CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.

CHAPTER IV
QUANTITY SURVEYING
4.1 Introduction
Quantity surveying is a term or process used in the construction industry to take
measurements of civil works, prepare specifications, estimate the cost of works either for
each trade of work or for the whole project.
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying:
1. Preparation of specification
2. Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and preparing BOQ)
3. Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very early stage of the project
4. Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements and
preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by taking
measurements)
5. Preparation of tender documents and examining tenders (tender – an offer in writing to
execute a contract)
6. Preparation schedule of prices to negotiate with pre-qualified bidders (labour rates,
material supply rates, equipment rental rates)
7. Determination of values of works (executed works) and preparation of payment certificates
8. Preparation of final accounts on completion of all of the works.
9. Valuation of property
4.2 Materials Take Off Preparation and Measuring of Quantities
Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of work either from drawings
or the building itself for defining the extent of works under each trade. The standard book,
which is used here, is standard technical specification & method of measurement for
construction of buildings by BaTCoDA, March 1991.
Specification Worksheet (BOQ form)
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the
specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total cost
for each trade of item.

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There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities:

1. Taking off
2. Squaring
3. Abstracting
4. Writing the final Bill
4.2.1 Taking off
This is the process of preparing / defining a detailed list of all labor and materials necessary
for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper. The standard form used
for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate quantity
in each trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or dimension
paper. The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double – ruled as shown below
(A4 size). In brief, take off sheet is a tabular standard format in which dimensions of items
from the blue print (working drawing) are transferred for further calculations. The take off
sheet consists of four columns, namely, Timesing column, Dimension column, Squaring
column and Description column.

Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the timesing
column. Forward slash is followed after the unit less number. It means ‘times’. E.g. 2/.

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Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of
works. The dimensions are entered in the order of Length, Width & Height or thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to
determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2, m3 or in pcs. or No.
Column 4 is called description column and description of the work item in squaring column
is briefly stated. The following tasks are part of the taking off (used to facilitate defining the
quantities). Describing the item, bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
timesing, dotting on (adding to the timizing factor), the ampersand (ditto), waste calculations,
deduction of items, correction of dimensions (nullifying).
Title
pagepage
12341234
Dotting on: Sometimes similar measurements are to be added, this could be done by dotting .
The
dot is placed either in line with the top of the figures or half way down like a decimal point.
Deductions: Sometimes deductions have to be made from the main items as in the case of
door or window openings, thus a deduction item is entered immediately following the main
item.
Cancellation of dimensions or correction: when the dimension is written incorrectly and
has to be canceled, then the word ‘nil’ should be written against it in the squaring column or
it may be neatly crossed out and correct figure written in. No attempt should be made to alter
the figure or to erase it.
Waste: All dimensions and calculations should be written down, so as to have a check at a
later date. Such dimensions and calculations are written clearly on the extreme right hand
side. A separate sheet (bending schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities.
Bending Schedule: the format used to define quantity of reinforcement bars.

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4.2.2 Squaring:
The dimensions entered in column2 are squared or cubed as the case may be, multiplied by
the timesing factor, and the result entered in column3. This task is called squaring. All
squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another person before abstracting, and if
correct the item should be ticked with red.
4.2.3 Abstracting or working up quantities:
The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all similar dimensions are
collected in the same category to obtain the total quantity of each item. At the head of each
abstract a work section heading is recorded. Each measured item is copied from the
dimension column andtransferred to the abstract. In an effect to avoid double transfer, or the
omission of an item, eachdescription is lined through on the dimension sheet as it is
[Link] work section items from different parts of the take-off will appear on the
same abstract. Theabstracted items should be well spaced apart, allowing the later insertion of
omitted items. Once allmeasured items have been transferred to the abstract, the quantities
are totaled and rounded to thenearest whole unit.
4.2.4 Writing the Final Bill
After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final bill of quantity is
written. Thedimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as each item is transferred it should
be ticked by avertical line from the abstract sheets. The description of each item in the final
BOQ should be short,precise and descriptive as per the specification.
4.3 Quantity Take Off
Basic Principles in Quantity Taking off
1. Drawings shall be fully understood clearly and detailed.

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2. During discrepancies in detailing, dimensioning or if missing items exist obtain
clarificationfrom the designer.
3. The BOQ shall accurately represent the works to be executed.
4. Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed as provisional quantity
(PQ)and will result in provisional sum (PS) and lump sum (LS).
5. Prepared in such a way that discrepancies or mistakes in taking off will not result in
excessivevariation in the project cost which directly affect the budget allocation for the
project.
6. With the understanding that measurements are taken to the nearest cm.
7. Built items shall generally include all possible entrants which will make labor,
materials(including storing, loading, unloading and handling), fixing, use of plant and
equipment,wastage of materials, equipment establishing charges and profit; otherwise it shall
be statedspecifically.
8. With the understanding that there is a standard paper format to carry out measurements
ofcivil works, namely take off sheet or dimension paper, bending schedule and
specificationworksheet.
9. Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (for e.g. roofing is measured in
horizontalprojection).
10. Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way that it can be easily
checkedand audited.
4.4 Types of Takeoff
Mensuration – the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area, and volume,
fromdimensions and angles that are already known.
Girth(perimeter) computation – linear measurement. There are various methods of taking
offquantities for computation of girth. Most buildings are based on a square or rectangular
plan shapeand it is often necessary to establish the perimeter of individual rooms or whole
buildings eitherinternally or externally. Whilst the drawings will show plan dimensions,
before these can be setdown and recorded on dimension paper it will be necessary to build up
perimeter lengths as wastecalculations. This length is required for foundations, walls and
associated items.
The length can be calculated by determining:
The total internal length of the wall
The total external length of the wall

