UYDROCENgaobrn mo

metho of byeb awationi

emical series
Ihe metal cwhich oue ble ced above Ha in eleGtroch
Teact with dit. acids to Liberate Hy (o)From Qcids
eg. FetHgso4’ feso,+H2
(ail-)
Cut Has0, x(NO eactioh)
tab preþ : hen umhwre 2m weacts wth dil.280yutgams H
+ Hy SOy 2nsout Ha
impure) dil)
Ex: uy
’becaoe the ate ofeaction with hwneZm onueny o .
(6) by alkalies Ony (Be.Z [Link]) (ambhoterie netal)
Het th e baiing NQOH is KOH to evave H.
Zn+ 2NaoH’Nag Zn0+Ho ^ 3
(sodium lincate)
2 AL+ 2NaOH +2H, 0
’2NoALOgt 3H2
nl 3 3 (sodiym meta aluminate)
Sm +2NaOH t
Ha0Nag Og+2H2
Sn
(sodium stannite)
Pb+2 Naon + Hy0 ’ Nag
Pbog+2Hg4
Jso dium plumbite)
Be+2NaoH’ pNa, 8e tHa
Csodium beryllate)
(e) conmeroial o4 nduatYi al method to prep e y
2Ho ©() electroiysis9
Traces Of Qcid/
(acidified) base
Plati hurmeied troae )

" warm aqueous baium hyduoxide-)99.95 7ath.

btu mickel electrode.
at anode: 20lcl +2e
at cathode: 2H,0+ 2e Hot20H
overal reation: 2Not +2c142H,0’ Clgt Hg +2Na +20H
 m HYDRo cARBON,
CnCa Han2 Ni nco 4 (3m+)Hotao
H2va dbvd 4o Jbott m
e9.CH4+ Mg 0 Ni cot 3Mn
- mixtwre
Oand H2 is called uater gas .oo synthesgaa
asynga.
hroce yrocucing 'eyngas' om coal is called coa
9aaieaton
C+ H,o 290 Cot H
613K
eatalyst Cot H2
9his uo call ed 'uater-gas ahtueadon
1 PHYsLG AL
PROPERTIES OF HYDROGGENA mS)
- ahtes t, colaudes
inlammable 0daweletasteless gasi
- m.. ahdb-b aue dow o'.louid Hy is u
(to uoduce dow tem). 0
USES Of HY ORO GGEN
ydogeh atio 0f veg etable oit toforrn solid fats i-e. van as bad
9hee.
Ocket tuellwheh Ha is in liqwd form)
HYORIOES
- Bimay comhounds y H,.ith dif. elem
(a) Ionic /sat ike /6aline
hydriaes.
Comþ0un of Ho with s-blocK elements exsept beryllium ur
ds
magiesium
-Ben and mg H are covlent bolymerio hydride.
n o - conducting t 90 ivolati le
forms Gomblex hydrides which axe rery goo d ueducng
gets.
6) Metalic l interstitial hydides.
Combobnds o d and -block elerm ento.
- nOn-s toichyometnlyon matwe
c) Covalent (maleuler ydbides,
- uith - block elem ênts ke CHu NH.H,o,Hf Cte.
noo-conduot eeotri coty.
 Electron deficient hydides
-group 13 elements
-doesmot haye comb. octet

- Electron þrecise hy dride .

group i4 element.
CHy,SiH, .,Gehg
8e in its outerm ost sShell.
Elec tron ich hydride
9roup s, 16,19
lone pair are frerent
HE
e.g. NHg, H, 0,
HARD AND SOFT CUATER ater. and uf
waterfarming lather 2ith soap us sqt
mot, then its hard eater. ,chiorides, sulbhates.
ehce of bicarbonates
HardnesS of Hy O’ bu pres and magn esjum.
0f Galcium

mg2t(ae)+2 Cn mg
insolu ble precisitater.
anion of Soab.
çpl by bc) ling).
lremovebicarbonates 9y9gog
-Temþoray haidness, due to if Ga2tan dmgt
and also by Glark'' process .addihon of slakeo
adnesu
-Permanent h ime (ca (oh)g.
Colhcog),t ca(oh,2Cac0g +,o.
-due to yeaenee y suhhates
ay chlaides cattan d mg2+.
03tinsolUbie)
water soft eners aue)estl
washin9,s0 [Link]
calgon- cornblex salt of metaphos phori e acid, sodiorm hexa
qm et phoshhate lNaPog, is Known as calgom.
Permutt brocess - sedum
Sodlum 2eolite (Nd92):
2eoliteAi, Siog:XH, o0..
Ion exChan ge resin - we can T6move both cati en an c anion ot
handne6s
 Heavy water lOg0)
method o repe atecl electrolusis of water. le liqu
tasteless, mobi LLs
hysicos prop. - colawless, odawless,
hysi cal cons tants ae hiaher tham [Link]
arcdihay

