LESSON 1 : PHYSICAL Based quantity Symbol S.I.

Unit Symbol
of of
QUANTITIES quantity unit

1.1 Introduction length l metre m

Physics is based on measurement. We discover mass m kilogram kg
physics by learning how to measure the quantities time t second s
that are involved in physics and we call its as electric I ampere A
physical quantities. current
thermodynamic T kelvin K
1.2 The meaning of Physical Quantities temperature
A physical quantity is a physical property of a amount n mole mol
material that can be quantified by measurement. of
Physical quantities are quantities that can be substance
measured.
luminous Iv candela cd
Examples of physical quantities are length, mass,
intensity
time, weight, pressure, current and force.
There four types of the physical quantities,
Derived quantities is he physical quantities which
 Base quantities
were can derived from base quantities by
 Derived quantities multiplication operation or division operation or
 Scalar quantities both
 Vector quantities
There are some examples for derived quantities as
1.3 The units for measuring shown in the following table.
There are two main systems for measuring of the Quantity Sym S.I.Unit Sym In term of
physical quantities. bol of bol base
 Metric unit quan of quantity
 Imperial unit tity unit
Most countries use the Metric System, but in the area A square m2 [length]2
United States, Liberia and Myanmar they use the metre
older Imperial system, volume V cubic m3 [length]3
Several examples of the Metric and Imperial units: metre
speed, v metre m s-1 [length]
Physical Metric units Imperial units velocity per [time]-1
quantity second
Length Millimeters, Inches, feet, density, ρ kilogram kg m-3 [mass]
/Distance centimeters, yards, per cubic [length]3
meters, furlongs, miles metre
kilometers momentum p kilogram kg ms-1 [mass]
Mass/Weight Miligrams , ounces , metre or [length]
grams , pounds , ton per Ns [time]-1
kilograms second
Temperature Celsius, Kelvin Fahrenheit force F kilogram kgm s-2 [mass]
Area Square Square metre or [length]
meter,hectare feet,acres per N [time]-2
Speed/Velocity Kilometers per Miles per hour square
hour (kph) (mph) second
Pressure Newton per Pound per charge Q Ampere As [current]
square meter square inch second [time]
(Pa) (psi) Refractive n No No No
1.4 Base Quantities and Derived Quantities index
Efficiency ƞ No No No
Based quantities is the physical quantities which
are used as the basis for the measurement and can’t
be derived from other physical quantities.
There are seven base quantities as shown in the
following table:

1
1.5 Derived quantities In Term of the based Solution
quantities

Example 1

State the following derived quantities in terms of

the base quantities.
(a) Acceleration
 change of velocity 
 Formula : Acceleration  
 time 
(b) Momentum
(Formula : Momentum = mass x velocity )

(c) Pressure
 force 
 Formula : Pressure  
 area 

Solution

Example 2 1.6 Scalar and Vector quantities

State the base units for the following derived A scalar is any quantity with size (magnitude) but
quantities: without any specified direction.
(a) Force Examples of scalar quantities include mass, time,
(Formula : Force = mass x acceleration ) length, temperature, energy, work, speed and
pressure.
(b) Impulse
(Formula : Impulse = change of momentum) A vector is any quantity with size (magnitude) and
any specified direction.
(c) Work Examples of vector quantities are displacement,
(Formula : Work = force x displacement) weight, force, velocity, acceleration and
momentum

(d) Voltage
 work 
 Formula : Voltage  
 charge 

2
 TUTORIAL 1
1 Which of the following physical quantities is 8 The S.I. base unit for mass is
a base quantity?
A gram B miligram
A Weight C kilogram D mikrogram
B Temperature
C Number of molecules 9 Which of the following physical quantities is
D Brightness of light a base quantity

2 Which quantity is base quantity? A The weight of an astronaut on the

Moon’s surface is 100 N.
A Electric resistance B The velocity of a cyclist rides a bicycle
B Electric energy is 70 km h-1
C Electric charge C The perimeter of a field is 380 m
D Electric current D The power of a lamp is 60 W.

