Railway Engineering BEU PYQ (Previous Years Question Paper) 2022

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1. Choose the correct answer of the following (any seven):

(a) In India, the first train was run between

(i) Bombay and Calcutta

(ii) Delhi and Bombay

(iii) Delhi and Calcutta

(iv) Bombay and Thane ✓

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(b) The broad gauge is _____ wide.

(i) 80-95 cm

(i) 76-05 cm

(ii) 100-0 cm

(iv) 167-6 cm ✓

(c) Nowadays, the rail section on Indian railway is

(i) double headed

(ii) bull headed

(ii) dumbbell type

(iv) flat footed ✓

d) Between two sleepers, the minimum space for the packing

provided is (i) 25 cm to 30 cm

(ii) 30 cm to 35 cm ✓

(i) 35 cm to 40 cm

(iv) 40 cm to 45 cm

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(e) Nowadays the size of ballast used on Indian railway steel sleepers is

(i) 2.5 cm ✓

(ii) 3.8 cm

(iii) 4-5 cm

(iv) 5-0 cm

(f) To connect one pair of fishplates, the number of bolts used is

(i) 2

(ii) 4 ✓

(iii) 6

(iv) 8

(g) On Indian railways, max cant deficiency allowed on BG tracks is

(i) 56 mm

(ii) 66 mm

(iii) 75 mm

(iv) 87 mm

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Correct Answer = 7.6 cm or 76mm

Concept:-

The actual cant provided on a railway track is based on the average speed
of trains. However, in case of high speed trains cant requirement will be
more that the actual value of cant provided so that train will be forced to
move on a lower value of cant then maximum cant is required for high
speed train. This deficiency in cant for high speed trains is called cant
deficiency.

The maximum permissible limit of cant deficiency is given below in

tabulated form di erent type of railway gauges:

(h) The maximum gradient of BG in station yards is

(i) 1 in 1000

(ii) 1 in 400 ✓

(iii) 1 in 500

(iv) 1 in 200

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(i) The thin edge of tongue rail is called as

(i) heel

(ii) switch

(iii) toe ✓

(iv) None of the above

(j) Under the charge of a ganger, the track length is

(i) 1 km to 2 km

(ii) 3 km to 5 km ✓

(iii) 5 km to 6 km

(iv) 10 km to 15 km

Q.2 Explain what is meant by track capacity and discuss important

measures for increasing the line capacity.

Answer:- Track capacity refers to how many trains or vehicles can fit on a railway track at the
same time. Increasing track capacity means allowing more trains to use the track, which makes
the transportation system more efficient.

To increase track capacity, there are some important things that can be done:

1. Improve the track: Make the track better by adding more tracks or improving the ones
already there. This helps trains move more smoothly and reduces delays.

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2. Use better signaling systems: Install modern signaling systems that control the
movement of trains. These systems make it safer for trains to be closer together, which means
more trains can use the track.

3. Plan train schedules carefully: Plan when trains should leave and arrive to avoid conflicts
and delays. This helps make sure trains can move smoothly and efficiently.

4. Make platforms and sidings longer: Extend the areas where trains stop and park. This
allows longer trains to fit, which means more people or goods can be carried on each train.

5. Take good care of the track: Regularly maintain the track and equipment to prevent
problems. This helps avoid disruptions and keeps the track in good condition.

6. Coordinate timetables with other railways: Plan train schedules to work well with other
railways. This helps manage train movements and increases the overall capacity of the track.

7. Improve communication and control systems: Make sure everyone involved can
communicate well and control train movements effectively. This helps with coordination and
makes the system work better.

8. Find ways to operate more efficiently: Use smart ways to manage trains, like dispatching
them in the best way or minimizing the time they spend at stations. This helps increase the
track's capacity.

Increasing track capacity requires considering different factors like money, physical limitations,
existing infrastructure, and expected demand. It's important to take a comprehensive approach
and combine different measures to achieve the best results.

Q.3(a)- What are various types of the stresses induced in the railway track?
Explain in brief.

Answer:- The railway track experiences different types of stresses caused by the forces and
loads it faces. These stresses can affect the track's stability and performance. Here are the main
types of stresses in a railway track, explained in simple terms:

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1. Vertical Stress: This stress occurs because of the weight of the train and the things it
carries. The weight puts pressure on the track, which can lead to track settling or deformation if
it's too much.

2. Lateral Stress: Lateral stress happens when the train moves sideways on the track. It
creates forces that push against the sides of the track. This stress can cause the track to bend or
wear out faster, especially on curved sections.

