A Learning Module in General Mathematics

Opening Prayer
Let us remember Jesus in our hearts and our midst as we pray,
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.
We pray to You, O God, to enlighten our minds to direct our wills, so that we may seek only what is right and just. Amen

I.LEARNING TARGETS
 Illustrates simple interest; M11GM-IIa-1
 Computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in simple interest;
M11GM-IIa-b-1
 Solve problems involving simple interest;
 Solves problems involving inverse functions; M11GM-Ie-2
 Distinguish between exponential function and exponential equation; M11GM-Ie-4
 Solves exponential equations and inequalities; M11GM-Ie-f-1
 Define exponential function;
 Changing from exponential to logarithmic form and vice-versa; and
 Represents real-life situations using logarithmic functions. M11GM-Ih-1

LESSON 1: SIMPLE INTEREST

LESSON 2: SUMMARY OF WEEK 4, 5 AND 6 MODULES
VALUES INTEGRATION: (PMVGO-CV) Integrity, Good Follower, Honesty
21st Century Skills: Critical thinking and Doing, Communication, Cooperation

II. ACTIVATION ZONE

- Have you ever experienced doing bank transactions like deposits or withrawals?
- Do you know someone who loaned from a bank to buy a house or lot?
- Do your parents use credit cards when thet do their purchases in malls or supermarkets?

These are just some of the common business transactions that some of us have done or still engaged
in at present. When we deposit our money in the bank in the form of regular savings or time deposit, we
earn a certain amount from our investment. The banks are giving these in return because our placements
with them are normally reinvested.

LESSON 1: SIMPLE INTEREST

III. LEARNING ZONE
Key Point/s:

Jacob Bernoulli. He was born on December 27, 1654. Died at the

age of 50. He was born at Basel Switzerland. The official discovery
of interest was found in 16th century. He introduced a constant “e”
for the interest. He gave a formula limit n approaches infinity
( , where n represents the number of times the interest is
compounded in a year.

LECTURE:
What is Interest?
Interest, in its simplest description, is a fraction or percentage being imputed to sum of money.

One might wonder why there is a need to charge interest to a sum of money. The answer is simple:
borrowing money entails cost-just like renting a house, using utilities, or riding a bus. The sum of money that
someone borrows or lends is called the principal amount. The interest rate is a percentage of the principal
amount which represents the cost or fee for borrowing or lending money. The time or loan period is the
agreed date or time when the loan will be paid in full. When you borrow money from someone, you need
to pay more than the principal amount you loaned depending on the interest rate and time you both
have agreed on.

On the other hand, when you lend your money to someone or to a financial institution like a bank,
the principal amount you lent will be increased with interest. Interest is actually the fee that you pay
because you used someone else's money or the fee that you receive because somebody used your
money. It is always accompanied with a predetermined interest rate and a specified period of time.

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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
To determine the interest incurred or interest earned, the following formula is used:

where: I = interest,
P = principal amount,
R = interest rate,
T = time or loan period.
For established businesses like banks and other financial institutions, interest is computed
automatically by their respective computer systems. But for students like you, it is imperative that you learn
and understand the formula so you can solve for the interest manually.

Simple Interest
Simple interest is essentially the interest charged to a borrower or earned by a lender for the full
term of the loan. Aside from the interest itself, the principal amount, the interest rate applied, and the time
period can also be calculated using the same formula depending on what is asked in a problem. Simple
interest is widely used in Philippine businesses. Many Philippine banks offer credit card installment plan for
purchase of appliances, gadgets, or even tuition and medical fees. These banks usually have
arrangements with various merchants that offer high-value products or services which warrant installment
plans. Banks and lending companies also offer straightforward loan products that apply simple
interest.

Example 1: You are the borrower.

Suppose you want to borrow money from your friend to buy a concert ticket for your favorite band.
Since you prefer a front row seat, the cost of the concert ticket you need to buy is P10 000. Your friend
agreed to lend you P10 000 payable in 12 months and with an interest rate of 5% per annum supported by
a promissory note. How much will be the interest that you have to pay your friend? How much is the total
amount you need to pay your friend at the end of the 12-month period?

Find: I=?

Solution: Steps:
→ Applying the formula , then perform the
= P500.00 indicated operation

This amount represents your interest expense.

Hence, the total amount to be paid to your friend after 12 months is P10 000.00 + P500.00 =P10 500.00

Example 2: Purchase of Appliance on Credit

You decided to purchase a P50 000.00 LED TV through your credit card. After a month, you
discovered from your statement of account that you were charged with P1 000.00 interest. How much was
the monthly interest rate applied to your credit card purchase?

Find: R=?

Solution: Steps:
→ Applying the formula , then perform
the indicated operation.

Example 3: Interest Income on a Time Deposit Account

You opened a time deposit account with Bank D for PI 000 000.00 with 3% interest per annum. The
maturity date or term of your time deposit is 35 days only. How much is your interest income before tax
after 35 days?