3 Which one of the following is a Metric unit? 10 All derived quantities can be derived from
base quantities by
A Inches
B Miles A addition operation or subtraction
C Yards operation
D Centimetres B addition operation or subtraction
operation or both
4 Which one of the following is an Imperial C multiplication operation or division
unit? operation
D multiplication operation or division
A Kilometer operation or both
B Acre
C Hectare 11 Which quantity is a derived quantity?
D Pascal
A Force B Length
5 Which one of the following is not a SI base C Current D Amount of
unit? substance

A Celsius B Ampere 12 Which of the following is a derived quantity?

C Candela D Mole
A Height B Length
6 Which one of the following pairs of base C Perimeter D Area
quantities is true?
13 Which measuring instrument measures
A Work and mass derived quantity?
B Force and current
C Pressure and temperature
D luminous intensity and amount of
substance

7 Which of the following SI unit is correct for

each quantity?

Quantity SI unit

A Mass Gram (g)

B Time Hour (h)
C Length Centimetre (cm)
D Temperature Kelvin (K) 14 Which one of the following pairs of derived
quantities is true?

3
 Physical S.I. unit
A Density and mass quantity
B Force and current A Area foot squared
C Pressure and temperature B Weight Kilogram
D Weight and potential difference C Power Joules per minute
D Density Kilograms per
15 Which of the following derived quantity has metre cubed
only one base quantity?
22 The kinetic energy , E of a moving object is
A Force B Volume given by
2
C Acceleration D Momentum E=½mv
where m = mass and v = velocity. The
number of the base quantities involve in the
16 Which one of the base quantities is not kinetic energy, E is or are
involve in force?
A 1 B 2
A Length B Time C 3 D 4
C Temperature D Mass
23 A physical quantity is given by
17 Which one of the derived quantities does not M=¾ed2
have unit? where the unit of e is unit kilogram and the
unit of d is metre. The units of M are
A Speed B Area
C Work D Efficiency A kg 2 m B kg - 2 m
C kg m 2 D kg m - 2
18 What is the S.I unit for density?
24 The period of oscillation for an inertial
A g cm3 B g cm-3 balance is given by
C kg m3 D kg m-3
T2= km
where
19 Which pair of physics quantity and SI unit is
T = The period of oscillation and the unit is s
correct?
m = Mass and the unit is kg
k = constant
Physics SI unit
quantity The units of k are
A Electric charge Ampere
B Pressure Newton A kg s2 B kg- 1 s 2
C Mass Kilogramme C kg s D kg- 2 s-1
D Force Joule
25 Which pair of quantities is correct?
20 Which one of the following is true?
Physical Type of S.I. Unit Scalar quantity Vector quantity
quantity physical Has magnitude
quantity A Has magnitude only
-2
only
A Momentum Derived Kg m s Has direction only
quantity B Has magnitude only
o
B Temperature Base quantity C Has magnitude Has magnitude and
C
C Work Derived kg m 2 s-2 only direction
quantity Has magnitude Has direction only
D
D Area Base m2 and direction
quantity
26 Which of the following quantity is a scalar
quantity.

A Volume B Weight
C Force D Acceleration
21 Which of the following pairs of physical 27 Which of the following quantities is a vector
quantities and S.I. units is true? quantity?

4
 A Energy B Power
C Displacement D Pressure 33 The power of a student to run up a stair is
given by the equation
28 Which quantity is a vector quantity?
force x displacement
A Mass B Energy Power 
C Pressure D Force time

29 Which one of the following pairs of vector (a) State the base quantities contain
quantities is true? in the equation above.
.................................................................
A Impulse and area [ 1 mark ]
B Power and pressure (b) Determine the power in term of base
C Mass and velocity quantities.
D Acceleration and weight

30 Which of the physical quantity is a scalar and

also a derived quantity

A mass B speed
C velocity D weight [ 3 marks ]

31 Which measuring instrument measures vector 34 An object of mass, m in a circular orbit of

quantity? radius, r round the Earth of mass, M has the
magnitude gravitational potential energy ,U is
given by the equation
GMm
U
R
Based on the equation,

(a) give one example of

(i) the base quantities
…………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) the derived quantities.
…………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]
(b) (i) State the S.I. units of m ,M , R

32 (a) The current flows through a metal [ 1 mark ]

conductor is defined by the equation
charge ((ii) State the unit of U .
Current 
time [The S.I. unit of U = S.I. unit of
work]
Based on the equation, which of the .
quantities above are

(i)based quantities [ 1 mark ]

......................................................... (c) Determine the S.I. units of G
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) derived quantities
.........................................................
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Determine the S.I. units of charge?

