3.

6…………………………………………………
Implementation plan
Solar water heaters -- sometimes called solar domestic hot water systems -- can be
a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. They can be used in any
climate, and the fuel they use -- sunshine -- is free.

Image

How They Work

Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. There are
two types of solar water heating systems: active, which have circulating pumps and
controls, and passive, which don't.

Active Solar Water Heating Systems

There are two types of active solar water heating systems:

 Direct circulation systems

Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home.
They work well in climates where it rarely freezes.
 Indirect circulation systems
Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors
and a heat exchanger. This heats the water that then flows into the home.
They are popular in climates prone to freezing temperatures.
Passive Solar Water Heating Systems

Passive solar water heating systems are typically less expensive than active
systems, but they're usually not as efficient. However, passive systems can be more
reliable and may last longer. There are two basic types of passive systems:

 Integral collector-storage passive systems

These consist of a storage tank covered with a transparent material to allow
the sun to heat the water. Water from the tank then flows into the plumbing
system. These work best in areas where temperatures rarely fall below
freezing. They also work well in households with significant daytime and
evening hot-water needs.
 Thermosyphon systems
Water is heated in a collector on the roof and then flows through the
plumbing system when a hot water faucet is opened. The majority of these
systems have a 40 gallon capacity.
Storage Tanks and Solar Collectors

Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks
have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank
systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional
water heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is combined with the solar
storage in one tank.

Three types of solar collectors are used for residential applications:

 Flat-plate collector
Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes that contain
a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or plastic (polymer) covers.
Unglazed flat-plate collectors -- typically used for solar pool
heating -- have a dark absorber plate, made of metal or polymer, without a
cover or enclosure.
 Integral collector-storage systems
Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or more black tanks
or tubes in an insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes through the solar
collector, which preheats the water. The water then continues on to the
conventional backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot water.
They should be installed only in mild-freeze climates because the outdoor
pipes could freeze in severe, cold weather.
 Evacuated-tube solar collectors
They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a
glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin's coating
absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss. These collectors are
used more frequently for U.S. commercial applications.
Solar water heating systems almost always require a backup system for cloudy
days and times of increased demand. Conventional storage water heaters usually
provide backup and may already be part of the solar system package. A backup
system may also be part of the solar collector, such as rooftop tanks with
thermosyphon systems. Since an integral-collector storage system already stores
hot water in addition to collecting solar heat, it may be packaged with a tankless
or demand-type water heater for backup.
3.5………………………………design selection
Comparing Solar Swimming Pool Heating System Costs

Before purchasing a solar pool heating system, you can estimate and compare the
costs of using different solar collector models. This will help you determine the
potential cost savings of investing in a more efficient type of collector, which may
require fewer panels for the collector area needed to heat your pool.

To estimate and compare costs, you need to know the following:

 A collector's thermal performance rating(Btu/day)

 Total number of collector panels or piping for the area needed to heat your
pool
 Total installed cost of system.

You can then calculate a collector's energy output per dollar spent or invested
using this formula:

(Btu/day X # of collector panels/piping modules) ÷ total installed cost of system =

Btu/$ per dollar spent

Example:

(27,900 X 4) Btu ÷ $3,000 = 37.20 Btu/day per dollar spent

If you just know the prices and thermal performance ratings (Btu/day) of
collectors, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy output for
each dollar spent or invested for different collectors:

Btu/day ÷ collector price = Btu/day per dollar spent

Example:

21,000 Btu ÷ $387 = 54.26 Btu/day per dollar spent

Don't choose a solar pool heating system or collector based solely on its estimated
costs. When selecting a solar pool heater, it's also important to consider all of the
factors involved in the system's sizing and quality of the design and installation.

Building Codes and Covenants

As with a solar water heating system, it is important to consider local building

codes and regulations for solar water heating. The solar rating and certification
corporation (SRCC) provides ratings for solar pool heaters under the OG400
standard and maintains a directory of certified solar pool heaters.
Installation and Maintenance

The proper installation of a solar pool heating system depends on many factors.
These factors include solar resource, climate, local building code requirements, and
safety issues. Therefore, it's best to have a qualified solar thermal systems
contractor install your system.

After installation, properly maintaining your system will keep it running smoothly
for 10–20 years. Consult your contractor and read your owner's manual for
maintenance requirements. Your collector should require little maintenance if the
pool's chemical balance and filtering system are checked regularly. Glazed
collectors may need to be cleaned in dry climates where rainwater doesn't provide
a natural rinse.

When screening potential contractors for installation and/or maintenance, ask the
following questions:

 Does your company have experience installing and maintaining solar

pool heating systems?

Choose a company that has experience installing the type of system you want and
servicing the applications you select.

 How many years of experience does your company have with solar
heating installation and maintenance?

The more experience the better. Request a list of past customers who can provide
references.

 Is your company licensed or certified?

Having a valid plumber's and/or solar contractor's license is required in some

states. Contact your city and county for more information. Confirm licensing with
your state's contractor licensing board. The licensing board can also tell you about
any complaints against state-licensed contractors.

