Outline:

I. Introduction
II. Definitions of Globalization
III. Eras of Globalization
IV. Concepts of Globalization
V. Challenges & Opportunities
VI. The Response to Globalization: New Nationalism
VII. Challenges to the Theory & Practice of Public
Administration
 I. Introduction:
v The people of the world are closely
connected.
v Goods and services are traded
across the globe.
v International financial markets allow
investors to move vast sums of GLOBALIZATION
money from country to country in
mere seconds, enabling companies
to invest in business ventures in
different corners of the world.
v People leave their home land in
search for opportunities in foreign
countries.
 II. Definitions of GLOBALIZATION
v Merriam-Webster:
“the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked
especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper
foreign labor markets”
v The World Bank:
“Globalization - the growing integration of economies and societies around
the world...“

v Pascal Lamy (WTO):

“can be defined as a historical stage of accelerated expansion of market
capitalism, like the one experienced in the 19th century with the industrial
revolution. It is a fundamental transformation in societies because of the
recent technological revolution which has led to a recombining of the
economic and social forces on a new territorial dimension“
 What is GLOBALIZATION?
vMost agree on two things:

üit is happening

üit increases the interconnectedness

 III. The Eras of Globalization
v Early connections:
Ø Civilizations have traded throughout recorded history.
Ø 15th century, the Spanish and Portuguese began to look for ocean routes to enter
these lucrative trade markets.
Ø European nations traded and colonized in Asia, Africa and the Americas.
v First Era of Globalization:
Ø Opening of Suez Canal in 1896, ships could travel from Europe to Asia
Ø 19th Century - Innovation in technology, communication and political developments
Ø World War I - isolationism, Great Depression, decrease in the world trade
v Second Era of Globalization:
Ø After World War II, in 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Ø In 1995, GATT functions were overtaken by the World Trade Organization (WTO),
an international body that administers trade laws and provides a forum for settling
trade disputes among nations - Uruguay Round
 Globalization, Nationalism & Public Administration Challenges
and Responses
vGlobalization - it is a reality which will shape & direct the lives of
people (winners/losers) in nearly all countries (active
players/objects)

vNationalism - the extent of the impact of globalization in different

countries is determined by its interaction with nationalism
 IV. Concepts of Globalization
Mainstream/Primary Concepts:

