NOTE: Arthropods belong to a phylum that includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, etc.
(organisms that have an exoskeleton)
1
2
NOTE: The cow and an egret can potentially exhibit mutualism if the egret feeds
On ticks from the cow’s back and presents harm from coming to the cow.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
NOTE: Tannins are considered secondary indirect excretory substances from plants.
20
21
22
23
NOTE: Layer III
Is known as the
Basal epidermal
layer
And contains cells
Called
melanocytes,
Which produce
melanin.
24
NOTE: “Locus” refers to the position on the chromosome where a gene/allele is positioned.
25
26
NOTE: I has a deep nectary
And petals.
II has long stamens and
Large anthers, most likely
Indicative of producing
A great amount of pollen.
27
28
29
30
NOTE: A variant to this question would list “Vasectomy/Cutting of sperm duct” instead of
Tubal ligation.
31
NOTE: “A” and “a”
denotes
That two different alleles
Are positioned on each
locus.
32
33
34
35
NOTE: Histones are protein compounds found in DNA. Histamines are compounds that
Produce inflammatory responses in humans (e.g. allergies)
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
NOTE: Vaccines produce long-term immunity and are preventative measures rather
Than treatments (such as a serum – artificial passive)
45
46
47
NOTE: While looking at a distant object, the lens becomes thinner, the ciliary muscles
Relax and the suspensory ligaments tighten.
48
49
50
NOTE: Both P and S have 4 pairs of legs.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
NOTE: Bacteria are prokaryotes, which mean that
They do not have a true nucleus.
Amoeba are protists, which mean that they have a
True nucleus and have membrane-bound
organelles.
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
NOTE: Adjectives involving organs/vessels include:
Hepatic (liver), Renal (kidney), Gastric (stomach), Cardiac/Coronary (heart),
Pulmonary (lung), Cranial/Carotid (head/brain), Mesenteric (intestines)
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Note: If the responses said dark and moist, A would also be an option.
78
79
NOTE: The medulla is involved with involuntary actions (e.g. reflexes, blinking, breathing).
80
81
NOTE: Alcohol is likely to inhibit/suppress the release of ADH. This means that water in
The collecting duct of the nephrons is not reabsorbed at a great rate into the body. As a
Result, more urine is sent to the bladder and more water is lost from the body.
82
83
NOTE: Short sightedness
Occurs when the lens is
Too thick and the rays
Converge at a point before
The retina.
The rays are supposed to be
Diverging from the concave
Lens. However, there may
Be an error on how it is
Depicted in this particular
Question.
84
85
NOTE: There are incorrect earlier iterations of this question. This version is Jan 2022.
86
NOTE: This is a variant of the previous question
87
(asexual reproduction)
88
89
90
Oestrogen repairs the uterus lining after menstruation. Progesterone maintains the thickness of
the uterus lining and allows proliferation of the cells.
(oestrogen) (progesterone)
91
92
93
NOTE: After fertilization, the ovules become seeds and the ovary becomes the fruit.
94
95
96
NOTE: Mutations also result in genetic variation.
97
98
NOTE: MEIOSIS is only used to form gametes. MITOSIS forms non-gamete cells (SOMATIC)
and are involved in the development of the zygote/embryo/foetus after fertilization.
99
100
NOTE: Codominance would not result in the ‘pink’ colour. That would be incomplete
dominance, which causes the incomplete expression of one of the alleles.
101
102
Note: C is viable as well, if we take into account non-nutrition products like wool.
But since the question specifically referenced food, B seems safer.
103
104
NOTE: Temporal isolation refers to the organisms not being able to reproduce because
They either mature at different seasons, or are active at different times of the day.
105
106
107
NOTE: The stimulus with greater effect demonstrated involved moisture, even though
darkness was observed to cause migration as well.
108
NOTE: No phototropism has occurred, and the plant still has its shoot tip.
109
110
NOTE: After the
Damage to blood
vessels,
prothrombin is
converted
to thrombin in the
presence of
thrombokinase.
This, along with Ca2+
ions, allows the
conversion
of soluble fibrinogen
into insoluble fibrin,
which acts
as a mesh to trap
red blood cells.