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The center line length of the wall
Centre line method –suitable only when the cross sections of all walls are symmetrical. In
this method centre line length is found and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore
only width and depth vary).
Crossing method – lengths and breadths of walls as shown in plan are taken for working out
various items and this method is useful only if the offsets of footings are symmetrical.

4.5 Technical Spec. and Method of Measurements for the diff. Trade of
Works
4.5.1 Building Project
The following specifications and methods of measurement are provided to guide the
quantitysurveyor in the preparation of quantities for a building project. A typical building
project will havethe following work items.
[Link] SUBSTRUCTURE
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining walls,
ground slab,grade beam, and foundation is called a substructure.
In most of the cases, substructure work can be categorized as follows:
1. Excavation and earthworks (mandatory)
2. Concrete works (can be neglected sometimes)
3. Masonry works (mandatory)
Steel is not used in substructure unless in composite form.
1. Excavation and earthworks
What types of works are included in excavation and earthworks?
a) Site clearance
Carbonatious elements are not good in concrete, steel and timber works. In soils under
structureseven 5% of these elements will damage the structure. Therefore, these materials
(including trees,bushes and the top 20 to 30 cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction, too,
have to be cleared.
Aworking space of 1m is required on each side.
b) Excavation (bulk excavation)
Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below the ground level is called
bulkexcavation. They are subdivided as follows depending on the subsurface condition.
Ordinary soil - With boulders and without boulders and can easily be removed by shovel

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without problem.
Weathered rock – it can be divided easily without blasting.
Rock- bedded rocks that cannot be dug without blasting (requires using explosives)
Note: - Working space for bulk excavation is 25 cm ( not used for shallow masonry).
- Depth of excavation less than 30 cm – measured per m2, depth > 30 cm per m3.
c) Fill /embankment
Shall be measured in m3 of net volume to be filled. Fill is required because the reduced level
ofevery structural element above the structure has to be covered. Excavation and
embankment shouldnot be added at a time in computing their volume, because their costs are
different . The majorconsideration under embankment is compaction. Compaction is usually
done at 20 cm lift thickness.
The subdivision under fill are:
Backfill - filling of the excavated soil onto its excavated place but by removing coarse
particles. Excavated material taken from below top soil.
Borrow fill: - filling of soil by bringing the fill from another place when there is shortage
offill or when better quality material is required.
d) Disposal - cleaning the building area including cart away.
e) Sundry items – application of termite proof solution, providing hard coring, dust blinding,
expansion joints, etc are itemized as sundry items; measured in m2.
2. Concrete Works
a. Concrete
Cast in-situ concrete – formed on site and requires formwork and reinforcement. Cast in situ
concrete shall be measured by volume except in ribbed slabs and grouting.
Prefabricated concrete –fabricated (manufactured) in a factory and brought to the site and
joined tomake a building. It does not require formwork but needs a special care when
connecting the differentelements. It is fast to construct a building, though the different
elements may lack homogeneity.
Pretensioned (Post tensioned) Concrete – involves bending up the concrete itself to make it
readyfor the downward bending due to load. In bending due to load the beam or the slab
comes to itsneutral axis.
Concrete ancillaries- include window sills, lintels, expansion joints and permanent and
temporaryembedded material. It is measured in ml (meter linear) or enumerated.
Grades of Concrete

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C5 - lean concrete, to protect the structural concrete from damage, which is usually caused by
[Link] dust blinding is required.
C15 - for totally supported structural elements
C20 - used for slabs; the mix proportion is [Link]
C25 – commonly used grade of structural Concrete ([Link])
C30 – used for chemical stores and nuclear plants.
b. Formwork – measured in m2
A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams in casting concrete. It shall be
designedand erected to safely support, vertical and lateral loads that might be applied until
such load can besupported by the concrete structure.
Period of removal (minimum)
1. Vertical formwork to columns, walls and beams: 16 hrs
2. Soffits formwork to slab 21 days
3. props to cantilever slabs 14 days
4. Soffits formwork to beams 21 days
5. Props to cantilever beams 14 days
c. Reinforcement
- Tests made on the reinforcement bar can be ultimate tensile strength/stress, yield point
stress,elongation, cold bent.
- The reinforcement bars are tied in 6 mm mild steel wire.
- No concrete shall be cast until reinforcement is checked and approved by the engineer.
- Measured in kg
3. Masonry Works
Masonry works are works that are executed by laying building material units of specified
dimensionby providing a binding material such as mortar. Stone obtained from quarries shall
be hard andsound, free from vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other defects that will
adversely affectstrength or appearance. Stone chips to be produced shall not be less than 450
mm average and 380mm in individual length.
Stone for various masonry works shall be selected and shaped as follows:
a. Stone for facing works shall generally be selected for consistency in grain, color and
texture,throughout the work.
b. Stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural stone. Stone wall is measured
byvolume, whereas stone pavement is measured by area specifying thickness.