Positive Views Negative Views

Alburo: Ofreneo:
Several Characteristics of Globalization: “It is cursed by civil society as a bane as it brings
in its wake jobless growth, social & gender
Global firms today are both small and large, and inequality, crass global cultural commercialism &
nimble; Changes in the nature of investments environmental despoliation”
beyond simple equity purchases; Change in the
location of international production; Changes in
the nature of production processes &
organization; Changes in international
governance
Parr on political transformation, she believes
that civil society takes on an increasingly
powerful role in development and influencing
policies.
 IV. Concepts of Globalization
Emerging/Alternative Concepts:
Ø Sarah Timpson: global concerns such as, international movements, actions & initiatives
on democracy, human rights, environmental & social development are parts of
globalization.
Ø UNDP & UN Organizations contributed much to the globalization of these global
concerns
Mainstream/Primary Concepts Emerging/Alternative Concepts
Focus: Macro & microeconomis Increased globalization of movements &
initiatives on global concerns due to the
works of NGOs, POs, research group &
academics
Players: Business and government International organizations like the UN & civil
society
Areas of The economy; political institution & The economy; political institution &
Concern: governance, social institutions & governance, social institutions & culture; and
culture; and science and technology science and technology (S&T)
(S&T)
 V. The Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization
1. The Economy
Ø Structural Adjustments:
• Started during the latter years of Marcos regime
• This included, Trade liberalization, reforms in the financial sector, privatization, fiscal &
monetary policy measures and other policies
• Mainstream view: this process is considered beneficial to the economy. It facilitated the re-
entry of the Philippines to the global economy. The re-entry resulted to economic recovery
and growth.
• Alternative view: It entailed horrendous human costs; In 1970s-1980s, NGOs and POs
emerged in the Philippines
2. Political Institutions and Governance
Ø political institutions also undergo profound changes, with consequent implications for
governance.
Ø Three main levels of Governance:
• Global - UN, WB, IMF
• Regional - APEC
• National/Local
 V. The Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization
2. Political Institutions and Governance
Ø Role of the State
• Facilitator/Minimalist Government - the leveler of the playing field; provider of baisc
services; and formulator of globalization-friendly policies
• Whither Public Sector or Private Sector? - production of goods
• Public Finance - enjoined by the UN to set aside specific portions of their budget or commit
a percentage of their GNP for social development and other purposes; opening for new
vistas of resource generation; and problems of accountability due to complexities
• Administrative Reforms like Downsizing
• Globalization of Corruption - opportunities for venality/ bribery in the government
Ø Role of the Civil Society
• Parr: Civil Society has overtaken the powerful role in developing and influencing policies
• The voice of the interests of the people and of the common good.
• Mainstream view: Preoccupied with policy options which the governments can undertake
particularly in economic matters
• Alternative view: This considers civil society as part / parcel of governance; not objects of
government attention; they are players and they are part of the solution
 V. The Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization
3. Social Institutions and Culture
Ø Consumerism - the mentality of spending a lot of money on goods & services
Ø Effect in Culture - Homogenization - uniformity in culture; loss of unique identity
• Dominant cultures will tend to have an edge because of their access to technology
Ø Media & Technology - taken over the functions of social institutions (religion, family, etc.)
Ø Dark Side: Social Disintegration:
• Criminality - drug & sex syndicates, assassination network & terrorist groups/extremists
• Cults -
• Breakdown of family and other social institutions
• Poverty due to underdevelopment - linked to social disintegration
Ø Employment
• Permanent employment - OUT
• Contractualization/casualization/endo - IN
• Briones: “higher growth, fewer jobs”
• UNDP: “the jobless growth”
Ø Going Back to Roots and Identity - All things must end with HOPE
 V. The Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization
4. Science and Technology (S&T)
Ø Keeping Abreast. The pressure to keep abreast & stay ahead is overwhelming.
Ø Moral & Philosophical Questions. Questions about cloning human or parts human, genetic
engineering, trade in parts of human body, the right to live, and even death.
Ø The Bottom Line. S&T must serve humanity.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

ü Strand that holds together concerns on political institutions & governance,

social institutions & culture and S&T.
ü Interactions between globalization and different institutions must redound to
higher levels of human development
ü It is the measuring rod, the bottomline & the benchmark for examining
globalization and its impacts on economic, political, social institutions and
S&T.
 VI. The Response to Globalization: A New Nationalism

What is NATIONALISM?

Merriam-Webster: “a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often
with the belief that is better and more important than other countries”

Nationalism: Two views (Parallel)

ØFirst view:
•Nationalism is incompatible with globalization
•It is believed that Nationalism will become irrelevant (ex. immigration laws)
•“a citizen of the world” - a big threat to nationalism
ØSecond view:
•The idea that globalization already exists & it is a fact of life.
•Ofreneo: Nationalism should serve as guiding principle in dealing with globalization
•Nationalism is a powerful response which can shape and use the forces of globalization to
serve national interest.
 VI. The Response to Globalization: A New Nationalism
Towards a New Nationalism
Ø Big businesses/corporations disregard nationalism to enhance corporate profits
Ø Some Filipino-owned businesses register in Hong Kong or elsewhere, so they can register
as foreign business here in the Philippines to avail the special privileges offered to foreign
companies
Ø It is anti-imperialism - multinational ownership of firms (ex. GE, Toyota, etc.)
Ø Calixto Chikiamco: Our national failures can be explained by the corruption and abuse of
our soul.
Ø American interference and paternalism, if not a degradation of our nation's soul as a result
of which we could not see ourselves as anything but “little brown brothers”.
Ø Our nationhood has failed because of the false economic nationalism and rent-seeking
system/ palakasan and asserting social ties like fraternity, etc.
Ø “Entrepreneurship is about the care of the soul. It means taking responsibility, joining
others in a community work, creating products and ideas to stay ahead, and developing
accountability to customers, suppliers, laborers, investors and other stakeholders. Yet the
image of entrepreneurship we have had is a negative one and bound to degrade the soul;
businessmen using press and politicins to gain special privileges or pummel competitors.
 VI. The Response to Globalization: A New Nationalism
Towards a New Nationalism
Ø Leonor Briones: Fundamentals of Nationalism have not changed:
• It is still the love of country
• It is still striving to protect the interest of many over that of the few
• It is the knowledge we have a shared history which can never be erased
• It is the belief that wee can continue to create history
• It is in the honoring of our heroes
• It is the recognition that we have a cultural patrimony which is ours to nurture and enjoy
• As to New Nationalism: the complex dimensions of globalization must be analyzed; it is
also being proactive and taking initiatives.