3. Longitudinal Stress: Longitudinal stress is caused by the train's acceleration or braking

forces. These forces push or pull the track in the direction of the train's movement. If the stress
is too high, it can damage the track or cause it to become misaligned.

4. Torsional Stress: Torsional stress occurs when the track twists due to the forces applied
to it. This stress is most noticeable in curved sections or switches. Excessive torsional stress can
lead to rail damage or misalignment.

5. Thermal Stress: Thermal stress is caused by changes in temperature. When the

temperature changes, the track expands or contracts, creating stress. Extreme temperature
changes can cause the track to buckle or form gaps.

6. Impact Stress: Impact stress happens when the train passes over joints or uneven parts
of the track. The forces generated during these moments can cause wear and damage to the
track.

To manage these stresses, track designers and maintenance crews use various techniques. They
reinforce the track, use resilient materials, and regularly inspect for any issues. These measures
help ensure that the track remains safe and reliable for train operations.

Q.3(b)- Explain the necessity of sleepers in railway track. What are the desirable
qualities or requirements of good sleepers?

Answer:- Sleepers, also known as railroad ties, are an integral component of railway tracks. They
are rectangular or trapezoidal-shaped beams placed horizontally underneath the rails to
support and distribute the weight of the train. The necessity of sleepers in railway tracks can be
understood through the following points:

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1. Load Distribution: Sleepers help spread the weight of the train and rails over a larger
area. This prevents too much pressure on the ground and keeps the track stable.

2. Track Stability: Sleepers keep the rails in place and prevent them from moving sideways.
This helps maintain the track's alignment and keeps the distance between the rails (gauge)
correct.

3. Vibration Absorption: Trains create vibrations when they move. Sleepers help absorb
these vibrations, making the ride smoother for passengers and reducing damage to the track.

4. Durability: Good sleepers last a long time and can withstand different weather
conditions. They should not rot or decay easily.

5. Easy Installation and Maintenance: Sleepers should be easy to install and replace if
needed. They should also require minimal maintenance to keep the track in good shape.

Qualities of good sleepers include:

1. Strength: Sleepers should be strong enough to handle heavy loads and not break or bend
under the weight of the train.

2. Durability: They should resist damage from the environment, insects, or decay. Materials like
treated wood or concrete are commonly used for this reason.

3. Stability: Sleepers should keep their shape and size even with the train's movement. This
ensures the track remains stable and aligned properly.

4. Resistance to Movement: Sleepers should not move sideways over time.

This reduces the need for frequent adjustments to keep the track in place.

5. Easy to Secure: Sleepers should have features that make it easy to attach and secure the rails
to them. This ensures the rails stay in the right position.

By meeting these requirements, sleepers help create a safe and reliable railway track that can
handle the weight of trains and provide a smooth ride for passengers.

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Q.4(a)- What is the ballast in permanent way? Mention the function of ballast
and state the requirements of a good ballast material.

Answer:- Ballast is a layer of coarse stones or gravel placed under and around the sleepers in
railway tracks. It serves several functions and has specific requirements.

Function of Ballast:
1. Load Distribution: Ballast spreads the weight of trains and track infrastructure over a
larger area, keeping the track stable and preventing excessive pressure.

2. Drainage: Ballast allows water to drain away from the track, preventing waterlogging
and maintaining the track's strength.

3. Track Stability: Ballast holds the sleepers in place, keeping the track properly aligned and
preventing movement during train operations.

4. Vibration Absorption: Ballast acts as a cushion, absorbing vibrations generated by trains

and providing a smoother ride for passengers.

Requirements of a Good Ballast Material:

1. Size and Gradation: The ballast should consist of stones or gravel that are of uniform size
and well-graded. This helps create a stable and interlocking layer.

2. Drainage: The ballast material should allow water to flow through easily, preventing
water buildup and maintaining good drainage.

3. Durability: The ballast should be strong and resistant to wear, abrasion, and degradation
caused by trains and the environment. This ensures it lasts longer without needing frequent
replacement.

4. Stability: The ballast material should stay in place and not deform or settle under the
weight of trains, keeping the track aligned and stable.

5. Cleanliness: The ballast should be free from unwanted materials like clay or organic
matter that could clog drainage and reduce its effectiveness.

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6. Availability and Cost-effectiveness: It should be easily accessible and economically

feasible for use in railway track construction and maintenance.

By meeting these requirements, the right ballast material helps maintain a stable, well-drained,
and durable railway track.

