KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

MUMBAI REGION
BRIDGE COURSE FOR CLASS 10
SESSION 2024-25
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
Instructions to teachers:
A few resources are mentioned here which may be helpful in transacting the 30
day Bridge Course. Apart from these, teachers may select other easy and simple
texts either from lower class text books or from library books or any other
authentic material to use as Reading text to enhance the comprehension levels
of the students. The basic features of the discourses may be introduced in the
Bridge Course so that the students become familiar with the construction of the
discourses. This schedule is only suggestive. Teachers are free to make
necessary changes so as to suit the specific needs of their classroom.

I TLO statement 1: Predict the next part of the conversation:

*Target Learning Outcomes:

• Predict the next part of the narration, conversation, description.
• By the end of the lesson students will have practiced the guessing skill.

Instructions for teachers and facilitators:

• Encourage learners to guess the appropriate word or phrase for blank space in the given
sentence.
• Give learners clear instruction as to how to do the activity.
• Provide a clue to lead students to appropriate missing words in the sentence.
• Provide useful sentences for the guessing activity.
• Write ten sentences on the board before the class starts.

Instructions for Students: -

• Read the given sentences carefully.
• Keep trying even if you fail to guess the correct word or phrase.
• Read and re-read the sentence in order to predict the correct word.
• Take help of your teacher whenever you are in doubt.

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Learning Activity:

Hi Lucia

How are you? It was so nice to meet you last week in Sydney at the sales meeting. How was
the rest of your trip? Did you see any kangaroos? I hope you got home to Mexico City OK.

Anyway, I have the documents about the new Berlin offices. We're going to be open in three
months. I moved here from London just last week. They are very nice offices, and the location
is perfect. There are lots of restaurants, cafés and banks in the area. There's also public
transport; we are next to an U-Bahn (that is the name for the metro here). Maybe you can
come and see them one day? I would love to show you Berlin, especially in the winter. You
said you have never seen snow – you will see lots here!

Here's a photo of you and me at the restaurant in Sydney. That was a very fun night!
Remember the singing Englishman? Crazy! Please send me any other photos you have of that
night. Good memories.

Please give me your email address and I will send you the documents.

Bye for now

Mikel

1. Match the place to the sentence.

Place Events
London Mikel and Lucia met here.

Berlin Mikel's new offices are here

Mexico City Mikel used to live here.

Sydney Lucia lives here.

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 2. Decide if the sentences are TRUE / FALSE:
A. Mikel and Lucia were friends from school.
B. They work for a company that sells things.
C. The new offices are in a very good location.
D. There is a metro next to the offices.
E. Mikel has never seen snow before.
F. Mikel and Lucia had dinner together.
G. Mikel doesn't have Lucia's email address.
H. Lucia wants to send Mikel some documents.

II. Read the passage given below:

(Teachers may choose to take up one section of the passage each day)

1. Our planet is getting hotter. Since the Industrial Revolution—an event that spurred
the use of fossil fuels in everything from power plants to transportation—Earth has
warmed by 1 degree Celsius, about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. That may sound
insignificant, but 2023 was the hottest year on record, and all 10 of the hottest years
on record have occurred in the past decade.

2. Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably as synonyms, but
scientists prefer to use “climate change” when describing the complex shifts now
affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems. Climate change encompasses
not only rising average temperatures but also natural disasters, shifting wildlife
habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these changes are emerging
as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and
methane, to the atmosphere.
3. When fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, they change the
chemistry of our atmosphere, allowing sunlight to reach the Earth but preventing
heat from being released into space. This keeps Earth warm, like a greenhouse, and
this warming is known as the greenhouse effect.
4. Carbon dioxide is the most commonly found greenhouse gas and about 75 percent of
all the climate warming pollution in the atmosphere. This gas is a product of
producing and burning oil, gas, and coal. About a quarter of Carbon dioxide also
results from land cleared for timber or agriculture.

5. Methane is another common greenhouse gas. Although it makes up only about 16

percent of emissions, it's roughly 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide and
dissipates more quickly. That means methane can cause a large spark in warming, but
ending methane pollution can also quickly limit the amount of atmospheric warming.
Sources of this gas include agriculture (mostly livestock), leaks from oil and gas
production, and waste from landfills.