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[Link] SUPERSTRUCTURE
1. Concrete works
a. Concrete - mostly as discussed in substructure. Mixing, transporting, casting, and
vibration inelevation columns, beams, staircases, slabs, shear walls, landings. Curing of the
castconcrete, strength and workability requirements are crucial issues to be checked.
b. Formwork: Specify the type of material used and where to use (zigba or steel).
c. Reinforcement: Differentiation is made as to the diameters and where used (sub and super
structure) and weight per unit length for Ф6 is 0.222 kg/m; for any otherdiameter d2, with
weight per unit length w2:

2. Masonry works – measured by volume

Classification of stone masonry works.
1. Stone wall concealed from view or to be left for further finish (cheaper)
- Shall be built in stone sizes of not less than 300 mm per course (one lay ) and 400 mm wide
per stone.
- Faces of stone walls to receive further finish shall have horizontal and vertical joints raked
out to form adequate key for further finish.
2. Roughly dressed stone wall (expensive)
- shall be built in stone sizes of not less than 300 mm per course and 400 mm wide.
- The joints of the fair chiseled natural stones shall be finished slightly proud (aesthetical) and
cleaned off flush at completion.
- The joints shall be raked out to a depth of 15 mm as the work proceeds and prepared for
jointing.
3. Dressed stone wall facing (more expensive)
- the pattern type and size of the stone units shall be as detailed on drawings
- the joints of dressed stone wall shall be finished good and raked out to an approximate
depthof 15 mm.
Hollow and solid concrete blocks, measured by area specifying the thickness.
Blocks shall be manufactured from cement, aggregates, red ash, or pumice with no fine
volcanicdust. Trial mixes shall be prepared to attain the average minimum compressive
strength after castingand curing for 28 days.
There are different classes of HCBs
Class A = 42 kg/ cm2 (for light loads)

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Class B = 35 kg /cm2 (for external walls)
Class C = 20 kg/cm2 (for partition walls)
Class AA = 70 kg/cm2 (for load bearing sub structural works)
Class A-AA = 50 kg/cm2 (for load bearing super structural works)
Class AA and A-AA shall be obtained from 0.1 aggregate not from pumice or red ash. Blocks
shallbe uniform in texture, size, and shape and free from any cracks and defects. The surface
of blocksshall have a good key for plaster and rendering. The standard thicknesses of HCBs
are 10cm, 15cm,and 20cm. Since there are no stones and bricks of these sizes, one should
know whether HCB wall isused or not, based on the given wall thickness.
Bricks, measured in area specifying the thickness
Bricks are fire resistant, watertight and can also resist compressive action of up to 50 MPa.
They canbe used for external, internal, retaining and load bearing walls. Bricks shall be well
made andadequately burnt, free from cracks and particles of lime. Bricks exposed to
weathering shall beselected for least in absorption, high durability, uniform in color and
[Link] thicknesses of bricks are 25 cm (for double layer) and 12 cm (for single layer).
Adobe walls, measured in area specifying the thickness
It is a mixture of clay, water and straw or ‘chid’ with high resistance to drying shrinkage
andcracking. It shall be dried gradually; ordinary type of masonry wall, and used for very low
costhouses.
Stabilized soil block wall
It is a mixture of soil, water, and Portland cement, used for low cost houses. During
measurement, nodeduction is made for opening up to 0.25 m2 in area.
Building mortar (binding material)
Ingredients of mortar are:-
Cement: - usually Portland cement
Sand: - crushed or river sand with diameter less than 4.75 mm
Lime: -hydrated lime
The mix proportions are:
- Stone masonry: -1:3 mix
- Brick and block masonry: -1:4 mix
- Compo mortar (lime): -[Link] mix
3. Roofing and wall cladding
Galvanized corrugated iron sheet (CIS)