Q.4(b)- Explain, with neat sketches, how surface and subsurface water can be
removed from a railway track.

Answer:- Simplified explanation of how surface and subsurface water can be removed from a
railway track:

1. Surface Water Drainage:

To remove water from the surface of a railway track:

a. Shape the Track: The track is built with a slight slope, higher in the center and lower on
the sides. This allows water to flow away from the track and prevents pooling.

b. Install Cross Drains: Drainage channels or pipes called cross drains are placed across the
track at regular intervals. They collect water from the track surface and direct it away through
outlets or pipes.

c. Shape the Ballast: The ballast layer beneath the track is shaped with a slight hump in the
center. This helps water to drain towards the edges and prevents it from collecting on the track.

2. Subsurface Water Drainage: To remove

water beneath the track:

a. Use Drainage Pipes: Perforated pipes are placed under the track to collect and drain
water from beneath. These pipes are installed in trenches filled with coarse gravel or stones,
allowing water to flow into them.

b. Create French Drains: Trenches filled with porous materials like gravel are built alongside
the track. They allow water from the ground to enter and drain away through the gravel.

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c. Improve Subsoil Drainage: Techniques like adding special layers or stabilizing the soil can
help improve drainage and prevent excess water from reaching the track.

Note:- specific methods may vary depending on factors like location and soil conditions.

Q.5(a)- Describe the factors that influence the selection of the site for a railway
station. How are the railway stations classified?

Answer:- The selection of a site for a railway station is influenced by various factors that take
into account the convenience and safety of passengers, operational requirements, and
integration with the surrounding transportation network. The following are the key factors
considered in selecting a site for a railway station:

1. Population and Demand: The station should be located where there is enough
population or passenger demand to justify its presence and ensure a sufficient number of users.

2. Accessibility: The site should be easily reachable for the surrounding population with
good connections to roads, public transportation, and other modes of travel. It should be
located in a central or convenient location.

3. Land Availability: There should be enough land for the station, platforms, parking lots,
and passenger facilities. Sufficient space is necessary to accommodate current and future
needs.

4. Safety: The site should be safe for passengers and operations, with proper road access,
pedestrian facilities, and emergency response provisions.

5. Integration with Transport Network: The station should be well-connected to other

modes of transportation like buses, taxis, and other rail lines, allowing for easy transfers and
multi-modal travel options.

6. Economic Feasibility: The construction and operation of the station should make
economic sense, considering factors like potential revenue, expected passenger traffic, and
opportunities for commercial development.

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7. Environmental Impact: Environmental factors such as minimizing disruption to natural

habitats, reducing noise pollution, and promoting sustainability should be taken into account.

Classification of Railway Stations:

Railway stations can be classified based on various criteria, including their importance, facilities,
and services offered. Common classification systems include:

1. Based on Importance:
- Major Stations: Large stations in major cities or hubs with a wide range of facilities and
serving as major transportation centers.
- Intermediate Stations: Stations located between major stations, providing necessary
facilities but with fewer services and amenities.

2. Based on Function:
- Terminus Stations: Stations at the end of a rail line where trains start or terminate their
journeys.
- Junction Stations: Stations where two or more rail lines intersect, allowing for transfers
and connections.

3. Based on Services and Facilities:

- Passenger Stations: Stations primarily serving passenger traffic, offering ticketing,
waiting areas, platforms, and other passenger amenities.

- Freight Stations: Stations dedicated to handling freight and cargo operations.

Q.5(b)- What are the design details in a symmetrical split?

Answer:- A symmetrical split is a type of track design where a railway track divides into two
paths. The design details of a symmetrical split include:

1. Switches: These are movable rails that allow trains to change from one track to another.
In a symmetrical split, there are two sets of switches, one for each path.

2. Stock Rails: These are the fixed rails that form the main path for trains. In a symmetrical
split, there are two stock rails, each aligned with one of the diverging paths.

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3. Tongue Rails: These are movable rails that guide the train wheels onto the desired path.
In a symmetrical split, there are two sets of tongue rails, one for each switch.

4. Frog: This is a diamond-shaped crossing point where the two diverging paths intersect. It
allows trains to transition smoothly from the stock rails to the diverging tracks.

5. Guard Rails: These are fixed rails located near the frog to guide the train wheels and
prevent derailments. They ensure that the wheels stay on track when passing through the frog.

6. Check Rails: These are additional rails positioned next to the stock rails and tongue rails.
They help guide the train wheels and prevent excessive sideways movement.