Find: I=?

Solution: Steps:
→ Applying the formula , then perform the
= P2 916.67 indicated operation
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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
Most Philippine banks use the 360-day year period or ordinary interest for time deposit and other deposit
account computations. Other banks and lending institutions use the 365-day or exact interest depending
on whether it is a leap year or not.

A more detailed explanation is available at www.schoology.com. Happy Learning!

Other Learning Resources: Kindly watch the video “SIMPLE INTEREST”

PRACTICE: 1
DIRECTION: Solve the following simple interest problems. Write your solutions and complete answer.

1. Suppose you have savings. Your friend approached you and asked if you can lend him P20 000.00 for
his tuition fee payment. He said he is willing to pay 5% interest per annum payable in 6 months. You
agreed with the terms. How much interest should your friend pay you after 6 months? How much is the
total amount you should receive after 6 months?

2. Jeremiah deposited P30, 000.00 in a bank that offers a simple interest rate of 2%. If he placed the money
for 3 years, how much she earn at the end of 3 years?

IV. DISCOVERY ZONE

ACTIVITY: 1
Answer “Activity 16: Calculating of Simple Interest and Maturity Value” on My Skill Builder: General
Mathematics book, page 51, part A. Write your solution at the back of the paper.

LESSON 2: SUMMARY OF WEEK 4, 5 AND 6 MODULEs

Week 4: Inverse of a Function

An inverse function is a function that undoes the action of another function. A function g is the
inverse of a function f if whenever y=f(x) then x=g(y). In other words, applying f and then g is the same
thing as doing nothing. We can write this in terms of the composition of f and g as g(f(x))=x.

Observe also that when you raise a number, say 3, to the third power, it will yield a value equal to
27. By extracting the cube root of 27, you will obtain the value 3. From this, you can say that one of a pair
of inverse operations undoes the other.

Example 1: Determine whether the following pair of functions are inverse or not.
a. ( b. (

Solution: Let’s use the inverse composition rule to verify that f and g above are indeed inverse functions.
Let’s find [ ( ] and [ ( ]

[ ( ] [ ( ]

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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
[ ( ] → Substitute the value of g to f. [ ( ] ( ) → Substitute the value of g to f.

[ ( ] → Perform the operations. [ ( ] ( ) → Cancel 3.

[ ( ] → Simplify. [ ( ] → Perform the operations.

[ ( ] [ ( ]
Answer: Since [ ( ] [ ( ], and are inverse functions.

Example 2: Determine whether the following pair of functions are inverse or not.
a. ( b. (

Solution:
[ ( ] [ ( ]
( (

( ( ) (

( (

( (

Answer: Since [ ( ] [ ( ], and are not inverse functions.

Example 3: Determine the inverse of each function.

a. ( ( ( b. ( ( (

Solution: To determine the inverse of each given function, just simply exchange the given in domain and
range.

a. ( ( ( → ( ( (

b. ( ( ( → ( ( (

WEEK 5: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

The exponential function is one of the most important functions in mathematics (though it would have to
admit that the linear function ranks even higher in importance). To form an exponential function, we let
the independent variable be the exponent.

How to solve exponential functions?

Example 1: Solve the exponential function (

STEPS:
Solution: ( → 1. Substitute 3 to the value of exponent x.
( → 2. Multiply 3 to itself three times. (
(

Example 2: Solve the exponential function (

STEPS:
Solution: ( → 1. Substitute 4 to the value of exponent x.
( → 2.Multiply 4 to itselffour times. (
(

EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
Exponential equations are equations in which variables occur as exponents. To solve exponential
equations with the same base, use the property of equality of exponential functions.
a. Product rules:
(
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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
b. Quotient rules:
( )

c. Zero rule:

d. Power rule: (

e. Negative exponent rule:

The property of equality for exponential equations states that if where b is a positive
number other than 1, and x and y are real numbers, then . The property of equality for exponential
equations is also used when solving exponential equations.

Example 1: Solve the equation

STEPS:
Solution: → 1. Make the bases 4 and 64 the same by extracting the cube root of 64.
→ 2. By the property of equality of exponential functions, if the bases are the
same,
→ then the
3. Transpose exponents
-1 to must
the right side beequation
of the equal. and change it to a positive sign.

→ 4. Perform the operation.

→ 5. Divide both sides of the equation by 2

Example 2: Solve ( )
STEPS:

Solution: ( ) → 1. Make the bases the same by extracting the square root of 36.

( ) (
→ 2. Use the negative exponent rule.

→ 3. Product rule.
→ 4. Transpose 3 to the right side of the equation and change it negative sign.
→ 5. Perform the operation.
→ 6. Divide both sides of the equation by -3.