6. One of the most concerning impacts of global warming is the effect warmer
temperatures will have on Earth's polar regions and mountain glaciers. The Arctic is
warming four times faster than the rest of the planet. This warming reduces critical
ice habitat and it disrupts the flow of the jet stream, creating more unpredictable
weather patterns around the globe.

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 7. A warmer planet doesn't just raise temperatures. Precipitation is becoming more
extreme as the planet heats. For every degree your thermometer rises, the air holds
about seven percent more moisture. This increase in moisture in the atmosphere can
produce flash floods, more destructive hurricanes, and even paradoxically, stronger
snow storms.
8. The world's leading scientists regularly gather to review the latest research on how
the planet is changing. The result of this review is synthesized in regularly published
reports known as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports.
9. A recent report outlines how disruptive a global rise in temperature can be:

• Coral reefs are now a highly endangered ecosystem. When corals face environmental
stress, such as high heat, they expel their colourful algae and turn a ghostly white, an
effect known as coral bleaching. In this weakened state, they more easily die.
• Trees are increasingly dying from drought, and this mass mortality is reshaping forest
ecosystems.
• Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are making wildfires more
common and more widespread. Research shows they're even moving into the
eastern U.S. where fires have historically been less common.
• Hurricanes are growing more destructive and dumping more rain, an effect that will
result in more damage. Some scientists say we even need to be preparing for Cat 6
storms.

10. Limiting the rising in global warming is theoretically achievable, but politically,
socially, and economically difficult. Those same sources of greenhouse gas emissions
must be limited to reduce warming. For example, oil and gas used to generate
electricity or power industrial manufacturing will need to be replaced by net zero
emission technology like wind and solar power. Transportation, another major
source of emissions, will need to integrate more electric vehicles, public
transportation, and innovative urban design, such as safe bike lanes and walkable
cities.
11. One global warming solution that was once considered far-fetched is now being
taken more seriously: geoengineering. This type of technology relies on manipulating
the Earth's atmosphere to physically block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking
carbon dioxide straight out of the sky.
12. Restoring nature may also help limit warming. Trees, oceans, wetlands, and other
ecosystems help absorb excess carbon—but when they're lost, so too is their
potential to fight climate change. Ultimately, we'll need to adapt to warming
temperatures, building homes to withstand sea level rise for example, or more
efficiently cooling homes during heat waves.

Based on the reading of the paragraphs 1-2 of the above passage answer the following:

1. Find one word

i) to include different types of things
ii) the natural surroundings in which an animal or plant usually lives
iii) starting to exist

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 2. Which part of this sentence is erroneous? Insert the correction in the box next to the
erroneous part.

Indiscriminate human activities have lead to Global warming.

Indiscriminate
human activities
have
lead to
Global warming.

3. Find the relationship between the two statements given below. Choose the options
from i-iv, that is relevant:

Statement I- Since the Industrial Revolution the Earth has warmed by 1 degree
Celsius, about 2 degrees Fahrenheit.

Statement I- 2023 was the hottest year on record, and all 10 of the hottest years on
record have occurred in the past decade.

i) Statement I and II are independent.

ii) Statement II is the effect of Statement I.
iii) Statement I is the effect of Statement II.
iv) Statement I is true but Statement II is incorrect.

4. Fill in the gaps by choosing from the bracket the most suitable option:

i) Industrial revolution is ____________________ (a phenomenon/an event/a

work of fiction)
ii) The rise in the temperature __________________ (affects/effects) the
atmosphere of the earth.
iii) According to Science, human beings were not present on the Earth
_______________ (since/from) the beginning of time.

5. Which of the two sentences are true:

i) Global warming and climate change are synonymous.
ii) Climate change includes global warming and natural disasters.

Based on the reading of the paragraphs 3-5 of the above passage answer the following:

6. Provide the correct Noun/Verb form for the words chosen from the passage:

No Word (Noun form) Word (Verb form)

1 Emission
2 Product
3 dissipates
4 Pollution

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 5 Preventing

7. Say true or false. Write T/F against the statements as your answer:
i) When fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, the chemistry of
our atmosphere remains unchanged.
ii) Carbon dioxide contributes about three quarter of the climate warming
pollution in the atmosphere.
iii) Burning of oil, gas, and coal results in the production of Carbon dioxide.
iv) The amount of atmospheric warming
is unaffected by methane pollution. Yes Robin, and as a result of this,
all human beings will suffer from
8. Choose
Kevin,the
did correct
you knowoption to down
cutting complete the
respiratory diseases.
paragraph given below:
trees and destroying forests lead
to pollution?