111
NOTE: The pH of the stomach is approximately 2, and is this denatures salivary amylase
But allows pepsin to work at optimum efficiency to digest proteins into polypeptides and
Amino acids.
112
113
NOTE: Enzymes are made out of proteins and lower the activation energy needed for reactions.
They are specific and all enzymes only allow a single type of substrate to attach to its active
Site.
114
NOTE: The liver secretes CATALASE, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into
Hydrogen and oxygen. However, both of these are not involved in the breakdown
Of food.
115
116
117
118
Glucagon is a hormone released by the
Pancreas that targets the liver, which
Allows it convert glycogen into glucose to
RAISE blood glucose level.
119
120
121
122
123
124
NOTE: The bicuspid valve
Is located between the
Left atrium and ventricle.
The tricuspid valve is
Located between the
Right atrium and ventricle.
The semilunar valves (aortic
and pulmonary) are located
In regions higher up.
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
NOTE: The cytoplasm and cell
membrane receded
From the cell wall, because it LOST
water to its
Environment (plasmolysis).
135
136
137
138
NOTE: Following absorption of nutrients into the
Blood via the villi, the digested food flows into the liver
Through the hepatic portal vein in order to be
filtered. Some nutrients are also stored in the liver (e.g.
Glycogen)
139
140
Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of
which vitamin?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D
141
142
NOTE: The blind spot has no photoreceptors and thus detect an image. 143
NOTE: The filtrate, which contains
urea, water, salts, glucose, amino
acids etc. becomes more and
more concentrated as
useful substances are
reabsorbed into the blood.
144
NOTE: Limewater tests for
The presence of CO2,
While soda lime absorbs
CO2 from the air coming
into the apparatus.
145
146
147
148
149
150
Note: Disputable question. But Vitamin C (as well as D) do aid in absorption in intestinal
calcium.
151
152
153
154
NOTE: After ovulation,
the ruptured
follicle becomes a
CORPUS LUTEUM,
which releases
progesterone to
thicken the uterus
wall for
implantation of the
egg.
155
156
NOTE: Vaccines are artificial methods of attaining immunity (comes from an external source)
157
NOTE: Sickle-cell anaemia is a hereditary recessive disease, while ANAEMIA relates to
IRON DEFICIENCY (nutritional deficiency).
158
159
NOTE: The WHO defines good health as having physical, mental and social well-being.
Disease is classed as having a deficiency in one of those categories.
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
NOTE: Yeast produces ethanol and CO2 during
Anaerobic respiration. The CO2 will move into the
Tube and push the liquid bead to the right.
167
NOTE: Germination of a seed requires warmth, moisture, oxygen and nutrients.
It does not need sunlight.
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
NOTE: The first three options would be classed as cranial reflexes, which involve the
Cranial nerves instead of the spinal nerves.
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
NOTE: An antigen is a foreign substances which induces an immune response in the body.
185
NOTE: The separation of the sister chromatids occurs during ANAPHASE II. During the
final phase, cytokinesis occurs, which causes the cell body to split into two.
186
187
188
189
NOTE: Nervous responses depend on the transfer of electrical impulses along neurones,
which are short-lasting effects with temporary and rapid responses. Hormonal responses
are more long-term, have a more widespread reaction and occur via the delivery of
chemical messengers through the bloodstream. 190
191
NOTE: Glaucoma is caused when there is increased intra-ocular pressure.
This causes strain on the retina and optic nerve, resulting in blurry vision.
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
NOTE: Natural immunity refers to immunity acquired during processes that do not involve
Man-made mechanisms or intervention (e.g. vaccines or antisera).
201
202
203
204
NOTE: The alcohol
Is used to preserve the
Insects/invertebrates for
Further investigation.
205
NOTE: Shortsightedness
occurs when either
the lens is too strong or
the eyeball is too long.
A diverging lens allows
light to ‘spread apart’
before being re-converged
by the cornea.
206
207
NOTE: The coconut (D) has a tough exterior for protection
And a hollow interior to make it buoyant.