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY

Solving an exponential inequality is much like solving a linear inequality, only that the former applies
the property of equality for exponential equations.

Example 1: Solve the exponential inequality .

Solution: STEPS:
( (
→ 1. Express each term as an exponential expression with base 2
→ 2. Power rule
→ 3. Property of equality for exponential equations
→ 4. Combining like terms
→ 5. Divide both sides by -2

→ 6. Simplify

4 Solution Set: (

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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
Example 2: Solve ( ) ( )
STEPS:
Solution: ( ) ( ) → 1. Express each term as an exponential expression with base

( ) ( ) → 2. Negative exponent rule

( (
→ 3.Product rule
→ 4. Property of equality for exponential equations
→ 5. Combining similar terms
→ 6. Perform the operations
→ 7. Divide both sides by 11

→ 8. Simplify

Solution Set: ( ]

WEEK 6: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Recall that the exponential function ( , where b is any positive number not equal to 1, is a one-
to-one function. Recall also that every one-to-one function has an inverse. From this, it follows that the
function ( has an inverse.

Let be the inverse of the exponential function defined by . Remember that can be
obtained by interchanging and in the equation. Thus, is the equation of the inverse function .
However, it is impossible to solve for in terms of algebraically in the equation of Thus, the logarithmic
function was introduced, making it possible to solve for the function value in the equation

The equation which is the equation for the inverse function can be written equivalently as
which is read as “y equals the logarithm of to the base ”. Note, therefore, that the logarithm of
a number to a particular base is simply equal to the exponent of that produces in other words, a
logarithm is an exponent.

Example 1: Find the inverse of (

Solution: STEPS:
( → Replacing ( with y
→ Interchanging x and y
→ Replacing y with (
(

Since and are equivalent equations, an expression in logarithmic form can be converted
to an exponential form and vice versa. Study the following tables:

Example 2: Change each equation to logarithmic form.

EXPONENTIAL FORM LOGARITHMIC FORM

Example 2: Change each equation to exponential form.

LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

( )

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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Given that is equivalent to one can solve equations involving logarithms using this
relationship.

Example 1: Solve for the value of b in the equation

Solution: STEPS:
→ 1. First, express in exponential form.
→ 2. Expressing 343 in exponential form with base 3.
→ 3. Property of equality for exponential equations.

Example 2: Solve for the value of x in the equation

Solution: STEPS:
→ Express in equivalent exponential form

( ) → Expressing 27 and 81 in exponential form with the base 3

( (
→ Distributive property of multiplication
→ Property of equality for exponential equations
→ Transpose -4x to the left side of the equation and change it to positive sign

→ Combined like term

→ Divide both sides by -2

PRACTICE: 2
DIRECTION: Determine whether the following is an inverse function or not.
_____________________1. ( and (
_____________________2. ( and (
_____________________3. ( ( ( ( and ( ( ( (
_____________________4. ( ( ( ( and ( ( ( (
_____________________5. ( ( ( ( and ( ( ( (

PRACTICE: 3
DIRECTION: Given the equation below, solve the following exponential function. Show your solution.

(
1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

PRACTICE: 4
DIRECTION: Solve the following logarithmic equations.

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

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 A Learning Module in General Mathematics
NOTE: MORE EXERCISES AND PRACTICES ARE UPLOADED IN WWW.SCHOOLOGY.COM

V. AHA! MOMENT
Direction: For every verbal interpretation, there are four (4) possible answers with numbers 1-4 for
the Learning Module. Put a check on the number that corresponds to your answer.
Weight Verbal Interpretation
___4 The information in the learning module is very clear. I can easily understand the details of
the lesson and I can answer the practices and activities.
___3 The information in the learning module is clear. I can understand the details of the lesson
and I can answer the practices and activities.
___2 The information in the learning module is quite clear and the details are confusing. I am
having difficulty in answering the practices and activities.
___1 The information in the learning module is difficult to understand and I need more time to
answer the practices and activities.

Complete the sentence:

The most important thing/s I learned or discovered in this lesson that I can apply in real life is/are
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Closing Prayer
Let us remember Jesus in our hearts and our midst as we pray,
We give You thanks O Lord for those who sow and harvest, for those who teach and who are taught. Amen.

Saint John Nepomucene, pray for us.

Jesus, You are my Lord, my happiness lies in You alone.

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Offline References:
Albay, E. M., Batisan, R. S., & Caraan, A. M. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: General Mathematics. Makati City:
Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Santos, D. C., & Biason, M. G. (2016). Math Activated: Yourself and Our World General Math. Makati City: Don
Brosco Press, Inc
Online References:
Jacob Bernoulli. (n.d.). Retrieved from the famous people: https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jacob-
bernoulli.543.php

PARENT’S/ GUARDIAN’S FEEDBACK/QUESTION:

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_______________________________
Signature

John 15:12
“My command is this: Love each other as I have love you.”

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