Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Urban society Recovery from the fourteenth century Rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity Emphasis on individual ability The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Italian cities lose commercial preeminence due to the Plague Hanseatic League Textile industry rivaled by printing, mining, and metallurgy Banking Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility 2 to 3 percent of the population Military and political posts Education Courtly Society in Italy Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) The Book of the Courtier Service to the prince Peasants and Townspeople Decline of manorialism and continuing erosion of serfdom Peasants as hired workers Urban society Patricians Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, artisans, guildmasters, guild members Slavery in the Renaissance Agricultural slavery declines, replaced by serfdom by 9th century Skilled workers in Italy Household workers Obtained from the eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea region, Africa, and Spain Declines in Italy by end of 15th century Portuguese imported 140,000 from Africa between 1444 and 1505
The Family in Renaissance Italy Extended Marriages Father-husband center of the family Role of the wife Primary role to bear children
The Italian States in the Renaissance Five Major States Five powerful city-states: Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, Papal States Republic of Florence de Medici family Kingdom of Naples most of southern Italy Independent City-States Federigo da Montefeltro, 1444-1482 Urbino Isabella dEste (1474-1539) Mantua Warfare in Italy Peace of Lodi, 1454 Italian troubles with Spain and France Birth of Modern Diplomacy Ambassadors Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccol Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince Political power to restore and maintain order Humanity is self-centered Ends justifies the means The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Italian Renaissance Humanism Liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history) The Emergence of Humanism Petrarch (1304-1374) Rejected scholastic philosophy Emphasize classics Humanism in Fifteenth-century Italy Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) Civic humanism Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) Literary criticism of ancient texts Humanism and Philosophy Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
Florentine Platonic Academy Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism Hermeticism Occult sciences Theological and philosophical beliefs and speculation Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man Common nuggets of universal truth Education in the Renaissance Vittorino da Feltre (1378-1446) Humanist education Pietro Paolo Vergerio (1370-1444) Liberal arts education Liberal studies history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music Women Renaissance man Humanism and History Secularism of history Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540) Modern analytical historiography Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg Movable metal type, 1445-1450 Bible, 1455 or 1456 Development of scholarly research Lay reading public The Artistic Renaissance Early Renaissance Masaccio (1401-1428) Frescos Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) Laws of perspective Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) Laws of perspective Antonio Pollaiuolo (c. 1432-1498) Movement and anatomical structure Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Greek and Roman mythology Donato di Donatello (1386-1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Architecture Piero della Francesca (c. 1410-1492) Portraits The High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Realism and idealism Raphael (1483-1520) Ideal of beauty Michelangelo (1475-1564) Divine beauty Donato Bramante (1444-1514) Architecture Artist and Social Status Artist as hero Financial gains The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (1390?-1441) Oil paint and varied range of colors Albrecht Drer (1471-1528) Perspective and proportion Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474) Change in the composition of the mass Madrigal (poem set to music) The European State in the Renaissance The Growth of the French Monarchy Consequences of the Hundred Years War Charles VII, 1422-1461 Taille (annual direct tax) Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438 Louis XI, 1461-1483 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 1467-1477 Base for the development of a strong French monarchy England: Civil War and a New Monarchy War of the Roses, 1450s-1485 Henry VII , 1485-1509, Tudors Abolished livery and maintenance Court of Star Chamber Income Commerce Unification of Spain Isabella of Castile, 1474-1504
The
Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516 Cortes Hermandades Corregidores The Church Jews and Muslims Inquisition Granada, 1492 Expulsion of Jews and Muslims Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs Frederick III, 1440-1493 Maximilian I, 1493-1519
The
Struggle for a Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Bohemia Hungary Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490 Russia Ivan III, 1462-1505 Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Spread of the Seljuk Turks, 13th century Constantinople falls, 1453 Church in the Renaissance The Problems of Heresy and Reform John Wyclif (c. 1328-1384) No basis of papal claims for temporal authority Lollards John Hus (1374-1415) Calls for end of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Council of Constance, 1414-1418 Sacrosancta (council received authority from God) Frequens (regular holding of councils) Pope Pius II Execrabilis (condemned appeals to a council over the head of the pope is heretical) The Renaissance Papacy Pope Julius II, 1503-1513 Warrior pope Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Sixtus, 1474-1484 Nepotism Pope Alexander VI, 1492-1503
Debauchery and sensuality Pope Leo X, 1513-1521 Patron of the arts