7. Closure Rails: These are short sections of rail that connect the diverging tracks back to
the mainline after the frog. They complete the symmetrical split and ensure a smooth transition
back to the main track.

Q.6(a)- What is creep? Discuss the theories propounded to explain probable

causes of creep.

Answer:- Creep, in the context of railway tracks, refers to the longitudinal movement or
displacement of the rails over time. It is a phenomenon where the rails gradually shift in the
direction of train movement due to various factors. Several theories have been proposed to
explain the probable causes of creep:

1. Thermal Expansion Theory: According to this theory, changes in temperature cause the
rails to expand or contract. When the temperature rises, the rails expand, and when it
decreases, they contract. These temperature-induced changes can lead to the rails shifting
longitudinally and causing creep.

2. Residual Stresses Theory: This theory suggests that residual stresses from the track
construction process contribute to creep. These stresses can result from rail manufacturing,
welding, or track curvature. Over time, these stresses can cause the rails to slowly move and
result in creep.

3. Wheel-Rail Interaction Theory: The interaction between the train's wheels and the rails
is another factor in creep. The dynamic forces and vibrations generated when trains pass over
the track can lead to longitudinal movement of the rails.

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4. Ballast Consolidation Theory: According to this theory, creep occurs due to the settling
and consolidation of the ballast layer beneath the track. Over time, the ballast particles
rearrange and compact, causing the rails to shift longitudinally.

5. Track Lateral Resistance Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of proper
lateral stability of the track. Inadequate fastening, poor track maintenance, or track geometry
issues can reduce the track's lateral resistance, allowing the rails to move longitudinally.

Q.6(b)- What is MSP? Give its relative merits and demerits as compared to other
methods of track maintenance.

Answer:- MSP stands for Maintenance of Way with Small Packages, which is a method of track
maintenance used in the railway industry. It involves the use of smaller work crews equipped
with specialized machines and tools to perform track maintenance tasks e ciently. Here are the
relative merits and demerits of MSP compared to other methods of track maintenance:

Merits of MSP:

1. Cost-Efficiency: MSP can be cost-effective compared to traditional large-scale

maintenance methods. By utilizing smaller work crews and specialized equipment, it reduces
labor and equipment costs.

2. Flexibility: MSP offers flexibility in scheduling and execution. Smaller work crews can be
deployed more quickly and easily, allowing for timely maintenance and quicker response to
track issues.

3. Minimized Disruption: MSP minimizes disruption to train operations. With smaller

crews, work can be completed in shorter durations, reducing the need for extended track
closures and disruptions to train services.

4. Enhanced Productivity: MSP utilizes specialized machines and tools designed for specific
maintenance tasks, leading to increased productivity and efficiency in track maintenance
operations.

5. Targeted Maintenance: With MSP, maintenance e orts can be targeted to specific areas
or sections of the track that require immediate attention. This focused approach helps address
specific issues promptly and efficiently.

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Demerits of MSP:

1. Limited Scope: MSP may not be suitable for large-scale track maintenance projects or
major rehabilitation work. It is more effective for routine maintenance tasks and smaller-scale
repairs.

2. Skill Requirements: MSP requires skilled and experienced operators to handle

specialized machinery and tools. Adequate training and expertise are necessary to ensure safe
and efficient operations.

3. Equipment Limitations: The use of specialized machines and tools in MSP may have
limitations in terms of capabilities and scope. Certain maintenance tasks may still require larger
equipment or manual labor.

4. Reduced Versatility: Smaller machines and crews used in MSP may have limitations in
adapting to di erent track conditions or complex maintenance scenarios, which may necessitate
other methods or approaches.

5. Dependency on Technology: MSP relies on specialized machinery and technology for

efficient operations. Any technical failures or equipment breakdowns can impact the
maintenance process and may require additional resources to address.

Q.7- What is the necessity of geometric design of a railway track? Enumerate the
significant features of design of a railway track.

Answer:- The geometric design of a railway track is essential to ensure safe and efficient train
operations. It involves determining the alignment, curvature, gradients, and other geometric
features of the track. Here's why it is necessary and some key features of track design:

1. Safety: Geometric design ensures that the track is safe for trains to travel on. Factors like
the alignment of the track, curvature of the track in curves, and the slopes or gradients of the
track are carefully considered to minimize the risk of accidents or derailments.

2. Smooth Train Movement: A well-designed track allows trains to move smoothly and
comfortably. This is achieved by considering factors such as the alignment of the track, curves,

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and slopes. A smoother ride improves passenger comfort and reduces wear and tear on the
track and trains.