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; 3.4 …………………..Design flow
Before you buy and install a solar water heating system, you need to first consider
the characteristics of your site: available roof or land area, the solar resource,
shading by trees or buildings, as well as the optimal orientation and tilt of your
solar collector. The efficiency and design of a solar water heating system depends
on how much of the sun's energy reaches your building site.

Solar water heating systems use both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Even if you
don't live in a climate that's warm and sunny most of the time -- like the
southwestern United States -- your site still might have an adequate solar resource.
If your building site has unshaded areas that generally face toward the equator (to
the south in the US) , it's a good candidate for a solar water heating system. Your
local solar system supplier or installer can perform a solar site analysis.

Shading by surrounding trees or other buildings should be avoided. It is

impossible to avoid all shading, but every effort should be made to avoid shading
between the hours of 10 am and 2 pm and in winter, when the sun is lowest in the
southern sky (in summer the sun is almost directly overhead and there is less
shading).

The type, age, and condition of the roof are all important. Roofs covered with
composite shingles are easier and less expensive to install solar on than roofs like
wood shingles or tile roofs. It is possible to re-roof around solar water heating
collectors, but new solar systems should be installed on new or sound roofs that
will not need to be replaced in the 25- year life of the solar system. It is often
necessary to reinforce the roof structure with blocking between rafters. Care
should be taken when installing roof rack stanchions and waterproof flashing- and
that job is often done by a professional roofer. Although the roof is the natural
place to locate solar collectors, some are installed on ground foundations (piles) to
avoid roof issues.

Both the orientation and tilt of the collector will affect your solar water heating
system's performance. Your contractor should consider both factors
while evaluating your site's solar resource and sizing your system.
COLLECTOR ORIENTATION

Solar hot water collectors should be oriented

geographically to maximize the amount of daily and seasonal solar energy that they receive.
In general, the optimum orientation for a solar collector in the northern hemisphere is true
south. However, studies have shown that, depending on your location and collector tilt, your
collector can face up to 45º east or west of true south without significantly decreasing its
performance.

You'll also want to consider factors such as roof orientation (if you plan to mount the
collector on your roof), local landscape features that shade the collector daily or seasonally,
and local weather conditions (foggy mornings or cloudy afternoons), as these factors may
affect your collector's optimal orientation.

COLLECTOR TILT

Today, most solar water heating collectors are mounted flat on the roof. This is more
aesthetically pleasing than rack-mounted collectors, which stick up from the roof at odd
angles. Thus, most collectors have the same tilt as the roof.

The optimal tilt angle for your collector that maximizes annual energy delivery with
maximum delivery in spring and fall is an angle equal to your latitude. However, because we
often need more heat in winter (colder water coming in), it is often advisable to tilt water
heating solar collectors up to a steeper tilt angle. This is in contrast to photovoltaic-type solar
systems which are often mounted on a flat roof or low tilt angle. You will, however, want
to take roof angle into account when sizing your system.
3.3 Analysis of features and finalization subject to constraints
Siting a Solar Swimming Pool Heater's Collector

Collectors can be mounted on roofs or anywhere near the swimming pool that
provides the proper exposure, orientation, and tilt toward the sun. Both the
orientation and tilt of the collector will affect your solar pool heating system's
performance. Your contractor should consider them while evaluating your site's
solar resource and sizing your system.

Collector Orientation

Solar pool heater collectors should be oriented geographically to maximize the

amount of daily and seasonal solar energy that they receive. In general, the
optimum orientation for a solar collector in the northern hemisphere is true south.
However, recent studies have shown that, depending on your location and collector
tilt, your collector can face up to 45º east or west of true south without significantly
decreasing its performance. You'll also want to consider factors such as roof
orientation (if you plan to mount the collector on your roof), local landscape
features that shade the collector daily or seasonally, and local weather conditions
(foggy mornings or cloudy afternoons), as these factors may affect your collector's
optimal orientation.

Collector Tilt

The angle at which a collector should be tilted varies based on your latitude and the
length of your swimming season (summer or year-round). Ideally, collectors for
summer-only heating should be tilted at an angle equal to your latitude minus 10º–
15º. Collectors for year-round heating should be tilted at an angle equal to your
latitude. However, studies have shown that not having a collector tilted at the
optimum angle will not significantly reduce system performance. Therefore, you
can usually mount collectors flat on your roof, which might not be at the optimum
angle but more aesthetically pleasing. You will, however, want to take roof angle
into account when sizing your system.

Determining the Efficiency of Solar Swimming Pool Heating System

You can determine the efficiency of a solar swimming pool heating system based
on the collector's thermal performance rating if available.

A solar collector's thermal performance rating is measured by Btu (British thermal

unit) per square foot per day: Btu/(ft2day)

Or, the rating can be measured by kilowatt hours (kWh) per square meter per day:
kWh/(m2day).

It can also be measured by Btu per day, which is simply the rating in Btu/(ft2day)
multiplied by the area in ft2. Also used is kWh per day, which is the rating in
kWh/(m2day) multiplied by the area in m2.

