Suat GURCAN Ridvan GURBUZ Ergun By CC } Weft. 8 TNA 57.14 yayinlart 142. sorularda, cUmlede bos birakilan yerlere uygun dagen sézcik veya ifadey! bulunuz, 4. Fictional stories about people who — extraordinary abilities -— people's attention for so long. A) had / were attracting B) are having/ attracted ©) have / have attracted D) have had / will attract E) will have / are attracting 2. When first humans -—to make fire, they —- capable of altering their environment. ‘A) learn / have become B) are leaming / will become C) have leamt / become D) leamt/ became ) were leaming / had become 3. Today, scientists ~-- that tea may not be as. safe as we previously —. |A) have suggested / believe B) suggested / would believe C) are suggesting / have believed D) had suggested / were believing E) suggest / believed 4, Dr James Bruno -— that the first positive discipline technique is for parents to remain ‘calm because nervous parents —- good results. A) had said / did not got B) says /do not get ©) will say / are not getting 1D) has said had not got ) would say /has not got ‘Our demand for electricity so fast that over the next decade our generating capacity —~to increase by a third. A) is climbing / will need B) had climbed / would need ©) climbs / has needed D) alimbed / needed ) will climb / needs. 6. Hotels --- that the dectine in reservations by tourists from abroad -—- in the coming uarter, similar to the effects of deteriorations in the security situation in the past. ‘A) have expected / continues B) expected / had continued ©) expect / wil continue D) had expected / continued ) are expecting / has continued‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK According to a recent poll, four in ten ‘Americans — that China -- stronger than ‘America within a decade A) believe / will be B) will bolieve / will have been (©) had believed / has been 1D) have believed / was ) believed /is City planners, who once =~ parks as financial drains and nests of crime, now ~~ them as ‘magnets for tourists and creative types. ‘A) would view / have seen 1" B) viewed / see C) used to view / are seeing 1D) was viewing / had seen ) had viewed / saw By 1995, sales of organic food and vegetables =~ 4% and since then the demand for the products — ‘A) have reached / will escalate B)_ were reaching / escalated C) had reached / has escalated D) reached / escalates E) had been reaching / had escalated 10. 12. For long, artists, art educators, and researchers ~— that art —- much about humanity, as visual culture is an important pect of civilization. A) believe / would reveal B) believed / had revealed ©) had believed / was revealing D) will believe / has revealed E) have believed / reveals, In the late 1800's, European Jews — a movement called Zionism, which ~~ to establish a Jewish state in Palestin A) formed / sought 8) had formed / was seeking ©) have formed / seek D) had been forming / are seeking E) were forming / will seek ‘Over the past thirty years or so the quality ‘of many people's lives -—- in some respects because of technological progress. A) deteriorated B) had deteriorated ©) was deteriorating D) has deteriorated ) deteriorates we1. 2 ‘climlede bos birakil uygun digen sézcik veya ifadeyi yer bulunus It Is understood that the driver —- control of the car, causing it to overturn before it -~ fire. A) loses / will catch B) lost / caught ©) willlose / was catching D) had lost / would catch E)_ has lost /has caught As friends and family are so important to us, ‘we ~~ to keep in regular touch while we ~ A) want /had travelled B) wanted / were tra ©) have wanted / will travel D) will want / travelled ) had wanted / would travel ‘As an annual celebration of the harvest and its bounty, Thanksgiving ~~ under a category of fetivate that — cultures, continents and millennia. A) falis spans. BB) has fallen / will have spanned ©) fell/is spanning D) had fallen / spanned 4, By the end of the book, you -~ several ‘working games and —- in excellent. knowledge base from which to investigate ‘more advanced techniques. A) 8) °) Db) e) A) 8) °) D) e) A) 8) ° Db) e) Between 1980 and 2014, 120 countries the prevalence of diabetes across the age ‘spectrum double for men, and 87 countries a doubling of diabetes rates among women, Scientists —- a new kind of star that up until this point ~~ to exist hypothetically. ‘are constructing / are having had constructed / have have been constructing / had will have constructed / will have will construct / have had ‘saw / experienced were seeing / experience have seen / experienced had seen / had experienced are seeing / will experience discover | is discovered had discovered / is being considered discovered / wil be considered are discovering / was being considered have discovered / has been consideredSuat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ.- Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Almost since the telescope 17 centu in the early |A) had been invented / have observed B) was being invented / had observed ) isinvented / will have been observing D) was invented / have been observing E) has been invented / observed 8. Language ~-- the word ‘loneliness’ to express the pain of being alone, and it -- the word ‘solitude’ to express the glory of being alone. A) creates / would create B) has created / has created ©) is creating / will create D) had created / was creating ©) created /is creating Due to the influence of monsoons on China's. climate, the change in snow cover across China — from the Eurasia where snow cover currently. A) differed / was decreasing B) has been differing / decreases ©) will differ / wil be decreasing D) has differed / has been decreasing E) differs /is decreasing 10, The most obvious suspect for the murder was. 1. 12. th housekeeper who financial difficulties and suddenly ---- to have a lot of money. A) 8) °) Db) e) ‘The biggest firm in the sector: antiv had been experiencing / appeared had experienced / was appearing experiences / appears will have experienced / has appeared has experienced / is appearing - their latest software last month, but nobody —~ from them yet. A) 8) °) Db) E) Vitamins and minerals released / had heard was going to release / has heard Was releasing /is hearing has released / will have heard releases / hears essential nutrients, because acting in concert, they = hundreds. of roles in the body, A) 8) °) D) e) have been considered / will perform will be considered / have performed hhad been considered / performed Were being considered / are performing ‘are considered / perform wed2 orularda, cimlede bos birakalan yerlere uygun diigen sdzcik veya ifadeyi bulun Although many countries --~ impressive sets of laws lately to protect children, they often == to enforce them. A) adopt failed B) have adopted / fail G) are adopting / wil ail 1D) have been adopting / were failing ) had adopted ! failed While advertisement companies --- one or two advertisement work per day, now they —~ the capacity of performing hundreds of works. |A)_ were performing / had 8) are performing / have had ©) used to perform / have 1) perform / are having ) had performed / had had India and the Netherlands ---- proposals to stop sales of gas-powered cars in the coming decades, but neither country ---a plan to see this through yet. |A) are considering / will be enacting 8) have considered / has enacted ©) considered /is enacting D) was considering / enacted E) will consider / enacts 4. Historical and literary evidence -—-that, in the ppast, when men --~ in public, no one saw it as feminine or shameful as they do today. A) suggests / cried B) had suggested / were crying ©) has been suggesting / would cry 1D) suggested / ery ) is suggesting / had cried While papyrus and parchment in the West, the Chinese —-- the craft of making paper, which was a cheap and useful writing surface. |A) are used / are developing B) had been used / were developing ©) would be used / have developed D) have been used / develop E) were being used / developed ‘Over decades of field excavations and laboratory work, prehistoric archaoologists -— that agriculture first — around 10,000 years ago. A) learn / was developing B) had learned / developed ©) are leaming J have developed D) have leamed / developed ) leamed / have been developing‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ- Ergun KABAKG! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Traditionally, Belgium -—- itself as a quiet, devout, prosperous and civilized country, ‘where people — nice to children. A) saw/had been B) sees / were C) had seen / have been D) has seen / are E) would see / willbe 8 Recent research --~ that pet ownership —- some surprising benefits for children, A) suggests / has B) suggested / will have C) would suggest! had D) will suggest / has had E)_has suggested /is having 9. Roughly six centuries before Columbus —, the Atlantic Mayan society abruptly —. A) had crossed / was collapsing 8) has crossed / will have collapsed C) crossed / collapsed D) crosses / has collapsed E)_ was crossing / would collapse 10. " 2, Sea turtles ~-- back 100 million years and the only ancient sea reptiles to survive to the present day. A) would date /were B) had dated / would be ©) are dating / have been D) date / are E) have dated / willbe If the global desertification process —— at its current rate, the world --~ much of its arable land to barren desert. A) is continuing / is losing B) continues / will lose ©) had continued / lost D) was continuing / would lose E) has continued / loses People assume that after they ~~ smoking, it a long time for their bodies to get back to normal. A) had quit /took B) have been quitting / has taken ©) quit wil take D) were quiting / had taken E) will quit/ is taking RYANduring adolescence, In social settings, and -- by peer