Robin was discussing what he studied in his Science class that day with his elder brother
Kevin. He asked Kevin _____________________ cutting down trees ___________
pollution.
Kevin affirmed that he knew and added that as a result of ____________ all human beings
___________ from respiratory diseases.
i) that did he know------leads to--------that-----will suffer
ii) if he knew that--------led to---------that---------would suffer
iii) that does he know that------led to-------that-----will be suffering
iv) if he knows that-------leads to---------this-------will suffer

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Based on the reading of the paragraphs 6-9 of the above passage answer the following:

9. Match the meaning with the words in the passage:

No Meaning Word from

the passage
1 the number of deaths in a given period expel
2 A sudden and severe flood unusually caused heavy rain drought
3 force out unpredictable
4 to interrupt or throw something into disorder Flash-floods
5 a period of dry weather due to lack of rain mortality
6 Cannot be foreseen/likely to change suddenly disrupt

10. Mention in column B which paragraphs can be given the 5 titles given in column A:

S.no Suitable title (A) For paragraphs (B)

1 What is affecting Planet Earth? 1&2
2 What causes global warming?
3 How can we limit global warming?
4 What are the effects of global warming?
5 Revelations from the survey
Write a summary of Para 9 in 40-50 words:
12. Complete the sentences suitably:
i) ______________________________________ may lead to the death of the
coral reef.

ii) As a result of the rising temperatures and changing precipitation wildfires

_______________________________________________.

Based on the reading of the paragraphs 10-12 of the above passage answer the following:

13. Combine the sentences using ‘if/unless’:

i) Limiting the rising in global warming is not achievable. The sources of greenhouse
gas emissions must be limited.
ii) Protect trees, oceans, wetlands, and other ecosystems. Restore nature and in
turn limit global warming.
14. Answer the following questions in 30-40 words:
i) What replacements can lead to the limiting of the Green House gases?

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 ii) Geoengineering involves manipulating the Earth's atmosphere to achieve
what effect?
iii) How can people survive if nature loses its ability to control greenhouse effect?

****************************************
ANSWERS:
A
1. ENCOMPASS, HABITAT, EMERGE
2. LEADS-Led
3. ii
4. i) an event ii) affects iii) since
5. ii

B. 6

No Word (Noun form) Word (Verb form)

1 Emission emit
2 Product produce
3 dissipation dissipates
4 Pollution pollute
5 prevention Preventing

7.
i) When fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, the chemistry of
our atmosphere remains unchanged. F
ii) Carbon dioxide contributes about three quarter of the climate warming
pollution in the atmosphere. T
iii) Burning of oil, gas, and coal results in the production of Carbon dioxide. T
iv) The amount of atmospheric warming is unaffected by methane pollution. F

8. ii
9.
No Meaning Word from
the passage
1 the number of deaths in a given period MORTALITY
2 A sudden and severe flood unusually caused heavy rain FLASH FLOOD
3 force out EXPEL
4 to interrupt or throw something into disorder DISRUPT
5 a period of dry weather due to lack of rain DROUGHT
6 Cannot be foreseen/likely to change suddenly UNPREDICTABLE

10.

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 S.no Suitable title (A) For paragraphs (B)
1 What is affecting Planet Earth? 1&2
2 What causes global warming? 3,4,5
3 How can we limit global warming? 10,11,12
4 What are the effects of global warming? 6,7,8
5 Revelations from the survey 9

11. The global rise in temperature can be quite disruptive. It leads to coral bleaching and
death of coral reef. It results in drought and destruction of forest ecosystems. The
precipitation patterns are hugely affected leading to massive wildfires. Hurricanes
have become stronger leading to heavy rainfall and enormous damage.
12.

i) Coral bleaching due to heating of ocean

iii) Have become more common in the US.

13.

i) Limiting the rising in global warming is not achievable unless the sources of
greenhouse gas emissions are limited.
ii) If we protect trees, oceans, wetlands, and other ecosystems we can restore
nature and in turn limit global warming.
14.
i) Oil and gas used to generate electricity to be replaced by net zero emission
technology like wind and solar power.
ii) Geoengineering involves manipulating the Earth's atmosphere to physically
block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking carbon dioxide straight out of
the sky.
iii) People survive by building homes to withstand sea level rise or more
efficiently cooling homes during heat waves.

III. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

The choices we make on a daily basis—wearing a seatbelt, lifting heavy objects correctly or
purposely staying out of any dangerous situation—can either ensure our safety or bring
about potentially harmful circumstances. You and I need to make a decision that we are
going to get our lives in order. Exercising self-control, self-discipline and establishing
boundaries and borders in our lives are some of the most important things we can do. A life
without discipline is one that’s filled with carelessness.

We can think it is kind of exciting to live life on the edge. We like the image of “Yeah! That’s
me! Living on the edge! Woo-hoo!” It’s become a popular way to look at life. But if you see,
even highways have lines, which provide margins for our safety while we’re driving. If we go
over one side, we’ll go into the ditch. If we cross over the line in the middle, we could get
killed. And we like those lines because they help to keep us safe. Sometimes we don’t even
realize how lines help to keep us safe.

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I’m not proud of this, but for the first 20 years of my life at work, I ignored my limits. I felt
horrible, physically, most of the time. I used to tell myself “I know I have limits and that I’ve
reached them, but I’m going to ignore them and see if or how long I can get by with it.” I ran
to doctors, trying to make myself feel better through pills, vitamins, natural stuff and
anything I could get my hands on. Some of the doctors would tell me, “It’s just stress.” That
just made me mad. I thought stress meant you don’t like what you do or can’t handle life,
and I love what I do. But I kept pushing myself, traveling, doing speaking engagements and
so on— simply exhausting myself. Finally, I understood I was living an unsustainable life and
needed to make some changes in my outlook and lifestyle. You and I don’t have to be like
everyone else or keep up with anyone else. Each of us needs to be exactly the way we are,
and we don’t have to apologize for it. We’re not all alike and we need to find a comfort zone
in which we can enjoy our lives instead of making ourselves sick with an overload of stress
and pressure

On the basis of understanding of the passage, answer the questions that follow:

Q1) Which of the characteristics are apt about the writer in the following context: “I know I
have limits and that I’ve reached them, but I’m going to ignore them and see if or how long
I can get by with it.”?
1. negligent
2. indecisive
3. spontaneous
4. reckless
5. purposeless
6. patient
a) 2 and 5
b) 3 and 6
c) 1 and 4
d) 2 and 3

Q2) The reason why living on the edge has become popular, is because of the
a) constant need for something different.
b) population being much younger.
c) exhausting effort to make changes.
d) strong tendency to stay within our limits.

Q3) The phrase “potentially harmful circumstances” refers to circumstances that can
(a) certainly, be dangerous.
(b) be fairly dangerous.
(c) be possibly dangerous.
(d) seldom be dangerous.

Q4). Choose the option that correctly states the two meanings of ‘outlook’, as used in the
passage.
1. A person’s evaluation of life
2. A person’s experiences in life

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3. A person’s point of view towards life
4. A person’s regrets in life
5. A person’s general attitude to life
a) (1) and (4)
b) (2) and (3)
c) (3) and (5)
d) (4) and (5)
Q5) Choose the option that best captures the central idea of the passage from the given
quotes.
1. It’s all about quality of life and finding a happy balance between work and friends.
2. To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.
3. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
4. Balance is not something you find, it’s something you create.
a) Option (1)
b) Option (2)
c) Option (3)
d) Option (4)

Q6) The author explains the importance of discipline and boundaries in our lives using the
example of
a) road accidents.
b) traffic rules.
c) lines on the highway.
d) safe driving.

Q7) The author attempts to __________________ the readers through this write-up.
a) rebuke
b) question
c) offer aid to
d) offer advice to

Q8) What is the message conveyed in the last paragraph of the passage?
a) Love what you do.
b) Love yourself to love others.
c) Be the best version of yourself.
d) Be yourself

Q9) Which of the following will be the most appropriate title for the passage?
a) Much too soon
b) Enough is enough
c) How much is too much?
d) Have enough to do?

