FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
WOUND AND BANDAGING
I. Wound – break in the continuity of a tissue either external or internal
A. Classifications:
Ø Closed (Internal)
Ø Open (external)
Ø Explosion
B. Signs and Symptoms:
Ø Pain
Ø Swelling
Ø Dislocation
Ø Hematoma
Ø Uncontrolled restlessness
Ø Thirst
Ø Shock
Ø Vomiting
C. Closed wound:
The types of closed wound are:
Ø Contusions – more commonly known as bruises caused by a blunt force trauma that
damages tissue under the skin
Ø Strained Muscles- over stretching of muscles that have been sufficiently warmed up
(cold muscles)
Ø Sprained Ligament - sudden force causing joint to move beyond its natural range of
movement ex. Break one’s fall at speed during an activity
What to do:
ü R- rest the affected area
ü I – Ice application or cold compression
ü C – Compression over the affected area
ü E – Elevate the affected area above the heart
D. Open wound:
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
The types are:
Ø Abrasion – superficial wounds – which the topmost layer of the skin (epidermis) is
scraped of
Ø Lacerations – are jagged, irregular, or blunt breaks or tears in the soft tissues
Ø Avulsion – forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body
Ø Incised wound – or cuts in boy tissues are commonly caused by knives, metal edges,
broken glass, or other sharp objects commonly cause inched wounds or cuts in body
tissues
Ø Puncture – wounds are caused by a sharp object that penetrates the skin
What to do:
ü Control bleeding – direct pressure, elevation
ü Prevent further contamination of the wound (wound dressing and bandaging)
ü Immobilize the injured part
ü Stabilize any impaled object
E. Fracture:
Ø A medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the
bone. A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or stress or
trivial injury because of certain medical conditions that weaken, the
bones
Types of fracture:
Ø Greenstick
Ø Transverse
Ø Spiral
Ø Comminuted
Ø Compound
Signs and symptoms:
Ø Pain and swelling at the fracture site
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
Ø Tenderness close to the fracture
Ø Paleness and deformity
Ø Loss of pulse below the fracture usually in the extremity
Ø Numbness tingling or paralysis below the fracture
Ø Bleeding or bruising at the site
Ø Weakness and inability to bear weight
What to do:
ü Initial treatment: Splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation
and ice
ü Immobilization will be very helpful with initial pain control
II. Bandage – is a strip of material used mainly to support and immobilize a part of the body
A. Uses:
Ø To support – fractured bone
Ø To immobilize – dislocated shoulder/ jaw
Ø To apply pressure - stop bleeding and improve venous blood flow
Ø To secure a dressing in place
Ø To retain splints in place
B. Principles and procedures for applying Bandages:
Ø Wash hands (Wear gloves as necessary)
Ø Assist victim to assume comfortable position on bed or chair and
support the body part to be bandaged
Ø Always stand in front of the part/victim to be managed except when
applying a bandage to the head, eye, and ear
Ø Be sure the bandage is rolled firm
Ø Make sure the body part to be bandaged is clean and dry
Ø Assess skin before applying bandage for any breakdown
Ø Observe circulation by noting pulse, surface temperature, skin color,
and sensation of the boy part to be wrapped
Ø Always start bandaging from inner to outer aspect and far to near end
Ø When bandaging a joint, ensures flexibility of the joint, (except if
immobilization of joint is required)
Ø Always start and end with two circular turns
Ø Cover the area 2 inches above and 2 inches below the affected area
Ø Overlap turns and slightly stretch the bandage
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
Ø Where possible, leave fingers or toe tips exposed for observation (for
blood circulation)
Ø End the bandage on the outer side of the body. Do not end a bandage
on wound or at the back of the body
III. Types of Bandaging:
1. Triangular:
Ø Could be used on many parts of the body to support and immobilize
2. Crepe bandage
Ø Type of wooden gauze which has the quality of stretching
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
3. Gauze / Cotton Bandage
Ø Lightly wove, cotton material. Frequently used to retain dressings on
wounds of fingers, hands, feet, toes, wyes head
4. Adhesive Bandage
Ø Use to retain dressing and used where application of pressure to an
area is needed
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
IV. Method of Applying Bandages:
1. Circular Turn
Ø Used mainly to anchor bandages and to terminate bandages
How to do it:
Ø Apply the end of the bandage to the part of the body to be bandaged
Ø Encircle the body part a few times or as needed, each turn directly
covering the previous turn
Ø Secure the end of the bandage with tape, metal clips or a safety pin
over an uninjured area
2. Spiral Turn
Ø Used to bandage cylindrical parts of the body that are uniform in circumference,
such as upper arm and upper leg
How to do it:
Ø Make two circular turns to begin the bandage
Ø Continue spiral turn at about a 30-degree angle, each turn overlapping the
preceding one by 2/3 the width of the bandage
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
Ø Terminate the bandage with two circular turns and secure the end as described
for circular turns
3. Spiral Reverse Turn:
Ø Used to bandage cylindrical parts of the body that are not uniform in
circumference such as the lower leg or lower forearm
How to do it:
Ø Begin the bandage with 2 circular turns and bring the bandages upward at about
30-degree angle
Ø Place the thumb of the free hand on the upper edge of the bandage
Ø The thumb will hold the bandage while it is folded on itself
Ø Unroll the bandage about 4-6 inches then turn the hand so that the bandage is
folded down
Ø Continue the bandage around the limb, overlapping each previous turn by 2/3
the width of the bandage
Ø Make each bandage turn at the same position on the limb so that the turns of
the bandage will be aligned
Ø Terminate the bandage with 2 circular turns, and secure the end as described
for circular turns
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
4. Figure of Eight Turn:
Ø Application of bandages on elbows, ankles, and knees
How to do it:
Ø Begin the bandage with 2 circular turns
Ø Carry the bandage above the joint, around it and then below it, making figure
eight , continue above the and below the joint , overlapping the previous turn
by 2/3 the width of the bandage
Ø Terminate the bandage above the joint with 2 circular turns and secure the end
appropriately
5. Head Bandaging:
Ø Used to apply pressure to control hemorrhage from wounds of scalp, or to hold
dressings on wounds of ear or lower scalp
How to do it:
Ø Vertical bandage carried twice forwards and once backwards.