208
209
210
Species density = No. of organisms counted
Total area of the quadrats
= 20 / 5 = 4 members/m2
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
NOTE: Percentage cover and density usually require the quadrat area in order to be
calculated. However, questions like these may assume a typical 1m2 quadrat. Cover,
in particular, requires the knowledge of how much space the species occupied in
the quadrat. 225
226
NOTE: Tissue fluid surrounds cells and serves to transport soluble materials between
The body cells and the capillaries.
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
NOTE: Epiphytes (e.g. wild pine) may still have chlorophyll and are usually
engaged in commensalism, not parasitism.
235
Presence of limiting factors can cease
The increase in the rate of
Photosynthesis e.g. carbon dioxide conc,
Water conc, sunlight.
236
237
Note: Earlier versions of this question noted II as “ALL manufactured products…” II
would be incorrect in that instance.
238
239
240
241
Chlorosis is the lack of chlorophyll and will reduce photosynthetic rates.
242
243
244
245
A xerophyte is a plant that usually lives in arid regions and must store or
conserve water to survive.
246
247
248
249
250
251
PREY
PREDATORS
252
253
254
255
256
257
Note: Fungi are saprophytes, which must attach to other organisms to draw nutrients out
of them. They do not have chlorophyll and thus do not photosynthesize.
258
259
260
261
Note: Due to process of elimination, the tree is the best option. The other areas either
do not sustain life (lack of water) or are too disturbed by humans (walkway).
262
263
Companion cells provide
Energy for the translocation
Of sucrose (to be transported
From a source to a sink)
264
265
266
The cellulose cell walls prevent the plant cell from bursting. It helps resist TURGOR pressure.
267
268
NOTE: However, nitrogen oxide is viewed as a pollutant.
Nitrogen comprises 78% of the atmosphere.
269
270
271
The device is a
POOTER JAR.
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
NOTE: Reduction division
Is the halving of the
Chromosome number to
Form a haploid number
(from 2n to n).
It occurs when forming
Gametes.
282
283
284
285
286
NOTE: The URETER (A) transports
Urine from the kidneys to bladder.
The URETHRA (D) transports
Both urine and semen out
Of the body.
287
288
NOTE: Pollination involves the production of male gametes (pollen), which are haploid
Cells and thus, upon fertilization, will produce a zygote of genetically different DNA.
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
NOTE: The endosperm and cotyledons are the food source/storage for the germinating seed
and usually contains stored carbohydrates and proteins for energy and growth.
296
297
298
NOTE: After fertilization, the OVARY becomes the fruit and the OVARY WALL becomes the
Flesh of the fruit, or the pericarp.
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
NOTE: Some antibiotics can act
as mutagens, which upon exposure,
Would induce mutation in bacteria,
Causing them to be resistant.
308
309
310
311
312
NOTE: A histone is defined as a group of proteins found in chromatin.
313
314
NOTE: Seeds absorb water and moisture and
gain mass in order to burst/rupture the testa (or
Seed coat), allowing the emergence of the
Plumule and radicle.
315
NOTE: Natural selection always benefits the organism in the environment.
Artificial selection does not necessarily benefit the organism.
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
Strange question here tbh. I assume if he hadn’t drunk any water and the
snack is very salty, he’ll have extremely limited water in his nephron
filtrate and would be extremely dehydrated. However, at the same time,
he’ll need a substantial amount of water to dilute the mineral salts from
the snack (and also to dilute his urea).
Just badly worded overall, but it’s safest to go with C.
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
Could be B or D, since B specified “some types of plants”. Sweep nets can
be used with line transects as well.
In this case, we’ll pretend D reads “slow-moving organisms and some
types of plants”.
334
Previous papers worded ‘D’ as an ‘increase in volume of sewage’, which
would have been a better response.
335
336
Though growth is irreversible, nastic movement is reversible (such as part movements, like
in sensitive plants opening and closing their leaves). Growth movements are irreversible.
Trophic movements are irreversible.
337
A previous version of this question had IV as ‘increase in fatal crimes’. It was an error.
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
Later versions of this question has ‘medication’ instead of ‘meditation’, which would
make all three correct.
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
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