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Galvanized CIS for roof and wall cladding shall be of the required size and thickness. CIS
less thanG32 cannot be used for roofing and wall cladding of permanent structures but for
temporary works,e.g. fence works, for provisional works. Include G26, G28, G30, G32 and
G35, where G26 is thethickest.
Galvanized plain steel sheet (GPSS)
GPSS is used for wall cladding, ridge cup, gutter, down pipes, flashing, copping, edge
trimmers etc;shall be to the size, thickness and galvanization required; shall not be less than
G28; G24 is usuallyused for gutter, down pipes; Overlaps at edges shall be minimum 15 cm.
Galvanized ribbed sheets ( EGA sheets )
Usually used for factory, hall etc. Shall comply with the requirements of the manual ‘KASI’
or otherstandards acceptable to the Engineer to the sizes, thickness and distance to ribs.
Aluminum corrugated sheet for roofing and cladding
The minimum thickness shall be 24 SWG (SWG = standard wire gauge). Corrugated sheets
shallhave uniform corrugation parallel with the sides of the sheets.
Aluminum plain sheet accessories
Used for ridge cap, gutter, down pipes, flashing, copping etc.
Roof clay tiles
Tiles shall be manufactured in wet weather and prepared from clay. Clay tiles shall show
cleanfracture when broken and shall not be less than 10 mm thick. Clay tiles shall be fixed to
timber usingroof, nails and the holes in clays shall be pierced (using embedded in clay tiles).
Fixing accessories of roofing
Fixed to timber using chiseled or diamond edge and convex head galvanized nail drawn from
mildsteel. Washers shall be diamond or flat pattern produced from rubber or bitumen coated
fiber,homogenous and free from porosity (to prevent from leakage).
Hooks, bolts, nuts and screws: - Shall be fixed to steel structures; the sizes of fixing
accessoriesshall be as recommended by the manufacturers and match with structural drawing.
Hangers and brackets
Used to fix gutters and down pipes; Formed from mild steel not less than 2 mm thick and 10
mmwide. Hangers and brackets shall always be primed (coated) with anti-rust paint.
Gutter and down pipe
Gutters shall be laid to slopes as indicated on drawings not less than 0.05 percent. Gutter and
downpipes shall be overlapped min 15 cm and joints welded.
Method of measurement for roofing

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Roof cover, side cladding, and the like shall be measured by area (m2), flat over the
projection areawithout addition for slopes and laps. Ridges, flashing, down pipes, etc. shall be
measured by lengthstating girth (development length) and without addition for laps, passing
angles [Link] water spout shall be enumerated stating the sizes and length. The same is true
for most ofprefabricated items. The following shall be understood as included: perforating,
sealing, nailing,bolting, screwing, battens, joists, wedges, spillers, covering lists , back
supports, brackets, cutting,bracing , trimming, jointing, boring, etc.
4. Carpentry and Joinery Works
Carpentry: -work on timber intended for structural purposes. E.g., columns, beams, slab, truss
[Link]: - work on timber intended for finishing purposes. E.g., floor finishes, wall
claddings, doorsand windows, ceilings, etc.
Carpentry – includes truss, rafter, beams and columns.
Shall be made from eucalyptus, kerero, zigba, tid, or other equivalent posts and shall be
fabricated asper the detailed drawings. Posts shall be uniform in diameter and free from
cracks and they shall bepeeled off and allowed to season until the acceptable moisture content
is achieved, i.e. 20 %(seasoning = drying up to a certain moisture content).
Eucalyptus and kerero posts to be exposed to weather or buried below ground shall be
pressureimpregnated. Trusses and rafter shall be tied with 6 to 8 mm diameter mild round
steel.
Purlins
Purlins shall be produced from eucalyptus or zigba or other equivalent posts. Purlins shall be
in thesizes shown on drawings (standard dimension 5*7cm). The splices of purlins at joints
shall beminimum 60 cm and shall be securely nailed to trusses and rafter.
Joinery
I) Ceiling
Ceiling shall be built to types, size and thickness on drawings. The face of the panels to be
exposedto view shall be smooth enough to receive further finish. Soffits nailed to supporting
ceiling buttons.
Soffits are made of chip wood, plywood, hard board, soft board nailed to timber buttons.
Minimumsize of buttons is 4*5 cm and maximum spacing is 60 cm in both directions. Button
shall be fixed tothe truss or rafters in 4*5 cm sawn timber suspenders. The joints of ceilings
to wall shall be coveredwith moulded corner lists not less than 50 mm and joints of panels be
covered with mild timber andmoulded lists not less than 30 mm wide.

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Suspended ceiling Soffits
Cheap wood, plywood and other ceilings suspended from supports by wire, chains and steel
profilesand materials resting on the metal profile.
Milled timber Soffits
Made of zigba or kerero, Minimum thickness is 15 mm, Minimum panel width is 60 mm,
timberboards shall be grooved and tongued, buttons shall be 50*50 mm and c/c 50 cm
spacing.
Milled timber accessories
Fascia board shall have minimum thickness of 20 mm, Edges shall be chamfered. For Milled
timbercladding - Use a smooth joint that is without tongue and grove, and cladding to wall
shall be to thesize, shape and patterns as on the drawings.
II) Milled timber floor
Floor boards that of tongue and grooved shape. Having a thickness not less than 20 mm
andminimum width of 70mm and shall be tongued and grooved. Width of 70mm and shall be
tongedand grooved. Nailed to sawn timber joists. Minimum size of joists 60x100mm c/c 50
cm. Joists shallbe accurately embedded in concrete.
II) Doors windows and wall panels
Door frames
Shall be notched to receive iron mongery (hinge, lock and handle) and lists of cover joints
betweenframe and wall shall be milled timber not less than 50 mm wide.
a) Glazed wooden doors - the side , top bottom and intermediate rails shall be mortised
andtenoned, rails shall be single width timber
b) Panel wooden doors - plywood or other panels are used in place of glazing
c) Flush wooden door - Finished thickness of flush doors not less than 40mm, Face panels on
eitherface shall not be less than 8 mm, Cover panels if tongued, boards shall not be less than
15mm
Windows
It is the same as that of doors. Sills for windows shall be in full width timber and extending
beyondthe face of the wall.
Wall panels – include fully solid or partly glazed partition for buildings, tongued and
groovedmilled timber boards not less than width of 80 mm and 15 mm thick. If open jointed
milled timber isused, width=100mm and thickness=15mm, block board with specified
plywood exposed surface ofless than 20mm thickness.