Q10) The author uses colloquial words such as “yeah” and “Woo-hoo!”. Which of the
following is NOT a colloquial word?
a) hooked
b) guy

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c) stuff
d) stress

Q11) Select the option that makes the correct use of “unsustainable”, as used in the passage,
to fill in the blank space.
a) In the long run, the ______ officials followed emergency procedures.
b) Emergency procedures were _______ by the officials.
c) Officials reported an ________ set of events during the emergency.
d) Officials admit that the emergency system is _______ in the longer run.

Q12) What does the author mean when he says, “to get our lives in order”?
a) To resume our lives.
b) To organize our lives.
c) To rebuild our lives.
d) To control our lives.

Answers:
Ans 1) (c) 1 and 4
Ans 2) (a) constant need for something different.
Ans 3) (c) be possibly dangerous
Ans 4) (c) (3) and (5)
Ans 5) (d) Option (4)
Ans 6) (c) lines on the highway.
Ans 7) (d) offer advice to
Ans 8) (c) Be yourself
Ans 9) (c) How much is too much?
Ans 10) (d) stress
Ans 11) (d) Officials admit that the emergency system is __________ in the longer run.
Ans 12) (b) To organize our lives.

IV. Read the unseen passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cataract is the major cause of blindness, which is also caused by damage to the cornea. It
occurs more often in old age. As one starts growing old, the lens of the eye hardens, loses its
transparency and becomes opaque. It obstructs the light rays from entering the eye.

The onset of cataract blurs the vision. Sometimes, the cataract patient sees multiple images
instead of a single object image. Because of the gradual development of cataracts, the
afflicted person loses his/her vision and the world becomes dark to him/her.

The development of cataracts is a complex process. However, the following factors can be
attributed to its formation. Cataracts generally develop in old age but sometimes, children
are born with cataracts because of hereditary defects. Eye injuries too, can cause cataracts.
People exposed to sun rays for longer periods develop cataracts earlier than others.
Researchers opine that the smoke inhaled while smoking carries substances internally
damaging the eyes.

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Ultraviolet radiation, invisible to the human eye, is linked to skin cancer. The victim loses
vision and the world becomes dark to him.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any eight of the following
questions:
(a) What is the major cause of blindness?
(c) Why does the lens of the eye become opaque in old age?
(f) How does cataract affect its victim ultimately?
(d) How does one detect cataract in early stages?
(e) Give any two factors which are responsible for the formation of cataracts.
(i) Find the word from para 1 that means ‘that through which light cannot enter’.
(g) Which type of cancer is caused by ultraviolet radiation?
(b) When does cataract generally occur?
(h) How is smoking responsible for the development of cataract?

Answers
(a) cataract
(c) lens of the eye hardens and loses its transparency.
(f) may lead to complete loss of vision
(d) vision becomes blurred / sees multiple images in place of one. (any one)
(e) eye injury / long exposure of sun rays / hereditary factors (any two)
(i) opaque
(g) skin cancer
(b) old age
(h) smoke when inhaled carries a substance that damages the eye and causes internal harm
to the eye.

V. Read the passage given below:

Then all the windows of the grey wooden house (Miss Hilton used to live here. She expired
last week), were thrown open, a thing I had never seen before.
At the end of the day a sign was nailed on the mango tree: FOR SALE.
Nobody in the street knew Miss Hilton. While she lived, her front gate was always locked and
no one ever saw her leave or saw anybody go in. So, even if you wanted to, you couldn’t feel
sorry and say that you missed Miss Hilton.
When I think of her house I see just two colours. Grey and green. The green of the mango
tree, the grey of the house and the grey of the high iron fence that prevented you from
getting at the mangoes.
If your cricket ball fell in Miss Hilton’s courtyard you never got it back. It wasn’t the mango
season when Miss Hilton died. But we got back about ten or twelve of our cricket balls.
The house was sold and we were prepared to dislike the new owners even before they came.
I think we were a little worried. Already we had one resident of the street who kept on
complaining about us to our parents. He complained that we played cricket on the
pavement; and if we were not playing cricket, he complained that we were making too much
noise anyway.
One afternoon when I came back from school Pal said, ‘‘Is a man and a woman. She pretty
pretty, but he ugly like hell.’’ I didn’t see much. The front gate was open, but the windows
were shut again. I heard a dog barking in an angry way.