Ø Continue to pass the vertical bandage backwards and forwards, each time a
little to the left and right alternately. Locking it with horizontal bandage
Ø Finally pass horizontal bandage twice around the head and pin in front
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
6. Triangular Bandage to the Head:
How to do it:
Ø Turn the base (largest side) of the bandage up and center as based on center of
the forehead, letting the point apex) fall on the back of the neck
Ø Take the ends behind the head and cross the ends over the apex
Ø Take them over the forehead and tie them
Ø Tuck the apex behind the crossed part of the bandage and or secure it with a
safety pin, if available
7. Triangular bandage Sling:
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
Ø Usually used to relieve tension, and support arm or shoulder injuries with the
use of triangular bandage or any material that does not stretch. Fold, cut, or
tear the material into a triangular shape
How to do it:
Ø Insert the material under the injured arm so that the arm is in the center, the
apex of the sling is beyond the elbow and the top corner of the material is over
the shoulder of the injured sid
Ø Position the forearm so that the hand is slightly higher than the elbow (about a
10-degree angle)
Ø Bring the lower portion of the material over the injure arm so that the bottom
corner goes over the shoulder of the uninjured side
Ø Bring the top corner behind the casualty’s neck
Ø Tie the two corners together so that the knot will not slip. The knot should fit
into the hollow at the side of the neck on the uninjured side
8. Eye Injury and Bandaging:
Ø A penetrating eye injury Is usually caused by a sharp object which has gone in or
is protruding from the eye
Ø Do not touch the eye or any contact lens
Ø Do not allow casually to rub eye
Ø Do not try to remove any object which is penetrating to the eye
Ø Do not apply pressure when bandaging the eye
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
How to do it.
Ø Support casualty’s head to keep it as still as possible
Ø Ask to try to move eyes
Ø Place sterile pad or dressing over injured eye
Ø Ask to hold it in place
Ø Bandage dressing in place, covering injured eye
Ø If penetrating eye injury, lie casualty on back, place pad around object and
bandage in place
Note – If chemical or heat burn, or smoke in eyes, flush with water
9. Ear Bandage:
Ø Used when area of skin on or around the ear that are broken or cut have
potential to become infected
How to do it:
Ø Lay the outer surface of the bandage against forehead and carry the bandage
round the head in one circular turn bandaging away from the inner ear
Ø Towards the sound side, carry the bandage round to the back of the head, low
down in the nape again, repeat these
Ø Each turn being slightly higher than the previous one as it covers the dressing
but slightly over as it covers the hair
Ø Continue until the whole is covered and complete the bandage by one straight
turn around the forehead, pinning where all the turns cross one another, some
people prefer to take the bandage around the forehead between each turn
covering the dressing.
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
10. Jaw Injuries and Bandaging:
Ø Before applying a bandage to a victim’s jaw remove all foreign material from the
victim’s mouth. If unconscious, check for obstruction in the airway
Ø The dressing and bandaging procedure outlined for the jaw serves two-fold
purpose. In addition to stopping the bleeding and protecting the wound, it also
immobilizes a fractures jaw
Ø When applying the bandage, allow the jaw enough freedom to permit passage
of air and drainage from the mouth
How to do it:
Ø Place the bandage under the chin and carry its ends upward. Adjust the
bandage to make one end longer than the other
Ø Take the longer and over the top of the head to meet the short end of the
temple and cross the ends over
Ø Take the ends in opposite directions to the other side of the head and tie them
over the part of the bandage that was applied first
11. Chest Bandaging:
Ø Used to hold dressings on burns or wounds of chest or back
How to do it:
Ø Apex at the shoulder of injured part
Ø Pulled back folded base and secure with square knot at the center indention of the
back
Ø Tie/knot longer end with apex
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
CRAVAT BANDAGE:
• The Cravat is a multipurpose triangular shaped textile that can be used to sling and
support injuries, immobilize fractures and dislocations, or even bandage wounds. The Cravat
easily fits into any first aid kit and is a staple for basic bandaging or splinting. It’s a Non-sterile
muslin bandage
• Includes two safety pins
• Size: 40" x 40" x 56"
Part of Cravat:
1. Apex
2. Base
3. 2 sides
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
Kinds of Knots:
1. Simple knot
2. Square knot
OPEN Phase type of bandage:
1. top of the head
2. Face forburn patient
3. Back of the face
4. Chest (front and back)
5. Arm sling – for fracture
6. Under Arm Sling – for dislocation
7. Hand
Cravat types of bandages:
1. Elbow bandage
2. Knee bandage
3. Ear Injuries
4. Head injury (Jaw/Cheek/Top/Back /Forehead
5. Hand and Foot bandage
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
MIDTERM YEAR SY 2023-2024
NUR 1221- DISASTER NURSING
6. Cravat donut
Prepared by;
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
