MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY

REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT

CHAPTER 11: Indeterminate Forms [ ]
lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = lim = = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ →
Types of Indeterminate Forms
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit
A. Primary Form (Type 1)
a. [ ] ( )
lim[ ] = lim =lim[ ] = lim[−𝑥] = 0
b. ∞/∞ → → → →

B. Secondary Form (Type 2)

a. 0. ∞ Final Answer: lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 0
→
b. ∞ − ∞ 𝒙 𝟏
c. 0 , ∞ , 1 Example #3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦[ − 𝟐 ]
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
𝒙

How to solve Indeterminate Forms?

Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type
1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type of form 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
lim[ − ]= − = ∞ − ∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2)
2. Transform into Primary form. → 𝒙 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝟐
a. For Primary form 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞/∞, directly
Step 2. Transform to primary form by combining it into one
apply the L’Hopitals rule and derive the
term by getting the common denominator
numerator and denominator separately.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝟐 𝟐
lim = lim 𝒙𝒍𝒏 − 𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐𝒍𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 0
→ 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑔′(𝑥) lim 𝒙 = 𝟐 ] = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ 𝟐 𝟐 0
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒍𝒏 ) (𝟐 − 𝟐)(𝒍𝒏 )
𝒙 𝟐
b. For Secondary Forms 0. ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ − ∞
transform it into primary forms. Apply Note: ln 1= 0
LHR
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit
 Transform to primary form by
expressing simple to complex 𝒅
𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
𝒙 𝟐) 𝒙
𝟏
𝒙
𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
(𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
𝟏
lim = lim = lim =
fractions or; → 𝒅
𝒅𝒙
((𝒙 𝟐) 𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
) → (𝒙 𝟐)
𝟏
𝒙
𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝒙
(𝟏) → (𝒙 𝟐)
𝟏
𝒙
𝟐
𝒍𝒏( )(𝟏)
𝒙
 trigonometric functions into 𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐
their equivalents lim 𝟏 𝟐 = lim 𝟏 𝟐 = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ (𝟐 𝟐) 𝒍𝒏( )(𝟏) → (𝟐 𝟐) 𝒍𝒏( )(𝟏) 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = lim = lim Apply LHR and ind the limit
→ → 1 → 1
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝒅 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
[𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ]
𝒙 𝟐
lim𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 = lim 𝟐 𝟏 = lim 𝟐 𝒙 =
→ [ 𝒍𝒏 ] → →
d. For Secondary Forms 0 , ∞ , 1 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
transform it irst to secondary forms
0. ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ − ∞ by letting y for the lim ( )
= = =
→ ( ) ( )
function and applying logarithm to bring
𝒙 𝟏
down the exponent. transform it into Final Answer: 𝐥𝐢𝐦[ − 𝟐 ] = 𝟏/𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
primary forms before applying LHR. 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
Example #4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦( − )
3. Apply the L’Hopitals rule and ind the limit. Repeat 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙
LHR until the limit is not in indeterminate form
Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
lim( − )= − = − = ∞ − ∞ (type 2)
→ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
Example #1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐𝒙]
𝒙→𝟎
Step 2. Transform to primary form by combining it into one
Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type term by getting the common denominator and applying
equivalent trigonometric function
lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] = 0[𝑐𝑠𝑐0] = 0. ∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2)
→
1 1 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0−0 0
lim( − ) = lim( )= = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
Step 2. Transform to primary form by using an equivalent → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 → 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 0
trigonometric function
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit
𝑥 0 0
lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] = lim[ ]= = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1) 𝑑
→ → 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 0 (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1−1
lim 𝑑𝑥 = lim( )=
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit → 𝑑 → 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0(1) +0
(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
0−0 0
lim[ ] = lim[ ]=lim[ ]= = = = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1
→ → → ( )( ) ( ) 0 0
Apply LHR and ind the limit
Final Answer: lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] =
→ 𝑑
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
Example #2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙] lim 𝑑𝑥 = lim( )
𝒙→𝟎 → 𝑑 → 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type o 0 0
= = =0
lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 0[𝑙𝑛0] = 0. ∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2) 0(0) + 1 + 0 1
→

Step 2. Transform to primary form by using an equivalent

𝟏 𝟏
complex fraction Final Answer: 𝐥𝐢𝐦( − )=0
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT
Example #5: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏]𝟏/𝒙 𝑦 =2− 𝑥
𝒙→