[ 2 marks ]
[ 2 marks ]

5
35 (a) An Everest mountain climber of weight
752N stands at an altitude of 8820 m.
The atmospheric pressure was 250
mmHg, the temperature -21o C , the
wind blows at a speed of 5 km h-1 and
the gravitational acceleration is
9.8 m s-2.
List all the underlined physical
quantities outlined in the table below
Base Derived Scalar Vector
quantity quantity quantity quantity

[ 4 marks ]

(b) State the base S.I. unit for

(i) the atmospheric pressure
…………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) the speed of wind
…………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]

(b) The surrounding temperature in North Pole

at a certain time is - 25o C while the velocity
a car is - 120 km h-1. Between temperature
and velocity which is the scalar quantity and
the vector quantity respectively. What is the
meaning of negative sign for the both
quantities.
[ 4 marks ]

6
LESSON 2 : SCIENTIFIC y is decreased
nonlinearly
INVESTIGATIONS with x

2.1 Interpret the shape of graph to determine Gradient of

the relationship between two variables the graph are
negative and
Graph Relationship In decreases
mathematical y is inversely 1
form proportional to y
x
y is directly y x x
k
proportional or y
to x y = kx or x
y k = xy
Gradient of k y is directly x1y1 = x2y2
x
the graph are proportional
y1 y 2
positive and  1
uniform x1 x 2 to
x

y is increased y = mx + c 2.2 Analyse the graph to get the conclusion of

linearly with the investigation
x
The following are some things to do when plotting
Gradient of a graph:
the graph are
positive and  The title of the graph must be shown.
uniform The axes of the graph must be labelled
y is decreased y = -mx + c with the unit used.
linearly with
x For example:

Gradient of
the graph are
negative and
uniform
y is increased
nonlinearly
with x
 The scale chosen must be easy to use.
Gradient of
For example
the graph are
positive and
Scales such 1:1 , 1:2 , 1:5 ,1:10 ,1:100
increases
are preferred in plotting a graph.
y is increased Odd scales such as 1:3 , 1:4 , 1: 6 ,
nonlinearly 1:7 , 1: 30 should be avoided in plotting
with x a graph.
Gradient of
 Make sure the area covered by the plotted
the graph are
points must not be less than 50% of the
positive and
area of the graph paper.
decreases
y is decreased For example:
nonlinearly
with x

Gradient of
the graph are
negative and
increases

7
 The scale on the axes must be uniform and
clearly marked with value.

For example:  Determine the gradient of the graph

Draw a sufficiently large triangle (at least
8 cm x 8 cm) to calculate the gradient of
the graph.
State value of the gradient with correct
unit.
The gradient of the graph is
y  y1
 All the points are marked with a symbol m 2
such as a cross or circle and the centre of x 2  x1
the cross must accurately positioned. The unit of gradient
Unit on the y - axis
For example =
Unit on the x - axis

Example
 The best straight line or the best curve
graph must be drawn.
The best straight line or the best curve
graph is the line that passes through most
of the points plotted such that it is
balanced by the number of points above
and below the line. The line also must
smooth. .
 Determine area under the graph to
For example represent a certain physical quantity.
Shade the region and determine the shape
of the shaded region and calculate the
area by using the formula of area and
put the correct unit of the area.

Example

 It is not advisable to plot graph by joining

point to point because the graph obtained
is not smooth.

For example  .Determine the certain values from the

graph.
Certain important values can be obtained
from the graph plotted by drawing a
horizontal line or by extrapolating the
graph.

8
Example 1 Solution

A student carries out an experiment to investigate

the relationship between the height, h, of the raised
end of an inclined plane and the acceleration, a, of
a trolley as it moves freely down the inclined plane.
This experiment is carried out using a ticker-timer
and ticker-tape.
The results of this experiment are shown in the
Table 1.

Height,h (m) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Acceleration, 0.24 0.52 0.75 0.99 1.24 1.49
a (m s-2)
Table 1
Based on the data shown in table 1,

(a) Plot the graph a graph acceleration, a against

height, h on the graph paper on page 10.
(b) Based on the graph in page 10,
(i) State the relationship between a and h.