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One thing was settled pretty quickly. Whoever these people were, they would never be the
sort of people to complain that we were making noise and disturbing their sleep.
A lot of noise came from the house that night. The radio was going at full volume until
midnight when the radio station closed down. The dog was barking and the man was
shouting. I didn’t hear the woman.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete the statements that
follow:
(a) Nobody went into Miss Hilton’s house because of her front _________.
(b) Her house had only two colours, (i) ______, and (ii) _______.
(c) The high iron fence did not let the boys get __________.
(d) They never got it back if their __________ fell into her courtyard.
(e) The boys were ready to dislike the ____________.
(f) One resident of the street always ___________.
(g) The new owners of Miss Hilton’s house were (i) _______, and (ii) _______.
(h) The man was shouting, the dog was barking, only __________.

Answers
a) gate/door was always locked
b) grey, green
c) at the mangoes/mangoes
d) cricket ball/balls
e) new owners even before they came/ new owners
f) complained about them to their parents/kept on complaining
g) pretty woman, ugly man/man and woman
h) the woman was not heard/woman was silent /unheard / no voice of the woman

VI. Reading Comprehension Practice Questions:

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive
substance on Earth.”Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affects
behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical
called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It
apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry
nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron
firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at
least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and A2.

Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind
to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the
neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would. For many years, caffeine’s effects
have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme
that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their
effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged
periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase
inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioural
stimulation.

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But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production
of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation.
Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants. To
buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al
compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to
dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the
ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to
stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors,
the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of
caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both
regards.

There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between
adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-
1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion.
Snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. The problem
is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with
psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects,
displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and
stimulating it at higher ones.

Based on the Passage, answer the following questions:

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood
(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them
(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems
encountered in the first two
(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it
(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it

2. According to Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine

(A) stimulates behaviour in the mouse and in humans, whereas adenosine stimulates
behaviour in humans only
(B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect
(C) increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases
such concentrations
(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas
adenosine inhibits such release
(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase when there is a
sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing

3. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX, Snyder et al contended that it is

not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have
(A) mixed effects in the brain
(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
(C) close structural relationships with caffeine

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(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion
(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain

4. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors
in the brain EXCEPT
(A) IBMX
(B) caffeine
(C) adenosine
(D) theophylline
(E) phosphodiesterase

5. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors can be at least
partially attributed to which of the following?
(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase
(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine
(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters
(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain
VII. TLO statement 2: Summarize a story, informative speech, Letter writing,
Analytical paragraph
Activity No. 2

Instructions for teachers /facilitators:

• Explain to the students about summarizing.
• Facilitate with the skills.
• Give them useful ideas of summarizing.
• Explain to them how to highlight the main points.
• Motivate the learners to summarize the speech.

Instructions for Students:

• Read through the original text to understand its overall meaning
• Capture the main points of the text by highlighting it.
• Note down important details.
• Without the original text rewrite your notes in your words by linking together the
points.
• Use headings or subheadings properly.
• Re-read your summary to make sure that you have not lost the overall points of the
original information.

16 | P a g e
Learning Activity:
Read the given speech and summarize it.

Importance of Education in the Life of a Student:

Honourable chief guest, headmaster of our school, and my dear friends; today I am going
to speak on the importance of education in our life. Education is one of the most important
and mandatory elements in the life of a student. It helps the students to do analysis while
making important decisions in life. Education is essential for a student because after being
educated enough, a student will be able to select a good career option for them. So that
they can succeed in life with the help of education. A good career provides the students
financial freedom and support along with mental satisfaction.
The Education of the students helps them in improving their communication skills. For
instance, their speech, body language, and many other elements present in the
communication system. Education helps the students in using technology in a better way
in this era of rapid technological development and transformation.
As we all know that education is the key element of everyone’s life today. Education has
the value that helps in making people valuable and full of knowledge. Education is
necessary for the growth of life for everyone. It has the same value for everyone equally.
Everyone has the right to learn. Without education, life can become so difficult and hard to
survive. Thus, education plays a vital role in our life.
Thank you

VIII. Complete the following writing tasks in 100-120 words:

1. You are Kavita Khanna, a resident of 50-C, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi. Write a letter to
the editor of ‘India Today’, magazine about the article on ‘Ban Poly Bags’ published
in the latest edition.
2. Write a letter to the editor of an English daily, making a plea to the common people
to switch over to solar energy to conserve electricity and limit electricity bills. (Board
2014, Set PRE2N18)

IX. Given below is a graph showing birth and death rates in a country from 1901 to 2101.
Write an analytical paragraph (100-120 words).