Step 1: Evaluate the limit and identify what type 𝑦 = − 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑇𝐿 → 𝑚𝑇𝐿 = 1 = → =1
/ /
lim [𝑒 + 1] = [𝑒 + 1] =∞ (3rd type)
→ 3 = 2𝑥 → 𝑥 = input x in 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
Step 2: transform it irst to type 2 by letting y for the
1 3 5
function and applying logarithm 𝑦 = 2− =
3 2 4
/
𝑦 = [𝑒 + 1] → 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 [𝑒 + 1] Point of tangency: ( , )
1 𝑙𝑛 [𝑒 + 1]
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 [𝑒 + 1] → 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = Equation of normal line by point-slope form:
𝑥 𝑥
[ ] [ ] 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
lim 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim = = (𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ →
5 3
𝑦− =1 𝑥−
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit 4 2
𝑑 1 [𝑦 − = 1 𝑥 − ]4
𝑙𝑛 [𝑒 + 1] 𝑒 +1
𝑒
lim 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑑𝑥 = lim
→ → 𝑑 → 1 4𝑦 − 5 = 4𝑥 − 6
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑒 ∞
lim = (𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ 𝑒 +1 ∞
Apply LHR and ind the limit CHAPTER 13: Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorem (not
included in the quiz)
𝑑
𝑒 𝑒
lim 𝑑𝑥 = lim = lim 1 = 1 Chapter 14: Application of Derivatives: Analysis of
→ 𝑑 → 𝑒 → Functions (Extrema and Concavity) – One similar problem
(𝑒 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
will appear on the test

Example #7:
Final Answer: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏]𝟏/𝒙 = 1
𝒙→

CHAPTER 12: Application of Derivatives: Slope of a curve,

tangent, and normal lines

De inition: Consider a point 𝑄 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) on the curve 𝑦 =

𝑓(𝑥), that is distinct from the point 𝑃 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) , and
computing the slope 𝑚 of the secant line through P and Q
we get,

𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑚=
∆𝑥
Since ∆𝑥 = x − x ,

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 )

𝑚=
∆𝑥
Suppose that 𝑥 is in the domain of the function 𝑓, the
tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 )
is the line with the equation:

𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 )

Where:

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 )

𝑚 = lim
∆ → ∆𝑥
Chapter 15: Application of Derivatives: Optimization
Therefore: Problems (Two similar problems will appear on the test)

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 Example #8: A rectangular exercise area for your pet dog is
𝑚 = lim = to be built. What is the minimum length of the fence that
∆ → ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
can enclose a 250𝑚 area?

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 = 250𝑚
Example #6: Find the equation of the normal line to the
𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (p is to be maximized)
curve 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 ,that is parallel to the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
250
𝑃=𝑎+
Slope is NL is parallel to x-y=0 , 𝑎
𝑦=𝑥
𝑎(2𝑎) − (𝑎 + 250)(1)
mNL=1 𝑃′ =
𝑎
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT
2𝑎 − 𝑎 − 250 𝑎 − 250
𝑃 = = =0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = 250

𝑎 = ±5√10

𝑎 = ±5√10 or 15.8114 m

𝑏= = ±5√10 or 15.8114

Example #9:

A rectangular ield of ixed area is to be enclosed and Example #11:

divided into three lots by parallels to one of the sides. What
would be the relative dimensions of the ield to make the Example #13: Divide the number 30 into two parts, such as
amount of fencing a minimum? the product of P of one part and the cube of the other is a
maximum.

Let x = 1st number

30-x = 2nd number

𝑃 = 𝑥 (30 − 𝑥) (p is to be maximized)

𝑃 = 90𝑥 − 4𝑥 =0

𝑃 = 𝑥 (90 − 4𝑥) = 0
𝑥 =0

(90 − 4𝑥) = 0; 4𝑥 = 90
90 45
𝑥= ;𝑥 =
4 2
(30 − 𝑥) =?
45 15
30 − =
2 2
Example #12: Find the most economical proportions for a
quart can.

Example #10:

Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed

in a circle of a given radius, R = 10 inches.
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT
Chapter 16: Related Rates (Two problems with similar Example #15: Water is lowing into a conical reservoir 20
solutions will appear on the test) feet and 10 feet across the top, at the rate of 15 . Find how
fast the surface is rising when the water is 8 feet deep?
Example #13: A spherical snowball is forming is forming in
such a manner that its radius is changing at 0.25cm/min.
How fast is the volume of the snowball changing when the
radius is 20cm?
4
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
𝑑𝑟
𝑉= = 0.25𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡
=?

r=10cm
4
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= 4𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
= 4𝜋(10𝑐𝑚) 0.25𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
= 10𝜋𝑐𝑚 / min 𝑜𝑟 314.1593 𝑐𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡
Example #16: A square metal sheet expands when heated
with its side changing at 0.015cm/min. How fast is the area
Example #14: A man on a wharf of 20 feet above the water changing when it is 90𝑐𝑚
pulls in a rope, to which a boat is attached, at the rate of 4 𝐴=𝑆
ft/sec. At what rate is the boat approaching the wharf
when there is 25 feet of rope out? 𝑑𝑠
= 0.015𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡
=?

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠
= 2𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 2(3𝑐𝑚)(0.015𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 0.09𝑐𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡

Bonus Question: What is my favorite anime?