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III) Cupboard and counters
Built in cupboards: - fixed cupboards on construction of the building; Shall be constructed
frommilled timber and paneled boards. It has frames of 40x40 mm milled timber, fixed to
wall. Thebottom part is made up of 20mm thick edge lipped block board with exposed faces
covered byplywood. Rear, side and top part of the cupboard shall be lined with 6mm exposed
face smoothfinish plywood.
Drawers: - shall be built in 20 mm thick milled timber, bottom of drawer shall be block
board notless than 6mm thick and shall have milled timber plastic or metal guide rails to each
other
Shelves: - 20 mm thick block board with upper face finished smooth and be supported on
hardwoodmetal or plastic support securely screwed or nailed to the cupboard frame.
Methods of measurement for carpentry and joinery
- Structural members other than truss shall be measured by length stating size (eg columns,
beams)- Roof trusses shall be enumerated stating type and referring drawings (sometimes
measured inmeter length)
- Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits (ceiling), curtain walls are measured by area and shall
be understood as including frames , corner lists and hard wares (hinge, handle, lock )
- Fascia boards, eaves, skirting shall be measured by length stating girth
- Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated stating sizes
5. Steel Structural Work
Steel is used for constructing:-
- Beams, columns, suspended slab, truss, rafter
- Composite structure (steel +concrete)
- Up to 15 m span we can use timber trusses, but for span greater than 15m,we have to use a
steel structure.
Bolts and nuts
- are used to connect (fix )structural steel with concrete or other material.
- welding is usually not recommended for steel structures because it does not allow
movement.
Steel plates (steel to steel connection)
- used for splices of joints
- used for bearing plates
Fabrication

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- shall follow sequences which are suitable for assembling and erection
- cutting shall be sawing, shearing (steel cutter ),copping or flame cutting (oxyacetylene
cutter)
- holes shall be drilled or punched
- holes shall not be more than 3mm larger than diameter of bolts
Assembling erection
- adequate care shall be taken to ensure that components are not bent or twisted
- bolted connection shall be drawn together
- washers shall be provided where slot holes are oversize
- anchors and embedded connection shall be set and grouted before mounting
Method of measurement
- Beams, trusses, columns and purlins, bracings, rails, etc. shall be measured by weight (Kg),
identified by profiles and type of structures.
- Connection plates, base plates, angle iron ties and brackets shall be measured by weight or
enumerated stating profiles and dimensions, respectively.
- Anchor bolts enumerated stating size and development length.
6. Metal Works
- Metal door window frames and steel profiles produced from standard grade of steel.
- Black steel to be primed during fabrication and surface treated after installation.
- Aluminum profiles:-wrought aluminum and alloys are used. Nuts, bolts, screws and
fastenersare coated or produced from non-oxidizing metal.
Fabrication
- Formed accurate to required profiles and sizes
Erection
- be placed accurately in position aligned, plumbed, and leveled. They are usually door and
window frames and hence no assembling of parts except fabrication and erection
Classification
1) Casement doors and windows
- side, bottom, and top hinged
- LTZ frame (iron made)
- SECCO profile (steel)
- RHS frames (refer KASI manual)
- SECCO profile is more expensive than LTZ

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2) Heavy duty sliding door
- Guide and roller trucks shall be in mild steel in the sizes specified
- Rollers shall be heavy duty and produced from stainless steel and be provided at top
3) Louver window
4) Security grills
- Produced from mild steel galvanized or pre-coated solid plates or hollow profiles of
patterns as shown on drawings.
5) Guard rails
- fastened to support securely embedded in concrete or welded
6) Wire netting and fly screen
- netted wire produced from steel
- mesh for flag screen shall not be more than 10 mm
7) Corner protection
- not less than 30 mm
- shall be securely screwed and embedded to angle of materials for protection
Method of measurement
- Doors and windows enumerated stating sizes (the glazing work shall be measured
separately)
- Curtain walls by area
- Balustrade rails, corner protection by length stating development length
- Security grills fixed to windows and doors by area
- Louvers enumerated in size stating number of blades (louver jamb sets)
The following shall be understood as included: chiseling, cutting, welding, riveting, shaping,
grinding, drilling, assembling, fixing, protective treatment , decorative paint , frames, beads,
lining,anchors, hard wares, etc. (hard wares include hinge, lock, handle).
7. FINISHING WORK
1) Plastering and pointing works
The ingredients are:
- Cement (ordinary Portland cement), Lime
- Gypsum (such as plaster of Paris )
- Aggregate (fine or crushed aggregates), water
Surfaces to receive plaster, pointing or screed shall be thoroughly cleaned and wetted. The
surfaceshould be raked out to a minimum depth 10 mm to form proper key (If the thickness