drinking. A) begins is influenced 8) began /had been influenced ©) is beginning / was influenced D) has begun / will be influenced E) had begun / has been influenced During the 1970s, the West African state of Niger's economy —~ from uranium production, but when uranium prices fell in ‘the 1980s, its brief period of prosperity -—. A) has flourished / had ended B) was flourishing / has ended ©) flourished / ended D) had been flourishing / would end E) will have flourished / was ending Experts ~~ that bone fractures ~~ a bigger and more costly problem unless more is done to prevent them. ‘A) predicted / had become B) predict / wil become C) had predicted / become D) have predicted ! became ) would predict /have become ‘Some species —-- their eggs In a pool, a stream, or some other moist place, but others = over their eggs until they hatch. A) abandoned / watched B) had abandoned / were watching ©) are abandoning / will watch D) abandon / watch ) will abandon / have watched Currently, scientists —- four genetically ‘modified foods in the hope that they -—- to the ‘most common herbicides. A) are testing / will resist B) were testing / resisted ©) have tested / would resist 1D) willbe testing / have resisted E) test/resist Until recently, researchers --~ little about why sleeping people -— alert in brightly-lit rooms. A) know /have felt B) have known / felt ©) knew / foo! D) would know / were feeling )_was knowing / had felt7. People throughout the world ~~ billions of | Gollars a year on produets that they hope =— them the appearance of etomal youth. 8 8) are spending / gave will spend / would give C) have spent / had given D) spend / wil give ) had spent/ have given 8. Apersonal finance crisis is almost inevitable unless you --- the truly important tasks in your life before they ~~ urgent. A) will address / have become B) have addressed / had become C) will address / will have become D) had addressed / became E) address / become 9. In the twentieth century, architec cities ~~ structures ina way that |A)_ designed / reduced B) have designed / reduces ©) have been designing / will reduce D) will have designed / has reduced E)_are designing / will be reducing Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKG! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 10. As a consequence of the emergence of writing, old habits of thought --- to die out, and certain other mental faculties —-- to express themselves. ‘A) had been beginning / start B) began started ©) were beginning / have started D) begin / are starting E) have begun / had started ‘11. Scientific evidence -—-that prehistoric Indians === in caves in the area now known as Nevada more than 20,000 years ago. A) shows /lived B) will show / lived ) has shown J would tive ) had shown / had lived E) showed / are living 42. Although cases of AIDS —- in every nation of the world, the disease --- some countries ‘more than others. A) were reported (will affect B) ill be reported / had affected C) had been reported / has affected D) will have been reported / affected E) have been reported / affects4. Trees that once — many hillsides ~~ for ‘space and fuel over the centuries, A) have covered / were cleared B) covered / have been cleared ©) had covered / will be cleared D) are covering / are cleared E) were covering / wil have been cleared 2. Though far more women -—~ jobs today, they -— considerable difficulties at work. A) have / stil experience B) are having / have still experienced ©) were having wil stil experience 1D) have had / stil experienced E) had /had stil been experiencing 3. Unless something —-to protect the wild life, ‘many species --~ out by 2050. ‘A) has been done / have died B) was done / had died ©) Is being done / will die D) had been done / died E) is done / will have died ‘Academic papers and Journals ~~ that people ‘generally --- most shop assistants to be dishonest. |A) report /had considered B) will report / are considering (©) have reported / consider D) had reported / considered E) are reporting / will consider ‘Social media ~~ us to connect with people ‘around the world quickly, but some say this —- at the cost of real connections and relationships. A) allows / had come B) allowed / wil come ©) willhave allowed / came 1D) had allowed / comes. E) has allowed / has come Water, indispensable and abundant, -—- the ‘environment in which nearly all the body's Internal activities -—. ‘A) has provided / wil be conducted 8) will provide / were conducted ) provides / are conducted D) had provided / were being conducted ) provided / had been conducted7. Sooner or later, America {as devastating as the one thi northern Japan. A) had suffered / will wreak B) is suffering / had wreaked C) will surfer /has wreaked D) has suffered / will have wreaked ) was suffering / would wreak in earthquake havoc on 8. Women who —- ttle vitamin D — multiple sclerosis at a rate about 