TRANSMISSION
AND
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM OF
ELECTRICITY
- ANJALI.S
B. ARCH SEM 5
1GQ15AT008
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is generated at power plants and moves through a complex
called Grid
The grid system includes – substations, transformers, power lines
GENERATING STATIONS
Commonly used power plants are:
• Thermal power plant
• Nuclear power plant
• Hydro power plant
• Gas turbine power plant
• Combined cycle power plant
•
Maximum generated voltage in power stations are 11 kV
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of energy from
generating power plants to electric sub – stations located near
demand centres
Transmission system is classified into –
Primary Transmission Lines – carries 220 – 765 kV – where the voltage
is stepped up from 11 kV supplied by generating station to 220 kV
using transformers.
Secondary Transmission Lines - carries 33 kV – where the voltage is
stepped down from 220 kV to 33 kV by secondary transmission
substation.
Transmission can be done by overhead line system or
underground cable system
Overhead line system
• Easier to repair if damaged
• They are not restricted by landscape
• Maintenance cost is more
• Less public safety
• They can be operated up to 400kV or higher
Underground cable system
• Less visibility
• Less affected by hard weather
• Cost of insulated cable and excavation is higher
• Fault lines take longer time to locate and repair
• Less working voltage - limit - 66kV
Underground cable system Overhead line system
Substations
A station in the power transmission system at which electric power is
transformed to a conveniently used form
Its main function is to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
generating station by either step-up or step-down the voltage to a
value appropriate for local use and provide facilities for switching
It includes –
• Transformers
• Switches
• Circuit breakers - is used to interrupt circuits while current is
flowing through them
• Busbar - conductor carrying electric current to which many
connections can be made
• Lighting/surge arrestors – used to provide necessary path to
ground for power surges
Distribution system
It is the final stage in the delivery of electric power
It carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers
It is a part between distribution substations and consumers
Distribution system is classified into: -
Primary distribution lines - carry medium voltage (11kV) – where the
voltage is stepped down from 33 kV to 11 kV by distribution
substations transformer - supplied to commercial and industrial
consumers (large scale)
Secondary distribution lines – carry low voltage (415 / 240 V) - where
the voltage is stepped down from 11kV to 415 / 240 V by service
transformer banks – supplied to commercial (small-scale) and
residential
Distribution system is divided into:-
Feeders – is a conductor which connects the substation to the area
where power is to be distributed
No tapping is taken to the consumers from feeders, so the current in
it remains the same throughout
Distributor - are conductors from which numerous tapping from the
pole mounted transformer is taken for the supply to the consumers
The current through it is not constant because tapings are taken at
various places along its length
Voltage drop is main consideration
Service mains – is a small cable which connects the distributor to the
consumer's meter
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Power supply system
Step- up
Power station 220 kV - Primary
11 kV transmission line
Step – down 1
11 kV -
Distribution lines
Primary 33 kV - Secondary
Distribution transmission line
Secondary
Distribution
Step – down
3
415/240 V - Residential
Industrial - 11kV and commercial