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
of plastering isgreater than 2.5cm, it may crack) and the surface should be rubbed with
cement slurry (cement +water).
Plastering
First coat: - mix proportion 1:2.5 (cement: aggregate by volume)- minimum thickness of 5
mm
- spread by trowel, stretched off level and allowed to cure for 24 hours before applying the
second coat.
Second coat: - mix proportion [Link] (cement: lime: aggregate by volume) or1: 4 (cement:
aggregate by volume)
- max thickness of 12 mm
- dried for 21 days
Fine finish or fine coat cement plaster
- mix proportion 1:2 (cement +fine sand)
- Max thickness of 3 mm
- shall be finished truly and level, use fine sand for smooth finish as final coat
Function of first coat
- Acts as a bondage between the masonry wall and the second coat
- the second coat is for minor adjustments on plumb (level) and receiver surface for the
smoothfinish (fine coat )
- function of fine finish is for aesthetical value and preparation for painting
- the fine finish coat shall be cured for seven days and allowed for 28 days before further
finishis applied.
Fine coat lime plaster:
- mix proportion 1:2 (lime: fine aggregate)
- max thickness of 3 mm
- further finish up to 28 days
Fine coat gypsum plaster
- mix proportion 1:3 (gypsum: lime putty )
- max thickness of 3 mm
- cured for 28 days
Render coat
- mix proportion [Link] (cement :lime : fine aggregate) or 1:3 (cement : fine aggregate )
- shall be manual or machine sprayed, wetted for 7 days

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
Float finish (Fare faced)
- Shall be applied to concrete surfaces that are to receive no plaster coat
- It is applied to only concrete surfaces not to masonry
- A rendering coat of one cement with two fine aggregate shall be applied and surface floated.
Cement dust or cement paste shall be applied to the floated surface
Cement pointing
- mix proportion 1:2 (cement :fine aggregate)
- can be flush or recess pointing
Flush pointing: finished level and even to the wall whereas Recess pointing: depth not less
than5mm. Pointed surface shall be cement dusted or cement pasted to form smooth surface
and wettedfor seven days.
Method of measurement
Plaster and pointing works shall be measured by area . Internal and external works shall be
measuredseparately. The following shall be understood as included: preparing background,
hacking out joints,grouting, jointing, recessing, etc.
2) Floor and wall finish
Terrazzo tiles: -used for floor finish and skirting
- shall be precast or cast in situ elements
- shall have a minimum topping of two parts of marble or granite chipping from an
approvedquality with one part cement
- the minimum grading of the chip shall be 5mm
- usually have a thickness of 2 cm
- shall be applied onto 3 cm thick cement screed bedding (specified thickness)
Precast cement tiles
- produced from crushed aggregates (0.1 mm gravel) and sand mix
- minimum thickness shall be 20mm
- shall be applied on 3 cm cement screed bedding
- cheaper than terrazzo tile
Marble tiles
- shall be in accordance with quality, color and texture as shown (specified )
- shall be straight edged and smooth surfaced
- cement mortar backing for walls and cement screed bedding for floors
- recently techniques of binding the marble with wall leaving space between them (for

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
expansion) is practiced.
Marble chips
- flooring thickness shall not be less than 20 mm and does not exceed 50 mm
- chips shall be irregular shape and the smallest dimension shall not be less than 100 mm
- the exposed surface of mortar finish to marble chip shall not exceed 1:3 proportion
Ceramic and mosaic tiles
- ceramic tiles shall be glazed type of approved color, texture and size
- ceramic tiles shall be 6mm thick for walls and not less than 15mm for floors
- mosaic tiles shall be in regular square or hexagonal sizes not exceeding 25mm in dimension
of each size.
Quantity Surveying, Specifications and Contracts (CENG-3002) Lecture Note
ASTU/Civil Engineering Department 18
PVC tiles
- usually thermoplastic.
- the tiles and skirting shall be resistant to household oil and acids.
- the glue (adhesive) for fixing PVC tiles and skirting shall be in accordance with
manufacturer’s instruction.
- usually 2mm thick PVC tiles and 48 mm cement screed is used
COPPING, CILLS, STEPS, RISERS
- can be from marble, terrazzo, concrete, stone, etc and shall be laid as per the drawing.
Stone and concrete pavements: dressed or roughly dressed sand stone or precast concrete
shall belaid on compacted fill of 10 mm sand or red ash bedding and joints pointed with
cement.
Method of measurement
The following shall be measured by area specifying material, size and thickness
- all finishes to floors and walls except skirting, copping and cills
- all finishes to risers, treads, and landings to stairs
The following shall be measured in length specifying material, size and thickness
- skirting, cills and copings, dividing strips in floors
The following shall be understood as included:
- preparing background, hacking , raking , grouting , bedding , jointing , rubbing and priming
8. GLAZING
Transparent glass