50 percent higher than those who get lots of the nutrient, ‘A) consume / develop 8) consumed / have developed C) had consumed / developed D) will consume / are developing E) are consuming / were developing 8. Although local temperatures ~~ naturally, ‘over the past 50 years the average global temperature --- at the fastest rate in recorded history. ‘A) have fluctuated / will have increased B) fluctuate / has increased C) will fuctuate / had increased D) have been fluctuating / increased E) fluctuated /'s increasing 10. Searches over the past two decades n 12, ‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI - Ugur ALBAYRAK ore. than 500 planets outside our solar system, almost all of which —- stars, A 8) ° D) 5) have identified / orbit had identified /orbited ere identifying / have orbited {are identifying / will have orbited will identify / had orbited ‘Miming in dance, drama, and acting schools worldwide, although it ~ considerably since the ancient Greek plays. A) 8) °) ) 5 As gasoline reasons is stil taught / has changed will stil be taught / had changed ‘has stil been taught / changed had stil been taught / would change Was stil taught / has changed more expensive, monetary ‘more people to be interested in buying electric cars. A) 8) °) D) e) became / had caused will become / are causing becomes / will cause are becoming / caused ‘would become / have caused‘sorularda, ciimlede bos bi yerlere uygun dilgen sdzcik veya bulunuz. leyl ‘Some birds ---- much longer flights when their routes —— crossing large bodies of water or other geographic features such as deserts and mountains. ‘A)_ have undertaken / included B) undertake / include ©) are undertaking / will include D) had undertaken / were including E) will undertake / have included Geologists --~ that the first horses ~ ‘on Earth about sixty million years ago as ‘compared with only two million years ago for the appearance of human beings. A) believed / had appeared B) had believed / have appeared ©) are believing / appear D) believe / appeared ) have bolioved / were appearing Humans --- painting pictures on cave walls 25,000 years ago or more, but writing systems ‘until groups of people began settling in farming communities. A) begin / had not developed B) had begun / have not developed ©) began / did not develop D)_ was beginning / do not develop E) have begun / would not develop Stage plays —- to music since the era of the ancient Greeks when the dramas of Sophocies and Aeschylus ~~ by lyres and utes. 'A) have been set / were accompanied B) were set / have been accompanied ©) are set/ are accompanied 1D) had been set / would be accompanied E) were being set / had been accompanied Predators — from attacking harmless insects If they look like insects that -—— them before. A). would refrain / stung B) have refrained | sting ©) refrained / had stung D) had refrained / will have stung E) will refrain /have stung Fossil records —- that many species —~- today inmuch the same form as they did 200 million years ago. |A) are indicating / have existed B) indicate / exist ) willindicate /are existing D) indicated / existed ) have indicated / wil exist7. By the time three academics — a solution to the problem, they on it for at least seven straight hours, ‘A) have found / will be working 8B) found / had been working find / have been working had found / were working will ind / wil have been working | ©) fi D) E) wil fi 8. The unemployment rate —- 10 percent in ‘October, and there are good reasons to that by 2019, 2020, even 2021, it — A) hit/ will have declined B) had hit / was decining C) was hiting / would dectine D) has hit / will dectine E)_ has been hitting / is dectining 9. The record producers — James's latest album when thoy -—- the remarkable voice of a ‘backing singer. A) recorded / were naticing B) had been recording / had noticed ©) have recorded / are noticing D) were recording / noticed E) are recording / have noticed 10. The company 12, ‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK for 15 years, but last week, the original directors —-- from the board, A) was trading / had resigned B) had been trading / have resigned ) is trading / was resigning D) will have been trading / resign E) has been trading / resigned ‘The conversation betwoen the airport control tower and pilots -— that the pl approval to land before it crashed. ‘A) had revealed / received B)_ was revealing / was receiving ©) revealed / had received D) reveal / will receive ) has revealed / has received ‘The majority of New Zealanders still believe that the Queen —-a significant role for thelr country, yet more and more people — the relevance of a queen in this century. ‘A) has played / were questioning B) plays / are questioning ©) was playing / questioned D) had played / have questioned E) is playing / had questioned awdlarda, cimiede bos bi yerlere uygun diigen sézcik ve [bulunuz. Alot