SYLLABUS 2024-25
Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical
equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement,
double displacement, precipitation, endothermic exothermic reactions, oxidation and
reduction.
Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH– ions, General properties,
examples and uses, neutralisation, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to
logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of
Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of
Paris.
Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals
Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and properties of
ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its prevention.
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous
series. Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups
(halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between
saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of
carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction).
Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.
Unit II: World of Living
Chapter 5: Life Processes
‘Living Being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in
plants and animals.
Chapter 6: Control and Coordination in Animals and Plants
‘Tropic movements in plants; Introduction of plant hormones; Control and co-
ordination in animals: Nervous system; Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action;
Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.
Chapter 7: Reproduction
Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health-need
and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women’s
health.
Chapter 8: Heredity
Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex determination:
brief introduction.
Unit III: Natural Phenomena
Chapter 9: Light – Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre
of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation
not required), magnification. Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens
formula (Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens.
Chapter 10: The Human Eye and the Colourful World
Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections,
applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light,
applications in daily life.
Unit IV: Effects of Current
Chapter 11: Electricity
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance,
Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series
combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in
daily life. Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric
power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Chapter 12: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to
current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s
Left Hand Rule, Direct current. Alternating current: frequency of AC. Advantage of
AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.
Unit V: Natural Resources
Chapter 13: Our Environment
Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and
their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.