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
- Sheet glass (clear glass)
- Transparent glass shall be clear or tinted, transmitting light and capable of showing objects
Figured glass
- has sufficient imprinting of texture or pattern totally or substantially obscure vision
Opal glass
- vision from inside but not from outside
Wired glass
-shall be in wire mesh, transparent, translucent or figured
Putty
- used for fixing the glass to the frame
- shall be quick, hard setting, tropical putty specially manufactured for glazing works
Method of Measurement
- glazing shall be measured by area
- glazing to louvers and special fixing may be enumerated by stating size and thickness
The following shall be understood as included: Bedding, mastic, fixing, beading, cleaning
etc.
9. PAINTING WORKS
Oil based priming paints
- priming coat – initial or preparatory coats
- applied to surfaces readily mixed or base paints
Aluminum priming paints
- for wood work
- shall be for brush application
Metallic zinc rich priming paints
- shall be applied to iron and steel surfaces
Oil Paints
- water proof
- shall be applied in accordance with manufacturers instruction
- can be applied for walls, wood work , metals
Plaster Emulsion Paints
- normal and usual type of painting
- shall be selected for interior and exterior works
Synthetic Enamel Paints

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
- used for metals with manufacturers instruction
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
- painting shall be measured by area.
- special application to edges shall be measured in length stating the girth.
- internal and external surfaces shall be measured separately.
The following shall be understood as included: trimming, cutting, matching patterns,
cleaning,priming.
10. SANITARY WORKS
It includes all works on building in connection with supply of potable water and removal of
solidand liquid wastes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
Pipes
- Galvanized steel pipes –used for distribution of water (pipes for cold and hot potable
waterinternally and externally installed having plain or threaded ends.
- Pipes are measured by length stating diameter taken along the centerline over all fittings
Valves:
- Flanges used to connect pipes and for controlling
- Check valves, gate valve, service valves
- shall be in specified material and size at positions indicated in drawings
- Enumerated stating diameter.
UPVC (unplasticisedPVC ) – rigid thermoplastic conduit
- can be used for cold water distribution
- usually used for solid waste & surface drainage with vent pipe in horizontal & vertical
stacks
- shall be measured in length stating diameter and understood to include accessory joint
fittinglike Y, T, joints
Precast concrete pipes – for solid waste and surface drainage
Solid pipes –surface drainage and sewage
Perforated pipes – subsurface drainage
Manholes: - shall be in precast concrete C-20 quality or class A hollow brick as indicated
anddetailed in the drawings.
- shall be laid on a minimum concrete bed of 150mm
- enumerated stating size and depth including all related earthwork

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
Manholes are used for inspection, reduction of number of pipes, change of directions at
angles
Trench excavation and cutting
- carried out after full supply of pipes has been made
- bottom excavations trimmed and level to the requirements
- minimum width for pipes of 200 mm is 600 mm and not less than 600.
- greater than the diameter of the pipe for pipe sizes over 1000mm
Pipe laying checked for true straight, and gradient shall be given concrete bed or granular bed
a) concrete bed
b) granular bed - max grain size 20mm
- the granular fill and concrete in layers not exceeding 20 cm
- no mechanical compactor is used up to 1000mm above the fill for granular and 600 mm for
concrete bed
Concrete pipes shall be measured in length, stating the diameter and understood as including:
settingout, trench excavation, pipe laying, jointing, bedding and backfills
Septic Tanks, Soak Away Pits and Percolation Ditch
- Measurement shall be done in accordance with the method of measurement for each item
ofworks.
- May be specified on lump sum for costing.
Sanitary Fixtures
- Shall be manufactured of standards acceptable for the intended purpose
- Appliances shall be supplied with mounting and plugging devices, valves, chains, waste
plug,traps, handles, flexible pipes, bolts, nuts screws, hinges, etc.
WC units – they are of different types
White Vitreous China WC
- Low flush cistern, plastic seat and cover, inlet and drain connecting and complete with
fixingdevices
- Ditto as above but high flush cistern
Enameled White Cast Iron Pedestal Pan WC unit
- Concealed flush and cistern, plastic seat and cover, inlet and drain connector, trap
andcomplete with fixing devices
- ditto as above but high flush cistern