ucter.
dielechrt const. H) 0>D,o)
Ch emicas prop. - D, o ueats mane slowy than H2 O
* Oses - Qs a n euron
moderator.
Ha Og (Hydrogeh gbitbprd dsir noTt o9i9 -
þerovide).
Baog8 Ha0 t H2 SouBasoyt,, +,8
(s). (aq)
2) Elec tro lytie
Pt anode þrocess .
9raþhite’cathode .
2 H, sou2Ht+ 2H3O,"
At catho de : 2ht+ 2eT’ Ha
At ano de:
2HSOLH: +2 e
(Peroxu disulþhuic aeid ).
I202087 n20 ’ Hs 0u + Ho Sor(Peroxomon osulþhurio ati
(Caros acid)

Physica þroperties
-Colanles, odawlew and umhne uith ádush layer.

more Ha
bonding thanol Ha0
soluble in Ho o, alcoh ande ther.
Oxidising +reducing froh erty.
-He 2lecamboues eaily in teuen ca of ight +ten. Kept
h dask botties an d in cool
Gs rocket
Uses- 0leachihg agent, Hair dying. HOg t NgHy
prattlent, Hg O, as oxidant and Teduc tant, aniseptc.
 &
underlined element.

’(+)2+a+4
2+x-8:o (-2):0 2(+)4 4 -12)
a-6:O
-2:5. Co,5’ Ans.

3(+1) + o44(-2)=0 ttttrt

H-Cu
3+-%-0
x:8-3
8-6-1
Ex-I C@-|- G4)
0-32.

a=5
3 NH
NDSs-s-50
it2
+2 t!
Na
+5 +5

2(+) + 244(-2)=0
2+2 a-4-O

’2(++2 <+8(-2) =o *2//

2+2-l6=0
-2
peroxy tinkage.

2(+1) + 49ct-2) =0
24 42-4=0
4a-12 -0
 (3) B7g 2.
’ 3c+ 8(-2)= 0 o-2
-Bx - BBo-2
12 (+2
z=16- 5-3 02

(carbon suboxidel -2 +2 0 +4-2

’ 3%+ 2(-2) =O C=C-C=0
3-4=0

’
cacocta)e
2+ 2(-2)+42= 0
2 - 4+Y:o

42

Caxod 19nnios8
C

APPLICATIO NS of 0
bases:
0v0 comhae the otrengthug oayacids and
oAcidio strength 0-S
Basic strength d L
Ex: Acidio dtrength +5order

2 To determine oxidising cndreducing hatore

oxidatio n,
+2 +2
2n°+ Cus 0,2hso,+ Cuo
0.4. reduchoh
 Beginneri Box- 5
AG,°- kca
K00
R =2caLIK mo

At equilibrium, a G:0 0:K

AG:
0
RTLnK
2x248 Lh|oo= 2X298 x2-3o9 loq tog 0
2x 29812-3 0 x2
Begin neró Box-6.
() A+5B’2c+3D AH:-5o KI .
2A 4 10 B 4G
t+6D AH=9 (-50) KJ: -I00
Beginner Box-8

I
I *’2 AH,:q,
I 2 2w AH-42
AHg-43
TV-2XI+4T +21
X’22 AH: 2q
22’ 4cw t-299
4w2Y Hg: 4Q3
X ’ 2y H: 29, + Z49 +443.
 Exercise-I * Cahy+(a+9)og c0gtyH,u
2
fg no-22!.

CgH+Og
2
’2C OFt 8H2O
CghG=-21:|
CO) - q4.1
Kcal. AH= Hp -He,
Kca
H, 0=- 68-3 Koal

2 Af He
2
-34f HH, o -21-- (-44-Dx2
3(-68-3)
2
Imole DH=-32 64-4 Kmol
mole ma
m

for tb [Link], AH: -8264-4KI mol.