3. Speed and Capacity: Geometric design plays a role in determining the maximum speed
and capacity of the track. By optimizing the alignment, curves, and gradients, higher speeds can
be achieved, and the track's capacity to handle more trains can be increased.

4. Train Stability: Proper design features, such as balanced banking (tilting) on curves,
ensure that trains remain stable during turns. This reduces the chances of trains tipping over or
becoming unstable on curved sections.

5. Maintenance and Track Life: The geometric design of the track affects maintenance
requirements and the overall lifespan of the track. A well-designed track makes maintenance
activities more efficient, reduces wear and tear, and extends the track's lifespan.

Significant features of track design include:

1. Alignment: Determining the straight sections and curves of the track to ensure safe and
efficient train movement.

2. Curvature: Designing curves with appropriate sizes to minimize forces on trains and
maintain stability.

3. Gradient: Establishing slopes along the track to facilitate train movement and energy
efficiency.

4. Superelevation: Tilting the track on curves to counteract the sideways force on trains
and improve stability.

5. Cross-sectional Design: Defining the shape and dimensions of the track, including rail
gauge, ballast depth, and shoulder width, for proper support, drainage, and stability.

6. Transition Curves: Incorporating smooth transitions between straight sections and

curves to ensure a comfortable ride.

7. Clearances: Determining the space required between the track and structures like
platforms, bridges, tunnels, and overhead lines for safe train operations.

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By considering these design features, the geometric design of a railway track aims to create a
safe and efficient infrastructure for train travel.

Q.8- Why is the uniformity of gauge desirable in any country? Mention the
demerits of non-uniformity of gauges.

Answer:- The uniformity of gauge, which refers to the consistent width between railway tracks,
is highly desirable in any country for several reasons. Here's why uniformity of gauge is
important, along with the drawbacks of non-uniformity:

Advantages of Uniform Gauge:

1. Easy Movement: A uniform gauge allows trains to travel smoothly across different
regions without the need for gauge changes or transfers. It saves time and enables efficient
transportation.

2. Faster and Efficient: Trains can maintain higher speeds and schedules with a uniform
gauge, leading to faster travel times and improved productivity.

3. Economic Benefits: Uniform gauge promotes trade and economic development by

facilitating the transport of goods across regions. It encourages investment and economic
integration within the country.

4. Simplified Infrastructure: A uniform gauge simplifies the design and construction of

railway infrastructure, reducing costs and complexity.

5. Interchangeability: Trains and rolling stock from different regions can be easily
interchanged, providing flexibility and efficient logistics.

Demerits of Non-Uniform Gauge:

1. Limited Connectivity: Different gauges create barriers in railway networks, making direct
travel between regions difficult. It requires time-consuming gauge changes or cargo transfers.

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2. Increased Costs: Non-uniform gauges add complexity and costs to railway operations,
requiring specialized equipment and infrastructure.

3. Inefficiency and Delays: Trains on non-uniform gauges face delays and reduced efficiency
due to gauge changes and slower speeds.

4. Limited Capacity: Non-uniform gauges restrict the network's capacity, leading to

congestion and bottlenecks at gauge-changing points.

5. Fragmentation and Incompatibility: Non-uniform gauges fragment the network and

create compatibility issues between different gauge systems.

To avoid these drawbacks, countries aim for a uniform gauge within their railway networks. It
promotes easy movement, efficiency, economic growth, and reduces costs and complexities.
Q.9- Write short notes on (any four):

(a) Factors in gauge selection for a new track

(b) Track capacity

(c) Chock sleeper

(d) Selection of ballast materials

(e) Cross-drainage

(f) Retarders

Answer:- (a) Factors in gauge selection for a new track:

When selecting the gauge (track width) for a new track, several factors need to be considered:

1. Compatibility: The chosen gauge should be compatible with the existing railway network
to ensure seamless connectivity and interoperability.

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2. Passenger and Freight Requirements: The expected volume and type of traffic, such as
passenger trains or heavy freight, influence the gauge selection. Larger gauges can
accommodate higher loads and provide more space for passengers and cargo.

3. Cost and Resources: The cost of construction, availability of materials, and the resources
required for track maintenance are important factors. Opting for a standard gauge that is widely
used can help reduce costs and ensure the availability of equipment and spare parts.

4. Future Expansion: Anticipating future growth and potential network expansion is crucial.
Selecting a gauge that allows for future upgrades or integration with neighboring networks can
prevent costly gauge conversion later on.