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
Precast terrazzo squatting pan WC unit with high level flush cistern, inlet and drain
connector,trap and complete with fixing devices
WC units are enumerated items.
HWB (hand wash basin)
- White vitreous china, standard white wash hand basin of specified size, with pair of
whitepainted cast iron screw to wall, brackets 32 mm slotted basin waste and overflow,
chromiumplated basin chain and rubber plug, 32 mm chromium plated bottle trap and
connector,flexible pipe connector, complete with fixing devices, and chromium plated cold
water valveonly .
- ditto as above but chromium plated cold and hot water valves .
Urinals:
- white vitreous china urinal bowel supported on concealed wall hangers, 9 liters capacity
levelcistern with automatic siphon, flexible pipe connector, drip tap, stainless steel exposed
flushpipes, 38mm waste strainer and bottle trap.
- Ditto as above but with two unit divisions
Shower units, water heaters and sinks are fixtures.
Other accessories: Toilet roll, soap dish, towel rail
Method of measurement – enumerated stating size.
11. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
It includes supply, erection, installation, testing and commissioning of electrical wires as
generallyshown on electrical drawings. Materials shall be fully in accordance with qualities,
tolerances, tests,recommendations, method of workmanship as described on specification. All
accessories shall befixed at the following heights above finished floor level unless specified
on the BOQ or drawings
- Distribution boards 1700 mm
- Lighting switches and push buttons 1400 mm
- Lighting switches and push buttons above beds 1000mm
- Sockets in general 300 mm
- Sockets on benches 1500 mm above bench top
- Sockets in workshops 1100mm
- Telephone outlets 300mm
- Bells 2100 mm
1) Underground cable ducts

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
- made of precast concrete pipes or galvanized steel pipes
- for protection of power and telephone outlet cable
- it shall be the responsibility of the contractor to ensure that the underground duct is
installedcorrectly according to each party’s requirement
- Precast concrete, galvanized steel UPVC are used (similarly as given for sanitary
installation)
- Manholes – similar to the requirements for sanitary installation
2) Distribution boards (DB)
Main distribution boards (MDB) and sub distribution board (SDB)
- The contractor shall supply and install medium voltage MD panel as shown on the
[Link] of the panel shall be as to permit the ready incoming and outgoing
cables.
- Sub distribution board (SDB) shall be surface flush mounted and DB shall be of the
typefully enclosed sheet steel cabinet and hinged cover
- DBs shall be enumerated stating the power and voltage supply including all related works
3) PVC cables – underground cables shall be PVC insulated steel wire and PVC served
overalland all cables shall have copper conductors
- measured in meter linear
4) Light points, power and socket outlets
- outlets are either of bell, fan, telephone, TV or antenna
- outlets shall be enumerated and understood as including all related works
Light points
- Fed through specified size PVC insulated conductors of thermoplastic conduits of 13.5
mmdiameter for surface installation including junction boxes with cover and insulating caps
- Ditto as above but in steel conduits of 15 mm diameter
Socket outlets – same as light points
Bell points - fed through PVC insulated conductor of 2mm by 0.8 mm inside
thermoplasticconduits including junction boxes with covers
Fan outlets – fed through PVC insulated conductors inside thermoplastic conduits of 13.5
mmup to 16mm diameter for surface installation thermoplastic conduit is used for recessed
orinternal surface installation
Power outlets –ditto as above
Telephone outlets – ditto as above but wiring done by ETA

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
Measurement: - enumerated and understood to include related works
TV antenna outlets
- 20 mm diameter thermoplastic conduit for recessed installation
- 20mm rigid thermoplastic conduit for surface installation
- 20 mm steel conduit for surface installationoutlets are enumerated and understood to
include chiseling , laying conduits and installing wiresproviding junction box and insulating
cups.
Electrical fixtures
- Light fixtures –shall be enumerated stating type of fixtures
- Air conditioners, Fans, Bell systems shall be enumerated stating type of fixture
C. EXTERNAL WORKS, SERVICES
Includes pavements, parking, landscaping and gardening, fencing and excavation and
earthworks forslope stabilization or drainage ditches.
4.5.2 Road Project
The following specifications and methods of measurements have been summarized from the
Technical Specification for Road Projects by the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA, 2002). The
preparation of quantities is based on highway design and is assumed to be discussed in
HighwayEngineering courses.
Average-End-Area Volume Computations
Traditionally, earthwork or dredging quantities for purposes of design estimates and
constructionpayment have been obtained from cross-sectional surveys of the project area.
These surveys arenormally run perpendicular to the general project alignment at a
predetermined constant spacing.
The elevation data are plotted in section view along with the design/required depth and/or
allowableover depth templates. Given sectional plots of both preconstruction and post-
construction (as-built)grades (or, in some cases, intermediate partial construction grades), the
amount of excavated (cut) orplaced (fill) area can be determined at each cross section. Figure
below shows the typical templatesused to compute relative cut/fill quantities. The sectional
area can be determined by use ofAutoCAD. The average areas of two successive cross-
sections are computed, and these averages arethen projected along the project alignment
(linear or curved) by a distance equal to the sectionalspacing, resulting in an approximate
estimate of the volume of material cut or filled duringconstruction. This approximate
estimating technique is known as the trapezoidal or average-end-areamethod and is

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 CHAPTER -4 QUANTITY SURVEYING 2012E.C
universally used (and accepted) in highway, railroad, and irrigation construction fordesign
estimating and payment [Link] End Area computation formulas. Given two successive
cross sections of areas A1 and A2 and distance
L apart, the equation for an average end area volume between two cross sections is:
V = ( L/2) · (A 1 + A 2)

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