17 | P a g e
Answer:
The graph shows birth and death rates starting from 1901 till 2101. Since 1901, the birth rate
has remained more than the death rate until 2041. Birth rate was 20000 in 1901 and started
increasing gradually. It peaked in 1961 at around 65000. From 1961, the birth rate has
fluctuated multiple times between 50000 and 60000. It is expected to decline for the coming
years reaching approximately 42000 by 2101.

On the other hand, the death rate stood at around 10000 in 1901 and then has increased
steadily. It is expected to rise strikingly from 2021 before levelling off to approximately 60000
between 2061 and 2081. The graph indicates a slight decline in deaths in the year 2101.The
graph shows the huge gap between birth rate and death during 1961 to 2001. However, this
gap is expected to reduce in the later years. Overall, as opposed to the prevailing trends, the
death rate will be more than the birth rate in the latter half of the 21st century.

Solved Activity:
Importance of sports

Honourable chief guest, headmaster of our school, and my dear friends; today I am going to speak
on the importance of sports.

If you observe some people, then you will notice that human life is a series
of tension and problems. Also, they have a variety of concerns relating to their life. Sport is
something that makes us free from these troubles, concerns, and tensions. Moreover, they are
an essential part of life who believe in life are able to face the problems. They help in the proper
operation of various organs of the body. Furthermore, they refresh our mind, and the body feels
re-energized.

It also makes muscles strong and keeps them in good shape. In schools and colleges, they consider
sports as an important part of education. Also, they organize sports competitions of different
kinds. In schools, they organize annual sports events. And on a daily basis, they have a specific
period for sports and games. In this period teachers teach them the ways to play different sports
and games. These sports and games teach students new things, and they have a bond with them.
In addition, sports help them develop self-confidence and courage. Also, they become active and
swift and success fills them with motivation and eagerness. In this way games are very important
in our life.
Thank you.

Summarizing-
Sports are very important in our life. It makes us healthy and fit. It keeps away any diseases and
ailments. We can also choose sports as our career. It makes us tension free. It helps to develop
our confidence. It makes our muscles strong. Sports make our life happy.

18 | P a g e
X. TLO statement 3: Reflect on what is heard / presented Activity 3

Target Reflect on what is heard / presented

Learning
Outcomes/
Competency
Statement
Instructions for Teachers/ facilitators …...
teachers/
o Make the learners to read the story and present it.
facilitators
o Encourage learners to participate in storytelling.
o Help learners in different activities.
o Make the learners reflect on their presentation and write their
experience in notebooks.
Instructions for o Listen carefully all the instructions
students o Read the story silently and present it with proper intonation.
o Reflect over storytelling and write your experience in your
notebooks.

Learning Activity:
Activities Read the story given below and 'retell’ the same in your mother tongue.
When you 'retell' a story, you tell it using your style and not translate it
word by word.

Honesty

Honesty is always telling the truth. It is about being trustworthy and

loyal. There are many ways to show honesty.

Manav was the classroom's money collector for special events.

Whenever the classroom did a collection and gathered money, the class
trusted Manav to do it. If he found a penny on the ground, he tried to
find the owner. He wouldn't take a cent that wasn't his! Manav was very
honest.

Meena always told the truth, no matter what. She wouldn't even lie
when an oppressor wanted her to lie about what she'd seen her do! All
of Meena's friends wouldn't let anything happen to her, either. They all
loved Meena being so honest.

Story by Andrew Frinkle

19 | P a g e
XI. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of modals.

1. Rachel _____ have brought the bicycle, but she didn’t have enough money.
(could/should)
2. This is a hospital, and you ______ not talk loudly here. (must/could)
3. Uma ____ apply for the job she got in London. (might/would)
4. Yusuf ____ speak fluent French when they used to stay in Paris. (must/could)
5. Take the raincoat as it _____ rain later. (might/would)
6. You _____ visit the doctor immediately as your symptoms are quite severe. (must/
can)
7. _____ you give me a bottle of water? My throat is parched. (could/shall)
8. I ____ like to talk about the great freedom fighters on Independence Day.
(would/must)
9. One ___ help the old and needy people. (ought to/can)
10. ____ you like some sweets that I made yesterday? (would/can)