(ii) Determine the value of h when

a = 0.30 m s-2.
(iii) Calculate the gradient, m, of the graph.

(b) The gradient, m, of the graph is given by

g
the formula m  , where g is the
l
gravitational
acceleration and l is the length of the
inclined plane.
In the experiment, l = 2.0 m. Calculate the
value of g.
(c) The student repeats the experiment using
another inclined plane of length, l = 1.5 m.
The raised end of the inclined plane is
fixed at height, h = 0.10 m.
g
Using the formula a  x h and the
l
value of g in (b), calculate the
acceleration, a, of the trolley.

9
 2
10
 Solution
Example 2

A student carries out an experiment to investigate

the relationship between the mass, m, of a load
placed on a spring and the length, l, of the spring.
The student also determines the spring constant, k.

The results of this experiment are shown in the

Table 2.

Mass, 10 20 30 40 50 60
m (g)
Length, 11.5 15.0 20.0 24.0 28.5 32.0
l (cm)
Table 2

(a) Plot the graph a graph mass, m, against the

length, l, on the graph paper on page 12.

(b) Based on your graph in page 12,

(i) State the relationship between l and m

(ii) Determine the value of l when m = 0 g.
(iii) The spring constant, k, is given by the
1
formula k  , where h is the gradient of
h
.
the graph
Calculate the gradient, h, of the
graph and hence determine the value of
k.

(c) Another identical spring is connected in

series to the end of the spring.

The spring constant, k', of the two springs

in series is given by the formula
1 1 1
 
k' k k

Calculate k'.

112
122
2.3 Conduct scientific inquiries and write full Record the time for 20 oscillations by
reports through simple pendulum using a stop watch = t
experiment Calculate the period, T
t
2.3.1. Experiment to investigate the T
20
relationship period of oscillation and Repeat the experiment 5 times by using
length of a pendulum the different length. l , of pendulum.
Inference : Tabulate the data:
The period of oscillation depends on the
length
Length, l ( cm) Period. T (s)
Hypothesis:

As the length increases the period

increases

Aim of the experiment

Analysis the data:
To investigate the relationship period of
oscillation and length of a pendulum Plot the graph T against l
:
Variables of the experiment

Manipulative variable : Length of

pendulum
Responding variable :Period
Constant variable :Amplitude (angle) 2.3.2. Laboratory reports for
of oscillation experiments to determine value
of acceleration due to gravity of
List of apparatus and material ; earth by using a simple
pendulum
Bob, string, retort stand , ruler and stop
watch
Aim of the experiment
Arrangement of apparatus:.
Experiments to determine value of
acceleration due to gravity of earth
by using a simple pendulum

Theory:

The period of oscillation, T for a

simple pendulum is given the
following equation:
l
T  2π
g
Where ,
T = period of oscillation
l = length of pendulum
g = acceleration due to
The method of controlling the manipulated gravity of earth
variable and the method of measuring the
responding variable. Square the both sides of the
equation:
Measure the length of the pendulum by using 4 2 l
a ruler = l T2 
g
Oscillate the pendulum

313
When the graph T2 against l is plotted a Tabulate the data:
straight line graph through origin is
obtained. with the gradient of the graph , Time Time Average Period T2
m is Length for 20 for 20 time for t (s2)
T
4 2 l (cm) oscilla oscilla 20
20
m  tions tions oscilla
g (s)
t1(s) t2(s) tions
4 2 t(s)
hence g  20.0 18.2 18.1 18.15 0,908 0.82
m
30.0 22.1 22.1 22.10 1.105 1.22
List of apparatus and material ; 40.0 25.5 25.6 25.55 1.278 1.63
50.0 28.5 28.3 28.40 1.420 2.02
Bob, string, retort stand , ruler and stop 60,0 31.3 31.2 31.25 1.563 2.44
watch 70.0 33.7 33.6 33.65 1.683 2.83
Analysis the data:
Arrangement of apparatus:.