The Role of Civil Society in Nationalism

ØNationalism and civil society go hand in hand
ØCivil society has been very active in serving people's interest
ØIt can play an important role in identifying building blocks of new nationalism
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Theories of Public Administration
Ø It is imperative to review existing Theories on Public Administration in terms of their relevance
and responsiveness to current development in order to address current problems and
dilemmas
Areas Before In Globalization
Globalization
Redefining the borders of • Fairly clear and well- • Not limited to National
Public Administration in a defined Administration
Borderless Globalizing World • Policy decisions are • Agreements and commitments are
formulated at the crafted at the global, regional
national level levels, ofterntimes provides the
policy framework for national public
administration
• Existing laws and policies need
overhauling to comply with the
requirements of GATT/WTO &
APEC
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Theories of Public Administration
Areas Before In Globalization
Globalization
Social Development • None • Commitments were made during UNDP
Summits to reduce poverty, unemployment
and social intergration
• Commitments as well as on women and
environment
Reestablishing the Locus and • It is a must be reestablished; there is a
Focus of Public Administration possibility that both are in danger of
disappearing.
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Theories of Public Administration

Areas Before In Globalization

Globalization
Clarifying Concepts on • Government- provides basic • Government as a “Facilitator”
the Role of the State, social development services • Government has a role and
the Private Sector and and actively participates in responsibilty to assist the losers in
Civil Society the economy through the globalization process
macroeconomic policies & • Government has a duty to reduce
government corporations social problem, as consequence:
poverty, unemployment & social
disintegration
• The delivery of goods & services is
not limited to government, but also
to private sectors and civil society
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Theories of Public Administration
Areas Before In Globalization
Globalization
Clarifying Concepts on • Private sectors & civil • Civil society is defined as
the Role of the State, society are defined as everything outside the
the Private Sector and everything outside the government and the private
Civil Society government business sector

Reviewing Theories of • Weber's ideal-type: The • Informal structures - ex. work from
the Bureaucracy Bureaucracy is identified home due to advances in
with rules & regulations, technology., ect.
formal structures, • Implications in civil service (rules
permanency, and so on. on working hours)
• Issues on permanency - S&T
(computers, robots, etc.)
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Practice of Public Administration

Areas Before In Globalization

Globalization
Socio-economic • Policies - respond to • Macroeconomic policy - reflects
Transformation internal factors instead of the commitment to external
external institutions (WB, IMF, GATT/WTO,
UN Summits)
• Comprehensive review is
necessary
Governance • Local/National governance • Global governance
• Commitments are implemented,
whether national economies are
prepared or not
 VII. Challenges to the Philippine Public Administration
Practice of Public Administration

Areas Before In Globalization

Globalization
Decentralization • Centralized • Requires decentralization - can
facilitate implementation of global
governance at the local level
• Can be powerful countervailing
against globalization -
decentralization of power &
authority to LGUs & communities
• Has been building up in the
Philippines
 References:
• Globalization is part of the Everyday Economics series produced by the Economic Education
division, Public Affairs Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
• Second Edition, Introduction to Philippine Public Administration, A Reader by Bautista, et. al.
• Merriam-Webster Dictionary
• Introduction to Luke Martell, The Sociology of Globalization, 2010, pre-publication version.