Answers:

1. Rachel could have brought the bicycle, but she didn’t have enough money.
(could/should)
2. This is a hospital, and you must not talk loudly here. (must/could)
3. Uma might apply for the job she got in London. (might/would)
4. Yusuf could speak fluent French when they used to stay in Paris. (must/could)
5. Take the raincoat as it might rain later. (might/would)
6. You must visit the doctor immediately as your symptoms are quite severe. (must/
can)
7. Could you give me a bottle of water? My throat is parched. (could/shall)
8. I would like to talk about the great freedom fighters on Independence Day.
(would/must)
9. One ought to help the old and needy people. (ought to/can)
10. Would you like some sweets that I made yesterday? (would/can)

XII. Change as directed:

Change them into reported speech- With Teacher’s help:

1. Mimi said, “I have been writing this letter.”

2. I said, “Sam’s driving the car.”
3. My uncle said, “I am cooking lunch.”
4. My brother said, “I had already eaten.”
5. The old lady said to the girl, “Where do you come from?”
6. Jon said, “I like to play rugby.”
7. My mother said, “I get up early every morning.”
8. The maths teacher said, “Three divided by three is one.”
9. Mohit said, “Switzerland is a very beautiful country.”
10. Ruben said, “It is very cold outside.”

20 | P a g e
 Change them into reported speech- Independently:

11. The teacher said, “The French Revolution took place in 1789.”
12. Uma said, “I saw a Royal Bengal Tiger in the zoo.”
13. Luke said, “I can do this homework.”
14. Aswini said to her mother, “I have passed the test”.
15. Daphne said to Antony, “I will go to London tomorrow.”
16. The boy said, “My father is sleeping.”
17. The traffic police said to us, “Where are you going?”
18. The man shouted, “Let me go.”
19. Shivina said, “Alas! I am lost.”
20. “I know her contact number,” said Helena.

Answers

1. Mimi said that she had been writing that letter.

2. I said that Sam was driving the car.
3. My uncle said that he was cooking lunch.
4. My brother said that he had already eaten.
5. The old lady asked the girl where she came from.
6. Jon said that he likes to play rugby.
7. My mother said that she gets up early every morning.
8. The maths teacher said that three divided by three is one.
9. Mohit said that Switzerland was a very beautiful country.
10. Ruben said that it was very cold outside.
11. The teacher said that the French Revolution took place in 1789.
12. Uma said that she saw a Royal Bengal Tiger in the zoo.
13. Luke said that he could do that homework.
14. Aswini told her mother that she had passed the test.
15. Daphne informed Antony that she would go to London the next day.
16. The boy said that his father was sleeping.
17. The traffic police asked us where we were going.
18. The man shouted to them to let him go.
19. Shivina exclaimed sadly that she was lost.
20. Helena said that she knew her contact number.

XIII. Identify the errors and change them:

i) Read the following sentences below and make changes wherever necessary.

There was a hermit who live in a cave far away from the village. He was known to has magical
healing powers. So whenever anyone fall sick, the hermit used to treat them with his
medicine. People form far and wide came to met him. The hermit also was consider to be
wise. Peoples in the village went to him to ask for advice in various matters and always come
back satisfied.

Answers:

21 | P a g e
There was a hermit who lived in a cave far away from the village. He
was known to have magical healing powers. So whenever anyone fell sick the hermit used
to treat them with his medicine. People from far and wide came to meet him. The
hermit was also considered to be wise. People in the village went to him to ask for
advice about various matters and always came back satisfied.

ii) Read the paragraph below and identify the words that are incorrect and correct them.
One of a famous wonders of the world is the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal was build by the
famous Mughal ruler Shah Jahan for her wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is situated on
Agra. The monument is in the right bank of river Yamuna. The entire monument is make up
of ivory-white marble. Shah Jahan commissioned this monument in a year 1631. The
construction of this monument took 10 year to complete.

Answers:
One of the famous wonders of the world is the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal was built by the
famous Mughal ruler Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is
situated in Agra. The monument is on the right bank of river Yamuna. The entire monument
is made up of ivory-white marble. Shah Jahan commissioned this monument in the year
1631. The construction of this monument took 10 years to complete.

**************************************************************************

22 | P a g e
 As Per Revised
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2024-25
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