8
-3 264-4 xa8.

s) 0f(Ho)= -63.3 KGat mol

AH°com7. of CHy3837-2 Kcal mol
AH°comb. otGgtty36 37K Ca mo

T Heto,’
2
Hyo (AH -68-3)

2
 +90, 2c eg +2 Hg o

Ht Gly’2Hcl.
AH=2BEBE, d-Cl

(109) Hy
(g)+4Og(9)=
AH298:-68-32 KCal Hy0)
2

Hzo¬)’Ha o(g).
AH:1052 KCal
(9)
.A

Redox Rxn Ch-c)

L BALANCING of REDOx REACTION
Oxidation [Link]
Iogn - electron method (Haif-eQ6tias electt om mehod)
TCN ELEGTRON METHo0 PIicable only for ionic ea chions)
mETHOD
Stehst yan dalancing :O slit the giuem 8ctim indo hat
and eduction
io os oidation
Meacton
2 Balance the atoms ather tham H, and .
9 Balonce oygen by odding wuitable no. Hy0 malecle
at sutable ade.
(4) Balan ce the hydrogen by:"
- by Ht i acidlc qnediun
bu Oh in cbes'c medium |ht oh) ,hoQdol,
(5) Balan ce the chage by cdding suitable [Link] t uitabo
Sde.
HCnihulate bott theeacionsmo.e un aucha manme
eactions hawe equal upon adoling
th at 6 th aut an d Balanclceactin
them, e ae camcelled
ohtaimed.
 +7
(a) mho,4 C,o2 mh12+ cog
Þxidatiom
eacion mhoy - mn
Reducticn Halfreaction O
Steb i: Oxidati Cg ’ c o ,
cn Half

Steb 2 mnO’mnt2
Cg O2- 2002
Step 3. Mno’mn4H, O
C204
8Ht
-2
2c02

Step 5: 5e+BH+mhO, ’ DhttHH2

2 i

CaOy-2 2c02 +2e

-2
+8Ht+mno,’MaT+yHa o)x2
Steb 6: (5e
2c09 +2e)x55
( C204
Steh 9: IgetI6H2mno,’2Mn+ 8 Ho
.2

16H2mho+5Gg 22mnt+8ig0t|0G02
CH.J)- Ex-I (Aia))
’ Br02 +had except.g3-43
B8-2 4 -f
Bhot Br281o9t6ht +ye

Brg+ 2ho28roj* 2ht+n,o

 b0sic medivm.,t06alonce
- OH NOTE: In at thotside
(o) 29n +Nog ’ 2h2+ NH hydeogen, oh ion
add ih exces he
whene H salrecdy molecules
Stefi:
ReducHen half to on obb. side,
Oxidatioh Tn.4,NGg ’NH;T
half xm4 2h2ntt
n2n
Zn 2t2

Steb108+19Ha St NOg NHSHz 0+ 100H

10 H,o tNOS+ 52n’`NH+ H,oOCH+52n.

’ Stes 4i Bet
I0Hz0+Nog ’ NH, t+3H,0 t looh
(Zh2ht242e)x4 -9

Steh 5: 8etohy0 t NOg ’ NHt +3 Hy0 tio0h

42n’42nt2 +8e
+2

GXIDATION NumBER METHOD, (hon for ionicandmon)

ethod

Steþs for balancing andned.

te) : 9dentily the elemertu shcuing aidaton
uction huy obeing Gxidaton mber.
Step2: ind mef unoease a net ecreQue ON ter male eule
He 3: Since in a cbalanced hedcx hoaction,
OXidation ho. us egua to ttadeel otheactcnt
.
alde
tatalinein
S4Do make this, qnltihly maecules
by suitabee aumber
 side, balane he nalecles by
[Link]
Stej y: Notrialwad method
yo oducl
Jut cd
Blamce extro hydog en and onygen by Hg0,
Gtes
(o) Cut HNO, ’ CNo),' Nog tHa0
4 4

4educti on 1K(2 |4x2

Cu4HNOg ’Cu(Nog)g+2N Og +2 Hg0a1

t4

redvcton.