Procedure of experiment :

Measure the length of the pendulum by Calculation :

using a ruler = l The gradient of graph ,
Start the value of l = 20.0 cm
(3.00  0.40) s 2
Oscillate the pendulum m
Record the time for 20 oscillations by (73  10) cm
using a stop watch = t1 = 0.04127 s2 cm-1
Repeat the experiment one more time 4π 2
with l = 20.0 cm to get the time for 20 g 
oscillations = t2 5 times by using the 0.0394 s 2 cm 1
different length. l , of pendulum. = 956.59 cm s-2
Calculate the average time for 20 = 9.57 m s-2
oscillations , Conclusion :
t t
t 1 2 The value of the acceleration due to gravity
2 obtained from the experiment is 9.57 m s-2
Calculate the period of oscillation
t
T Discussion :
20
Repeat the experiment 5 times with the The value of the acceleration due to gravity
values of l =30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm , 60 obtained is less than from the actual value
cm and 70.0 cm. 9.81 m s-2.
Plot the graph T2 (s2) against l (cm) The difference occurs caused by the following
factors:
- air resistance acted to the bob
- the angle (amplitude) of oscillations is large
-the oscillations do not in one plane

14
4
 TUTORIAL 2
4 Which of the following graphs show that V
1 Ohm’s law states that the voltage , V across a
increases linearly with θ?
metal conductor is directly proportional to the
current , I flows through it if its temperature is
unchanged.. Which of the following graphs
shows the Ohm’s Law?

5 Diagram shows the graph y against x.

2 Hooke’s law is represented by the equation

F = kx .
Where F = force , x = extension and
k = spring constant.
Which statement is true ?
Which of the following graph is correct to
explain the equation.
A x increases, y decreases
B y increases linearly with x
C the gradient of the graph is negative
D the gradient of the graph is decreased

6 Diagram shows the graph P against Q

Which statement is true ?

3 The acceleration, a of an object is inversely A P is inversely proportional to Q
proportional to the mass, m of the object B P increases , Q increases
under constant force. C the gradient of the graph is increased
Which of the following graphs describes the D the gradient of the graph is negative
relationship between a and m .
7 Diagram shows the graph y against x.

515
 The gradient of the graph is 11 Diagram shows the graph P against Q.

A 0.7 B 1.5
C -0.7 D - 1.5

8 Diagram shows the graph speed, v against

time, t.

The equation of the graph is

A P = 20Q + 5 B P = 4Q + 10
C P = -4Q + 20 D P = 20Q - 5
Based on the graph , the unit of the gradient 12 Diagram shows a graph is drawn based on the
of the graph is result from an experiment.
A m B m2 s
C ms2 D ms-2

9 Diagram shows the graph to relate H and K.

Which of the following is not true regarding

to the graph?
The equation of the graph is represnted by
A The topic of the graph is graph Force, F
A H = 6K + 2 B H = 2K + 6 against time, t.
C K = 6H + 2 D K = 2H + 6 B Time, t is the manipulated variable
C The gradient of the graph is 4 Ns-1
10 Diagram shows the graph y against x. D The force is directly proportional to the
time,

13 The graph shows the relationship between

physical quantities W and X.

Which of the following is true?

A y is inversely proportional to x.
B Thr gradient of the graph is 2.
C The x-intercerpt is 10.
D The equation of the graph is y = -2x +10

Which of the following statement is

true?

6 16
 A When X= 4 then W =5 16 The following equation shows the relationship
15 between the image distance, v and the linear
B The gradient of the graph is magnification M for a convex lens
6
C P is inversely proportional to Q
D The equation of the graph is v – 10 = 10 M
15 Which of the following graph v against M
W = 15X +
6 can explains the above equation.
14 The graph shows the relationship between
J and t.

The relationship between J and t is

17 The electromotive force , E of a dry cell is
represented by the equation
given by the formula
m
A J t  m E = V + Ir
n Where V = Voltage , I = current and
m r = internal resistance
B J t  n
n When the graph V against I is plotted, the
m
shape of the graph is shown in diagram
C J  t  m below.
n
m
D J  t  n
n

15 The lens equation is given by the formula

1 1 1
 
f u v
Where f = the focal length of the lens , u =
the object distance and v = the image Which of the following are represented the
distance.. electromotive force, E and the internal
u resistance , r.
Which of the following graph against u
v
can explains the lens equation. E r
` A P T
Q
B T P
Q
C Q T
P
D T Q
P

18 Diagram shows the graph that represents the

Einstein’s equation ,
hf = W + K
where h = = Planck constant , f = frequency
of radiation , W = work function and
K = kinetic energy of photoelectron

7
17
 Which inference is correct?