(b) Track capacity:

Track capacity refers to the maximum number of trains or amount of traffic that a railway
track can handle within a given time period. Several factors influence track capacity,
including:

1. Track Configuration: The design and layout of tracks, such as the number of tracks,
sidings, and signaling systems, impact capacity. Multiple tracks and effcient signaling allow for
more trains to operate simultaneously.

2. Train Speed and Headway: The speed at which trains travel and the minimum safe
distance maintained between them (headway) affect capacity. Higher speeds and shorter
headways increase capacity but require advanced signaling and train control systems.

3. Infrastructure Condition: The condition of the track, including its alignment, curves,
gradients, and quality of ballast and sleepers, affects capacity. Well-maintained infrastructure
allows for smoother and faster train movements.

4. Signaling and Control Systems: Effcient signaling and train control systems optimize
capacity by ensuring safe train separation, minimizing delays, and facilitating smooth traffic
flow.

(c) Chock sleeper:

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A chock sleeper, also known as a block sleeper or sole plate, is a component used in railway
track construction. It is a rectangular or trapezoidal-shaped plate made of wood, concrete, or
steel placed under the base of a rail to provide additional support and stability. The main
purpose of chock sleepers is to distribute the load from the rail to the underlying ballast or
substructure.

Chock sleepers offer several advantages:

1. Stability: By providing a broader base for the rail, chock sleepers enhance the stability
and alignment of the track.

2. Load Distribution: They help distribute the weight of passing trains more evenly across
the underlying ballast or substructure, preventing excessive stress on the track components.

3. Reduced Maintenance: Chock sleepers can improve track durability and reduce the
frequency of maintenance by minimizing track deformations and irregularities.

4. Noise and Vibration Reduction: The use of chock sleepers can help reduce noise and
vibrations generated by train movements, enhancing the comfort of passengers and nearby
residents.

(d) Selection of ballast materials:

Ballast is the layer of crushed stones or rocks placed beneath railway tracks to provide support,
stability, and drainage. When selecting ballast materials, the following factors are considered:

1. Strength and Durability: Ballast materials should be strong enough to withstand the loads
exerted by trains and durable enough to resist degradation over time.

2. Particle Size and Shape: The size and shape of ballast particles influence their interlocking
ability and stability. Irregularly shaped, angular particles are preferred as they interlock
better, providing greater stability.

3. Drainage Properties: Ballast should have good drainage characteristics to prevent water
accumulation, which can soften the track foundation and reduce stability. Porous or well-
graded materials are preferred for effective drainage.

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4. Availability and Cost

: The availability of suitable ballast materials in the local area and their cost play a significant
role in selection. Locally sourced materials can help reduce transportation costs.

(e) Cross-drainage:

Cross-drainage refers to the provision of structures or arrangements that allow water to pass
under railway tracks, roads, or other infrastructure at locations where natural water bodies,
such as rivers, streams, or drainage channels, intersect with the track alignment.

The key purpose of cross-drainage structures is to ensure the uninterrupted flow of water and
prevent water accumulation, which can damage the track or impede train operations. Common
types of cross-drainage structures include bridges, culverts, and underpasses.

These structures are designed to accommodate the expected water flow, considering factors
such as the size and velocity of water, the topography of the area, and the anticipated
frequency and intensity of rainfall. Proper design and maintenance of cross-drainage structures
are essential for the safety and longevity of railway tracks.

(f) Retarders:

Retarders, also known as braking or deceleration devices, are used in railway yards or sidings to
control the speed and movement of rolling stock (freight cars or wagons). They help slow down
or stop the movement of trains during sorting, classification, or marshaling operations.

Retarders function by applying a controlled braking force to the wheels of the rolling stock,
allowing for precise control of their speed and position. They are typically equipped with
electromechanical or hydraulic systems that can be operated remotely or manually by yard
operators.

The advantages of using retarders include:

1. Safety: Retarders enhance safety by providing controlled braking and preventing

excessive speeds or collisions in yard areas.

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2. Effciency: They improve the efficiency of train operations by allowing for precise control
and positioning of rolling stock during sorting or marshaling activities.

3. Reduced Wear and Tear: By providing controlled deceleration, retarders help reduce
wear and tear on train components, such as brakes and couplers.

4. Operator Convenience: Retarders make it easier for yard operators to handle and
organize rolling stock by providing reliable braking control.

Overall, retarders play a crucial role in ensuring safe and effcient operations within railway
yards.

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