Steb2: Cy°+ HNOg Cu(N og),t Nogtigo

’ +2 inc’ Ix2(2)
HNog NO2
’ 1 dec’ IX{) +2
+4
+5
Step 3: cu'+2HNog ’ culNogdet
Cu ogtHy o
|x2=2
Stes 4- S
Qcdic Ney trl-+ t o t4
(0) mn o + Fet". ’ Mht2+red
fet 54 Acidiç-t? to+2
Basic+9t0 t6
Step mno t Fet mnt2. Lfet
Oxid otion ’ 4.
5
|Step 2 Mnou +5fet mnt?t Fet

+9
Oxi14 x5=5
Jseeys mnOu t 5Fe mt+ Fet
 Stehu Hit and triat qme thod

t5Fet’ Mnt+S Fet.

ntermoteGutt redex9eGetiens.
TYPES OF REDox REAGTION
(a) intermcieculay Tedox ge achion :
(6) intra moleculan ged ox reaothon
(c) Oisprcportion ation reacticn .
REAGTION
INTERmoECULAR REDOx
edution takelace uehastely h
the oxidationand
Zuhen interm aleculan nedox st yn.
ayernd ahecies caled
Eg. 2n°4Cuts02n2s od+Cu
Oxidati on 2n2nt
Reduction CutCu.
n -factor- (net change in o.N- þer molecule)
2 24
25°+ Gusoy’ 2ns0ytGU

n-factor 2 2 2
INTRA moLECULAK REDox REACTÊON
uing the whemicaloeachoni oxiaaticm ahdwedueti oh.
take Þlacs in sing le stecie then eachon.
Oxidation 2^x=16.
2
e.g. Kcito,*’ KoL?4
educti on 6

n-fcotor = 6 6
DISPRoPoRTIONATrON REACTION uhen same eleneht sn sene
Oxid ation m, 4 Koxtatioi stete enderg oes oxidation
as 2uelLas oedction thes dt is
A dispropo tion dtircn xn
 n-factot n,xma
mtng'edn. i4x2:)
Ex: H
Oxidaich 1^x2:24

9-fcctor : 9,X2.I
2+2
"ACJ OF EQUIVALENCE
On weactiev, au reactQnts e gy u Cqmal
eact wa
Qchemicl
eadaate, equivalence and froduces qual no. wy:
equkalencef pach ybooduct 1

Ex. aA +6B’ cC+dD

mole a d
2
mo les Tmoles moles mole
concept
+2 =, -2 2)
Con cept

Ex: H So, t 2 NaOHNQ2 °4 + 2 H, o

no. 0f |mole 2mole Imole 2mole.
moles.
n-factor 2
eqwvalent 22 2 2,
concept
(ne: n x n-factom)
Chorma)
mevtraliLed by
(0) 100 m of 0-2 eesON Ba(oH) is comp. acid.
50 of Hg60,6oln. Find the molaty of
(solw
5o ml
No.2
Hc. to mote conceþt,
nHysou MBacom),. .N:Mxmfactor
. M: N
(n-factor),
M: N
ne=nxfactor.
Me=NV

|Mo2Ans.,
[Link] eq. concebt;
(neryso)(ne8at on) e),Basoy - (ne)
nxn-t actor NV
M* 2*5t*
MK 2 X50=0:2%Io oMxVxnfactorz NV
M:0.2M. LAnJ) i HCcannot be sowe do by mole cencej)
(0) Calelate the ralume of o. 2 MFec, o, soln.2uti ch
+6 yoyidation 14x2=2
TSoin). K, Cr0, +feti. Yet94
’fet+Cosccr

redu otion 3 X2-6

mfacto9:6 1+2-3
(ne) Fe ogy V=
nxnfaotor = NV
My x n-factor= NV
 Nfactor of scme important Gomþound
Potassium þermc-n ate lþ erma hganate ion
O
(mio,)
(Kmio,) nfactor
Acidic medium
Kmn,oy
Oy+R.A "mgt2 5

NeutraL mnt4

6asic mntb

cmate ion
Orota ssium pichrcmate /pichr
+6
(Kgc^g04) (crno,3)
any medium
Cyt3

nfactor : 6
3 H0, (sy Hydrogen Perosi de)
O sef- Decomp ositicn -
redn ix2-2(n)
2

Oxidation 14X2: 2T(n)

n-factoY= MKN2 -2x2

2-42
(iii) Red ox -geAoti nature
a) As ox idising aqent
2

0"A.
n-facto9-2.
 Hs reducing Me ag ert
tH20, Oihen o,
R-A
h-fa ct or2yo

NH3 Ng
Oxidation 34xl=3
nfacto: 3 6 2