The higher the number, the greater the solar energy collection efficiency. However,
because weather conditions, instrumentation accuracies, and other test condition
constraints can vary, the thermal performance of any two collectors should be
considered approximately the same if their ratings are within 25 Btu/(ft2day) of
each other.

High efficiency solar collectors not only will reduce your annual operating costs,
but may also require fewer square feet of collector area to heat the pool.
 3.2 Design constraints

Evaluating Your Site's Solar Resource

Before you buy and install a solar pool heating system, you first need to consider
your site's solar resource. The efficiency and design of a solar pool heater depends
on how much of the sun's energy reaches your building site.

Solar pool heating systems use both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Therefore,
even if you don't live in a climate that's warm and sunny most of the time -- like
the southwestern United States -- your site still might have an adequate solar
resource. Basically, if your building site has unshaded areas and generally faces
south, it's a good candidate for a solar pool heating system.

Your local solar system supplier or installer can perform a solar site analysis.

Sizing a Solar Swimming Pool Heater

Sizing a solar swimming pool heating system involves many factors:

 Pool size
 Length of swimming season
 Average regional temperatures
 Desired pool temperature
 Site's solar resource
 Collector orientation and tilt
 Collector efficiency
 Use of a pool cover.

Solar system contractors use worksheets and computer programs to help determine
system requirements and collector sizing.

Basically, the surface area of your solar collector should equal 50%–100% of the
surface area of your pool. In cooler and cloudier areas, you may need to increase
the ratio between the collector area and the pool surface area. Adding collector
square footage also lengthens the swimming season.

For example, a 15-by-30-foot outdoor swimming pool in Florida typically requires

a collector that equals 100% of the pool's square footage to accommodate year-
round use. This equals 450 square feet of collectors. In northern California, most
people use outdoor pools 6–8 months per year, so they typically size their systems
at 60%–70% of the pool's surface area.
In any climate, you can usually decrease the required collector area by using a pool
cover.

You'll also want a properly sized pool pump for a solar system. If you're replacing
a conventional pool heating system with a solar system, you may need a pump
larger than your current one or a separate, smaller pump to move the pool's water
to and through the collectors.
3.1 Evaluation & selection of the specification /
features

You can significantly reduce swimming pool heating costs by installing a solar
pool heater. They're cost competitive with both gas and heat pump pool heaters,
and they have very low annual operating costs. Actually, solar pool heating is one
of the most cost-effective use of solar energy in some climates.

How They Work

Most solar pool heating systems include the following:

 A solar collector -- the device through which pool water is circulated to be

heated by the sun

 A filter -- removes debris before water is pumped through the collector
 A pump -- circulates water through the filter and collector and back to the
pool
 A flow control valve -- automatic or manual device that diverts pool water
through the solar collector.

Pool water is pumped through the filter and then through the solar collector(s),
where it is heated before it is returned to the pool. In hot climates, the collector(s)
can also be used to cool the pool during peak summer months by circulating the
water through the collector(s) at night.

Some systems include sensors and an automatic or manual valve to divert water
through the collector(s) when the collector temperature is sufficiently greater than
the pool temperature. When the collector temperature is similar to the pool
temperature, filtered water simply bypasses the collector(s) and is returned to the
pool.
Solar pool collectors are made out of different materials. The type you'll need
depends on your climate and how you intend to use the collector. If you'll only be
using your pool when temperatures are above freezing, then you'll probably only
need an unglazed collector system. Unglazed collectors don't include a glass
covering (glazing). They are generally made of heavy-duty rubber or plastic treated
with an ultraviolet (UV) light inhibitor to extend the life of the panels. Because of
their inexpensive parts and simple design, unglazed collectors are usually less
expensive than glazed collectors. These unglazed systems can even work for
indoor pools in cold climates if the system is designed to drain back to the pool
when not in use. Even if you have to shut the system down during cold weather,
unglazed collectors may be more cost effective than installing a more expensive
glazed collector system.

Example of how a solar collector works.

Glazed collector systems are generally made of copper tubing on an aluminum

plate with an iron-tempered glass covering, which increases their cost. In colder
weather, glazed collector systems—with heat exchangers and transfer fluids—
capture solar heat more efficiently than unglazed systems.

Therefore, they can be used year-round in many climates. Glazed collectors also
can be used to heat domestic hot water year-round.
 Evaluation & selection of
Table 1 features

design constraints
Table2
analysis of features and
Table 3 finalization subject to
constraints

design flow
Table 4
design selection
Table 5
implementation plan
Table 6
 TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 2……… DESIGN FLOW\PROCESS……………….
3.1…………………………………………Evaluation & selection of features
3.2…………………………………………design constraints
3.3…………………………analysis of features and finalization subject to
constraints
3.4…………………………………………design flow
3.5…………………………………………design selection
3.6………………………………………….implementation plan
 SOLAR POOL WATER HEATER
Report on solar pool water heater

Submitted by
Name of candidates()
Alavla Jayanth
Sambhav Sharma
Aastha
Rishi thakur

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
BRANCH OF STUDY COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Chandigarh university
10 April 2023