fuel were recorded equal or lower (181 ppm) than the diesel fuel. i.e., the
circular stepped dish type bowl will improve the combustion quality, it leads to complete combustion.
7. The experimental results shown that B15 blend emissions characteristics such as CO, HC and NOxare decreased, and
observed that B15 blend gives energetic results in performance parameter with greater thermal efficiency and lesser
specific fuel consumption when compared to Diesel at both normal and modified pistons.
8. Hence the B15 of Ramtil oil blend was giving best performance than other blends and diesel at both normal and
modified piston.
9.
7 REFERENCES
[1] Sandeep Singh, “Study of various methods of biodiesel production and properties of biodiesel prepared from waste cotton
seed oil and waste mustard oil”, Thesis of M.E. in Thermal Engineering, Thapar University, 2012.
[2] Anh N. Phan, Tan M. Phan, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils.” Fuel 87(17-18):3490-3496, December 2008
[3] Chnadrashekarapua, RamachndraihRajashekar, Tumkur Krishnamurthy Chnadrasekhar, ChebbiyyanUmashankar,
Rajagopal Harish kumar “Studies on effects of combustion chamber pure mathematics and injection pressure on biodiesel
combustion” Transactions of the Canadian society for applied science, volume 36, No 4, 2012
[4] Ahmet Uyumaz. “Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with mustard oil
biodiesel fuel blends at different engine loads.” Fuel 212 (2018) 256-267.
[5] Ravi Kumar.N. Madhava Varma. B, Prasanthi. G and Ganesh. P. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of
Diesel Engine Fuels with Neem Methyl ester Blends. ICME 2014, pp. 9-19.
[6] E. Anitha, Dr. Smt.G. Prasanthi, “experimental investigation on the result of exhaust gas recirculation on performance and
emission characteristics of ICE oil-fired with moringaoleifera oil” International Journal of Trend in analysis and Development
(IJTRD), vol.02, pp318-323 (2015).
[7] Ravi Kumar, MadhavaVarma B, Prasanthi G and Ganesa P. (3): Conducted experiment on “Performance, Combustion and
Emission Analysis of ICE with margosa alkyl radical organic compound Blends” on conference of International Conference
on Environmental Energy and Energy-2014 (ICEE-2014) VOL.1 Issue 1.
[8] Ravi Kumar.N. Madhava Varma. B, Prasanthi. G and Ganesh. P. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of
Diesel Engine Fuels with Neem Methyl ester Blends. ICME 2014, pp. 9-19.

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 623

 © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

[9] U.S. Jyothi, K.Vijaya Kumar Reddy: “effect on performance and combustion characteristics of ICE enriched with chemical
element with varied piston bowl geometry” International Journal of applied science and Technology, volume 6. Issue ten
Gregorian calendar month 2010, pp 39-47
[10] B.Madhava Varma, N. Ravi Kumar and G. Prasanthi. “An experimental investigation of vibration characteristics of
compression ignition engine running with neem methyl ester”.International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical
Engineering (IJAME)Volume 13, Issue 2 pp. 3434 - 3450, September 2016 ©University Malaysia Pahang Publishing.
[11] G. Rajesh, Dr.Smt. G. Prasanthi “Effect of compression ratio on thermal characteristics of VCR diesel engine using
nicotiana
Tabacum L. seed oil methyl ester”. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 3 (2018) 558 - 572 © School
of
Engineering, Taylor’s University.
[12] V. V. Prathibha Bharathi, Dr. G.Prasanthi. “The Influence of Air Swirl on Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel
Engine.” IJRMET Vol. 3, Issue 2, May - Oct 2013.
[13] V.V. Prathibha Bharathi 1 and Dr. Smt.G. Prasanthi. “Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Air Swirl on
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Karanja Biodiesel”. IJERD, Volume 2, Issue 8
(August 2012), PP. 08-13.
[14] Isaac JoshuaRameshLalvani J, Parthasarathy M, Dhinesh B and Annamalai K.” Experimental investigation of
combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a modified piston.” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
29 (10) (2015) 4519~4525.
[15] Vinay Kumar. “Experimental Investigation of Piston Bowl Geometry Effects on Performance and Emissions
Characteristics of Diesel Engine at Variable Injection Pressure and Timings.” International Journal of Ambient Energy, DOI:
10.1080/01430750.2017.1333041, Taylor & Francis (2017).
[16] B. Naveen Kumar, Dr. Smt. G. Prasanthi “experimental investigation of solid combustion chamber (piston bowl) for four
stroke single cylinder DI ICE oil-fired with blends of olive oil”. International Journal of Advance Engineering and analysis
Development, Volume 4, Issue 11, novemner-2017.
[17] AmeyParshuramAmate, Khairnar H.P: “Disquisition on ICE Emissions and Piston Bowl Parameters” International
Advanced Analysis Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2015.
[18] Shaik sadiqali, Dr. Smt. G. Prasanthi. “Experimental investigation of toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (piston
bowl) geometry for four stroke single cylinder di diesel engine fueled with blends of olive oil.”

IJEDR1803105 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 624