STOICHIOMETRY
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Stoichiometry
❑The determination of the proportions in which elements or
compounds react with one another.
N2 + 3H2 ⎯⎯
→ 2NH3
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N2 + 3H2 ⎯⎯
→ 2NH3
6.022 1023 6.022 1023
n n
nx ny
=
PV = nRT Cf x Cf y PV = nRT
gx gy
nx = ny =
MWx MWy
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Example Problems
❑Acetylene gas C2H2 undergoes combustion to form carbon dioxide
and water when it is used in oxyacetylene torch for welding. Balance
the reaction and answer the following questions
C2 H 2 + O2 ⎯⎯
→ CO2 + H 2O
➢How many grams of water can form if 113g of acetylene is
burned? [g g]
➢How many moles of carbon dioxide can form is 150g of acetylene
is burned? [g mol]
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➢How many grams of water can form if 113g of acetylene is burned?
[g g]
2C2 H 2 + 5O2 ⎯⎯
→ 4CO2 + 2 H 2O
1 molC2 H 2 2 molH 2O 18.02 g
113 g = 78.20 g
26.04 g 2 molC2 H 2 1 molH 2O
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➢How many moles of carbon dioxide can form is 150g of acetylene is
burned? [g mol]
2C2 H 2 + 5O2 ⎯⎯
→ 4CO2 + 2 H 2O
1 molC2 H 2 4 molCO2
150 g = 11.52mol
26.04 g 2 molC2 H 2
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Example Problem
❑Sodium metal burns in air according to the following reaction.
Balance the equation and answer the following:
Na + O2 ⎯⎯
→ Na2O
➢If 2 mol of sodium is consumed in the reaction, how many grams
of sodium oxide will be formed? [mol g]
➢If the reaction was placed in a controlled environment in which
only 0.7mol of O2 is available, how many mol of sodium oxide can
be formed? [mol mol]
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➢If 2 mol of sodium is consumed in the reaction, how many
grams of sodium oxide will be formed? [mol g]
4 Na + O2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 Na2O
2 mol Na2O 61.98 g
2mol = 61.98 g
4 mol Na 1 mol Na2O
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➢If the reaction was placed in a controlled environment in which
only 0.7mol of O2 is available, how many mol of sodium oxide can
be formed? [mol mol]
4 Na + O2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 Na2O
2 molNa2O
0.4mol = 0.8mol
1 molO2
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Example Problems
❑Ammonia is derived from the combination reaction of two simpler
gases: molecular nitrogen and molecular hydrogen. The reaction is
favorable thermodynamically, but its rate of reaction is too slow for
commercial production.
N2 + H2 ⎯⎯
→ NH3
➢How many grams of H2 is needed to fully consume 0.64L N2 in
the production of NH3? [L g]
➢If 1.07x1024 particles of hydrogen was fully consumed in the
reaction, how many L ammonia can be produced? [particles L]
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➢How many grams of H2 is needed to fully consume 0.64L N2 in the
production of NH3? Assume STP. [L g]
Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP):
T = 273.15K
P = 1atm
V = 22.2L
N 2 + 3H 2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 NH 3
(1 atm )(0.64 L ) 3 molH 2 2.02 g
= 0.17 g
(0.08206 K mol )(273.15 K ) 1 molN 2
L atm
1 molH 2
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➢If 1.07x1024 particles of hydrogen was fully consumed in the reaction,
how many L ammonia can be produced? Assume STP. [particles L]
N 2 + 3H 2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 NH 3
1 molH 2 2molNH
1.07 10
24
3
0.08206 273.15
6.022 1023 3 molH 2
= 26.55L
1
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Example Problems
❑How many grams of calcium phosphate can be produced from the
reaction of 2.5L of 0.25M calcium chloride with an excess of
phosphoric acid?
CaCl2 + H 3 PO4 ⎯⎯
→ Ca3 ( PO4 )2 + HCl
➢Assuming that the reaction volume remains the same, what is the
%w/v, molarity, normality, and osmolarity of calcium phosphate?
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6.022 1023 6.022 1023
n n
nx ny
=
PV = nRT Cf x Cf y PV = nRT
gx gy
nx = ny =
MWx MWy
M m N Os χ
%
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❑How many grams of calcium phosphate can be produced from the reaction
of 2.5L of 0.25M calcium chloride with an excess of phosphoric acid?
3CaCl2 + 2 H 3 PO4 ⎯⎯
→ Ca3 ( PO4 )2 + 6 HCl
0.25 mol 1 molCa3 ( PO4 )2 310.18 g
2.5 L = 64.62 g
1L 3 molCaCl2 1 molCa3 ( PO4 )2
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Expression of Concentrations
g solute 1000 g subs
%w/v 100% Molality (m)
nsubs
=
mLsolution Kg solvent MWsubs g solvent
g solute F nsubs F 1000 g subs
%w/w 100% Normality (N) =
g solution Lsolution MWsubs mLsolution
mLsolute nA n
%v/v 100% Mole Fraction (𝜒) = A
mLsolution n A + nB + nC ... nTotal
i nsubs i 1000 g subs
nsubs 1000 g subs Osmolarity (Osm) =
Molarity (M) = Lsolution MWsubs mLsolution
Lsolution MWsubs mLsolution
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➢Assuming that the reaction volume remains the same, what is the
%w/v, molarity, normality, and osmolarity of calcium phosphate?
0.25 mol 1 molCa3 ( PO4 )2 310.18 g
2.5 L = 64.62 g
1L 3 molCaCl2 1 molCa3 ( PO4 )2
64.62 g
100% = 2.58% w v
10 mL
3
2.5 L 0
10 L
0.25 mol 1molCa3 ( PO4 )2
2.5 L = 0.21mol
1L 3 molCaCl2
0.21mol 6N 5Osm
= 0.08M 0.08 M = 0.48 N 0.08 M = 0.4Osm
2.5L 1M 1M
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Practice Problems
❑60.5mL of HNO3 is required to react fully with 25.0mL of 1M
barium hydroxide solution. Determine the %w/v, M, and N of the
nitric acid solution.
HNO3 + Ba (OH ) 2 ⎯⎯
→ H 2O + Ba ( NO3 ) 2
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❑60.5mL of HNO3 is
required to react fully with
25.0mL of 1M barium
hydroxide solution.
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❑Determine the %w/v, M, and N of the nitric acid solution.
( MWx ) C yVy
x% = w
v 100%
mLx
( 63.01 mol ) (1 L ) 25 mL 1000 mL
g mol 1L
100% = 0.03% w
v
60.5mL
C1V1 = C2V2
1M 25 mL 1N
= 0.41M 0.41 M = 0.41N
60.5 mL 1M
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