A Impulsive force depends on velocity of

watermelon.
B Impulsive force depends on time of
impact
C Impulsive force depends on gravitational
force
D Impulsive force depends on height of
watermelon.
Which of the following is true?
W h 22 Diagram shows an investigation about the
A f-intercept gradient of graph stretching of a spring. Babies of different
B gradient of graph f-intercept masses are supported by identical springs.
C K-intercept gradient of graph
D f-intercept K-intercept

19 A student plot a graph for a physical quantity ,

Q on axis-y against a physical quantity ,R
on axis –x
The relationship between Q and R is given by
as Q - aR = b , where a and b are constants.
The gradient of the graph is
Which inference is correct?
a R
A B A Extension of spring depends on diameter
b Q
of spring
C b D a B Extension of spring depends on mass
of baby
20 The resistance R and temperature T for an C Mass of baby depends on diameter of
electric conductor is given as R = r + aT spring
with r as the resistance at 0oC and a is D Mass of spring depends on diameter of
constant. spring
A graph of R against T is shown .
23 Diagram shows a worker pushing a
wheelbarrow on soft ground. He noticed that
the tyre sinks deeper into the ground when the
wheelbarrow is loaded.

Which hypothesis is correct?

What is the resistance ,R of the conductor at a
temperature 60oC ? A As the load increases , the depth of
sinking increases
A 35 B 47 B As the depth of sinking increases , the
C 86 D 93 load increases
C As the force increases , the pressure
21 Diagram shows two identical watermelons are increases
dropped from the same height, h, onto surface D As the pressure increases , the force
A and a surface B respectively. increases

18
8
24 Diagram (a) shows an electromagnet being Variables
used to lift scrap metal. Diagram (b) shows Manipulated Respon Constant
the same electromagnet being used to lift a ding
bigger quantity of scrap metal when the A Potential Resistance
Diameter
current flowing through it is increased. difference of wire
B Current Potential Diameter
difference of wire
C Diameter of Resistance Length of
wire wire
D Resistance Current Length
of wire
27 The following steps are included in
scheduling data except
(a) (b)
Which hypothesis is correct? A Symbols of physical quantity
B Unit of physical quantity
A The bigger the current the bigger C Name of physical quantity
quantity of scrap metal are attached . D Instrument used
B The bigger the current the smaller
quantity of scrap metal are attached . 28 Which of the following is the best way to
C The bigger the current the bigger the tabulate the data
stronger the electromagnet
D The bigger the current the bigger the Voltage 0 5 10 15 20
weaker A (V)
Time 0 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.2
(s)
25 A student conducted an experiment to study
the relationship between temperature and time Time, 2 4 6 8 10
for water in a beaker left to cool. He pours hot B t (s)
water into a beaker and takes time when the Density,ρ 200 500 800 1000 12000
water temperature drops every 5 o C. .In this (kg m-3)
experiment, the variables involved are
Distance 2.5 3.3 4.6 5.8 6.9
Manipulated Responding Constant C d (m)
variable variable variable Period 10.5 15.3 19.8 27.9 36.0
T (s)
A Mass Time Temperature Distance 5.1 8.7 11.6 17.0 18.1
B Time Temperature Mass D u(cm)
C Temperature Time Mass Distance 2.2 5 6.8 9.5 12
D Time Mass Temperature v(cm)

29 Which of the following scales is the most

26 Diagram shows an electric circuit used to suitable to plot a graph?
investigate the relationship between the
resistance and the diameter of a wire. A 1 cm : 3 unit B 1 cm : 5 unit
C 1 cm : 6 unit D 1 cm : 8.8 unit

Which of the following is correct?

19
9
30 Which of the following is the best graph ? 33 Diagram shows a graph of relationship
between wavelength , ,λ and the frequency ,
f.

Which pair is correct?

31 A student carried out and experiment Responding Relationship
involving the following variables.: variable

Manipulated variable : P A λ λ is directly

Responding variable : Q proportional to
Constant variable :R f
B λ λ is inversely
Which of the following graph should be proportional to
drawn? f
C f λ is directly
proportional to
f
D f λ is inversely
proportional to
f

32 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph. The

gradient of the graph represents the
acceleration and the area under the graph
represents the displacement..

