Reading and Writing Skills

(READWRI)

Week 1
Topic 1: Text as a Connected Discourse
(In-class Presentation)

Mary Abigail C. Marasigan

Lecturer

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

In-Class Agenda:
1. Introduction (20 mins.)
2. First Period / Lecture/Discussion/Class Activity (60 mins.)
3. Break (20 mins.)
4. Second Period / Lecture/Discussion/Class Activity (60 mins.)
5. Wrapping-up (20 mins.)

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Introduction (20 mins.)

Check-in / Housekeeping
➤ Attendance
➤ Checking-in
➤ Announcements and Reminders
➤ Short prayer Co

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

First Period (60 mins.)

Lecture/Discussion/Class Activity

Intended Outcomes:
➤Differentiate a text from discourse.
➤ Explain the importance of connecting words for a variety of writing styles.
➤ Assess the impact of coherence-enhanced writing on reader comprehension.
➤ Apply coherence in writing.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Coverage: Purposes in Using

04 Connecting Words for a
Variety of Writing Styles

03 Coherence: Transition
between Ideas

Characteristics of a
02 Connected Discourse

Difference between
01 Text and Discourse

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

GUIDE
QUESTIONS

What is the purpose of

using connecting words
01 for a variety of writing
styles?

02 What makes a text a

connected discourse?

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Difference between Text and Discourse

Text- is generally considered as

written material, especially longer
pieces of writing as in a book, a letter
or a newspaper.

Discourse - is generally regarded as

spoken

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

DISCOURSE
❑ Utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and
conversation
❑ An extended expression of thoughts or ideas
❑ The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not
have a particular structure.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

TEXT
❑ A large unit of written language
❑ A group of ideas put together to make a point or
one central idea
❑ Has a structure which requires the ideas in the
discourse to be relevant to each other
❑ An actually connected discourse

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

TEXT DISCOURSE

A text is made up of sentences A discourse is made up of

having the property of
01 01 utterances having the property
grammatical cohesion. of coherence.

Text is defines in terms of its 02 02 Discourse is viewed as a

being a physical product. process.

Meaning is derived through

Meaning is not found in 03 03
the reader’s interaction
text with the text.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

QUALITIES OF A TEXT

Jorgensen and Phillips put forth the qualities of a text as:

✔ Cohesion. The parts are connected
✔ Coherence. The overall text has meaning.
✔ Intentionality. The writer’s attitude and purpose can be discerned.
✔ Acceptability. The text is recognized.
✔ Informativity. There is quantity of new or expected information.
✔ Situationality. The text’s topic is situationally and culturally appropriate.
✔ Intertextuality. The text can be linked to preceding discourse.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Text as a connected discourse...

❖ Written text is also described as written

discourse, especially when a simple
analysis of it reveals that it is connected
discourse, e.g. it uses cohesive devices,
connectives, conjunctions, and repetitions.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Written text acquires the CHARACTERISTICS OF

CONNECTED DISCOURSE when:

There is use of repetition,

There is logical
Its ideas are linked reference, conjunctions,
organization and
logically connectives, and other
development of the theme
transitional devices

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

1. Its ideas are linked logically.

CONNECTIVES FOR LISTING ARGUMENTS
Steps to Make a Logical Division of Idea
✔ Firstly – this can be used for the first supporting argument.
Paragraph: ✔ Secondly, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition – these can be
1. Begin a logical division paragraph with a topic used for any further supporting arguments (except, of course, for
sentence. “Secondly” which can only be used for the second)
✔ Finally – this can be used for the last supporting argument. (Note:
2. In the supporting sentences, discuss each point This is not a concluding connective and also you can use
one after the other. :Furthermore”, “Moreover”, or “In addition” for the last
argument if you wish.)
3. Introduce each new point with a signal word or
phrase. CONCLUDING CONNECTIVES
In conclusion, in summary, thus – these all carry roughly the
4. Support each point with a convincing detail same meaning. They should be used to indicate that you are
such as an example or a statistic (number, making final statements that cover all the supporting
amounts, percentage, etc.) arguments in a very general way.
5. End a logical division paragraph with a
concluding sentence.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

❑ IN FACT/INDEED - These two connectives have almost the same

meaning and both can be used in the following situations:
IN FACT INDEED
To connect a more detailed statement To connect a statement which is more factual
with a preceding general statement. and exact with a preceding statement that is
more debatable and general.
Example: Today is very warm. In fact (or Example: The internet is very popular in
indeed) it is 35 degrees Celsius. Australia. Indeed (or In fact), Australia has the
highest proportion of Internet users per head of
population of any country in the world.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

2. There is logical organization 3. There is use of repetition,

and development of the theme. reference, conjunctions,
connectives and other transitional
devices.
In considering the logical
organization of a discourse, consider Connected discourse flows smoothly
its central theme. and easily from one sentence and paragraph to
A central theme is the key, the another, clarifying the relationships among
core, the significant message of a ideas and thus allowing the reader to grasp
reading selection. connections.
Because incoherent writing fails to do
this, it confuses and sometimes, even irritates,
the reader.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

COHERENCE: TRANSITION BETWEEN IDEAS

❖ There are four basic mechanical

considerations in providing transitions
between ideas:

✔ Using transitional expressions

✔ Repeating key words and phrases
✔ Using pronoun reference
✔ Using parallel form

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse
1. COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS 3. SUBORDINATE
2. CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS ❖ Join ideas together
❖ Join ideas together that are
❖ Always work in pairs ❖ Are used to give equal dependent on each other.
❖ Either-or, both-and, emphasis to a pair of main ❖ After, although, as if, because, before,
neither-nor, not only-but clauses if, since, though, until, when, while,
also ❖ Use the mnemonic “FANBOYS” that, as soon as, every time, even
to memorize coordinating though, in case, once, since, so that,
❖ Examples: I will either go unless, whenever, etc.
conjunctions.
for a hike or stay home and ✔ As soon as the alarm goes off, I hit the
❖ For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So snooze button.
watch TV. ❖ Example: Princess wanted to ✔ “Adelyn begins to sneeze whenever she
❖ Daniella is neither polite eat another piece of cake, but opens the window to get a breath of
nor funny. she was on a diet. fresh air.