Which quantity is the manipulated variable?

A Time B Velocity
C Acceleration D Displacement

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20
34 A student carries out an experiment to The procedure was repeated using water
investigate the relationship between the mass, mass, m = 0.25 kg, 0.30 kg, 0.35 kg and 0.40
m, and the increasingtemperature, ∆T, of kg, as shown in Diagram 25.3, 25.4, 25.5 and
water. The initial temperature is 28 0C.The 25.6.
time taken for water heating is the same.
The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in
Diagram 34.1

Diagram 34.1

At the beginning of the experiment the water Diagram 34.3

mass, m = 0.2 kg is put in a beaker. The initial
temperature of the water, Ti is recorded. The Mass of water, m = 0.25 kg
final temperature of water, Tf is shown in Initial temperature , Ti = 28 0C
Diagram 34.2, Final temperature, Tf = …………….0C
Increasing temperature, ∆T = ……………..0C
The procedure was repeated using water
mass, m = 0.25 kg, 0.30 kg, 0.35 kg and 0.40
kg, as shown in Diagram 34.3, 34.4, 34.5 and
34.6.

Diagram 34.2

Mass of water, m = 0.20 kg

Initial temperature , Ti = 28 0C Diagram 34.4
Final temperature, Tf = …………….0C
Mass of water, m = 0.30 kg
Increasing temperature, ∆T = ……………..0C
Initial temperature , Ti = 28 0C
Final temperature, Tf = …………….0C
Increasing temperature, ∆T =……………..0C

11
21
 (a) For the experiment described , identify:
(i) the manipulated variable.
………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) the responding variable.
………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(iii) the constant variable.
………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 34.2, 34.3, 34.4 .34.5 and
34.6:
(i) Record the final temperature, Tf in the
space provided.
[2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the increasing temperature, ∆T

using the formula
∆T = Tf - Ti
and write down in the space provided
[2 marks]

1
(iii) Tabulate your result for m, , Tf and
Diagram 34.5 m
∆T in the space below.
Mass of water, m = 0.35 kg
Initial temperature , Ti = 28 0C
Final temperature, Tf = …………….0C
Increasing temperature, ∆T = ……………..0C

[3 marks]
(c) On the graph paper on page 23, draw a
1
∆T against
m
[ 5 marks]
Diagram 34.6 (d) Based on your graph in (c) , state the
1
Mass of water, m = 0.40 kg relationship between ∆T and
Initial temperature , Ti = 28 0C m
Final temperature, Tf = …………….0C ………………………………………..
Increasing temperature, ∆T = ……………..0C …………………………………………
[1 mark]

22
12
 1
Graph of ∆T against
m

1323
35 A student carried out an experiment to (iii) With the value obtained in (a) (ii)
investigate the relationship between the and the equation,
elastic spring constant, e, with the period of
oscillation, T, for a spring steel. The student C=4 m
uses a different spring elasticity and recorded calculate the mass of the load, m,
period, T, and set the corresponding mass which is used
load, m, were used.
1
Students then plot the graph of T2 against
e
as in Diagram 35

[4 marks]

(c) State one precaution that should be taken

in the course of this experiment
…………………………………………
[1 mark]
36 Diagram 36.1 and Diagram 36.2 show a
boxer punches the punch-ball with two
different sizes. The big punch-ball vibrates
more slowly than the small punch-ball.

Diagram 35

Based on the graph

Diagram 36.1
(a) What happened to T when e increase
…………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Determine the period of
1
oscillations, T ,where is
e
0.9 kg-1 s-2 On the graph how you
determine T2

[3 marks] Diagram 36.2

(ii) Calculate the gradient of the
graph,C
Show on the graph how you
determine the gradient.

[3 marks] Observe the vibrations of each of the punch-

ball.

24
14
Based on the observations:
State one suitable inference that can be
made.
(a) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
[1 mark]
(b) With the use of apparatus such as spring,
slotted mass and other apparatus ,
describe an experimental framework to
test your hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) In your description, state clearly the
following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment
which include the method of
controlling the manipulated
variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the

[10 marks]

25

15
2