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

10 Minutes
20 Minutes
30 Minutes
2O Minutes 40 Minutes

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

• To add a statement or • To show cause and

13 PURPOSES effect
viewpoint
IN USING • To show similarity • To prove a point
CONNECTING • To contrast • To give an example of
• To express an alternative an earlier point of view
WORDS • To repeat, insist on or
• To make a concession
FOR A • To place statement in a refer back to an earlier
VARIETY OF particular context point of view.
WRITING • To place a statement in a • To emphasize when
timely fashion. adding a conditional
STYLES statement

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

1. To add to a statement or viewpoint

EXAMPLES:
✔ Equally important ✔ In general
✔ Finally ✔ More specifically
✔ further ✔ No matter what
✔ but also
✔ in fact
✔ another way to
✔ Besides

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

2. To show similarity

EXAMPLES:

✔ Similarly
✔ Likewise
✔ in the same way
✔ such as
✔ in other words
✔ at the same time
✔ for the same reason

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

1. To contrast

EXAMPLES:
✔ However ✔ In contrast
✔ Nevertheless ✔ Nonetheless
✔ Rather ✔ Regardless
✔ But ✔ In any case
✔ Yet ✔ Even
✔ On the other hand ✔ Despite this
✔ Meanwhile
✔ Otherwise

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

4. To express an alternative

EXAMPLES:

✔ Or
✔ Either...or
✔ Whether
✔ Conversely
✔ This can be relevant in at least two...
✔ Firstly...Secondly

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

5. To make a concession
EXAMPLES:

EXAMPLES: ✔ In this connection

✔ From this perspective
✔ Granted
✔ From this viewpoint/standpoint
✔ Naturally
✔ So conceptually
✔ Of course
✔ One could argue

6. To place statement in a particular context

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

7. To place a statement in a timely fashion

EXAMPLES:
✔ Previously ✔ In contrast
✔ Before this ✔ Nonetheless
✔ Regardless
✔ In any case
✔ Even
✔ Despite this

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

8. To show cause and effect

EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES: ✔ Because
✔ As a result ✔ Thus ✔ Evidently
✔ Consequently ✔ Moreover ✔ In fact
✔ As a consequence ✔ That is why ✔ Considering in
✔ Hence ✔ More importantly
✔ Due to ✔ Increasingly
✔ In view of ✔ Above all...
✔ Therefore
9. To prove a point

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

10. To give an example of an earlier point of view

EXAMPLES:

✔ For instance ✔ That is

✔ In this case ✔ As shown by
✔ To illustrate ✔ As expressed by
✔ As an illustration ✔ To take another example
✔ Namely

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

11. To repeat, insist on, or refer back to an earlier point of view

EXAMPLES:

✔ As previously mentioned
✔ As I have said
✔ In brief
✔ As I have noted...

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

12. To emphasize when adding a conditional statement

EXAMPLES:

✔ Indeed ✔ In accordance
✔ Obviously ✔ According to
✔ Apparently ✔ Otherwise
✔ Accordingly ✔ As far as...
✔ Without a doubt
✔ Certainly

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Week 2: Topic 2 – Text as a Connected Discourse

13. To conclude a paragraph or an essay

EXAMPLES:

✔ Thus ✔ As I have shown

✔ Lastly ✔ As I have said
✔ In brief ✔ In summary
✔ In short ✔ To summarize
✔ On the whole ✔ Ultimately
✔ To sum up
✔ To conclude
✔ In conclusion

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse
02
QUESTION
TEXT
WHAT becomes a
MAKES CONNECTED
A TEXT
DICOURSE
A
CONNECTED when we
DISCOURSE?
READ

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Feedback on Pre-Class Exercise

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Visit Google Classroom for Reading and Writing Skills

and answer
Class Activity #1

Good Luck!

30 Minutes

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Wrapping-up (20 mins.)

Lesson Summary
Assignment for Week 2
➤ Review previous topics
➤ Complete pre-class exercises
Reminders
Reflection

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse
References:

Textbooks:
1. Marque, G., Quinones, T., & Mambiar, L. C. (2021)Reading
and Writing Skills for Senior Highschool. Indepently
Published
Electronic References:
1. https://www.teacherph.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/MELCS-FIN
AL-TEACHERPH.COM_.pdf
2. https://www.slideshare.net/EjeSeastres/reading-and-writing-skills-text
-as-a-discourse-introduction
3. file:///C:/Users/ACCESS/Downloads/ilide.info-lesson-1-text-as-connec
ted-discourse-pr_1a41723bad7c4027d0471a82d7bf1434.pdf

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Week 1: Topic 1 – Text as a Connected Discourse

Keeping in touch:

➤ Google classroom

➤ Fb Group Messenger

➤ Send email via Learning

➤Management System

SEE YOU NEXT MEETING!

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