of young people --~ the army as soon ‘as the Russian government ---- war on the ‘enemy. ‘A) had joined / declared 'B)_ was joining / was declaring ©) joined / had declared D) have joined / will dectare E) join / are deciaring ‘The mayor of London —~- that by 2036 London's population -- from 8.5 million today to 10 million. |A) predicts / will have increased B) was predicting / increased (©) had predicted / was increasing D) is predicting / will increase E) has predicted / would have increased Even though many people -—~- the Internet for ‘granted to reach any information these days, people in the 1800s --- difficulty reaching Information very quickly. A) take / are having B) are taking / had ©) have taken / were having D) were taking / have E) had taken / had been having Until recently, a group of scientists ~~ that Neanderthals and modern human beings —~ from the same ancestor. A) have believed / have descended B) believed / descended (©) were believing / had descended D) had believed / were descending E) are believing / are descending . When Mr Hopkins, the manager, announced that they ----a new product the following year, he did not know that the design team ~~ most of the project. ‘A) will introduce / has already completed B) had introduced / already completed C) have introduced / is already completing 1D) would introduce / had already completed ) are introducing / was already completing ‘The guitar is an instrumont that ~-- around the 15008, but it —- several big transformations during its history. A) has existed / underwent B) was existing / had undergone ©) existed / has undergone D) had exited / was undergoing ) has been existing / is undergoing‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Albert Einstein —- ‘Adolf Hitler A 8) °) D) 5) the United States when ‘to power in 1933. Visited / was coming has visited / has come would visit had come had been visiting / would come was visiting / came 8 Exactly 30 years ago, UK scientists = they «--a hole in the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica, ‘A) had announced / discovered 8) have announced / have discovered °) D) ) announce / will discover Were announcing / would discover ‘announced / had discovered a Ss Ea 9. Futurologists ~~ the computers ‘A) are predicting / have become B) have predicted / will become ) predicted / had become D) will predict / become E) had predicted / became in 15 years' time 10, In 1978, 65% of couples ~-- children, but by 2. 1998 thi Ay 8) ° db) e) — to 48%. hhad had / fel ‘would have / was falling had / had fallen have had / has fallen were having / would fall |. Until the 1980s, most scientists —- that non- catastrophic geological processes —- the extinction of dinosaurs, A) 8) °) o) 5) had believed / wore causing believed / caused Were believing / had caused have believed / have caused believe / had been causing ‘The tragic death of famous actor Robin Williams --~ a wider debate about depression and how society —- with mental illness. A) generated / will deal B) is generating / was dealing C) had generated / is desling ») e) wil generate / had dealt has generated / deals awl‘As soon as scientists —~ the power of DNA technology, they --- to worry about its potential dangers. ‘A) realized / began B) have realized / had begun ©) had realized / were beginning D) will realize / begin )_ were realizing / would begin Before the invention of the automobile, which -— the lives of communities since then, previous societies --- on animals for transportation. A) changes /relies, 8) has changed / relied ©) changed / were relying 1D) was changing / had relied ) had changed / have relied ‘One of Britain’s most popular safari parks has ‘come under criticism since it ---that it ‘six ofits llons because of a large Increase in pregnancies, ‘A) has emerged kills B) was emerging / killed ©) had emerged / was killing 1D) emerges / will have killed ) emerged / had killed 4. Russian archaeologists ~~ they —- the remains of a 10-13 year old boy and an 18- 23 year old woman - presumed to be Prince ‘Alexel and Grand Duchess Maria, ‘A) confirmed / had discovered B) were confirming / discover ©) confirm / will discover 1D) had confirmed / discovered ) have confirmed / were discovering Exports ~-—-thatif the current birth rate does ‘not drop significantly, the population of Mexico =» 200 million by 2025. A) predicted / would reach B) have predicted / has reached ©) will predict / will be reaching D) predict / will have reached ) had predicted / reached 6 When Queen Victoria -—- in 1901, 63 years. A). was dying / was reigning B) died / had been reigning ©) had died / reigned D) has died / has been reigning E) dies / will have reigned‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK It has been claimed that no such man as the work of one man, A) exists / were B) has existed / will be ©) would exist /have been D) had existed / had been E) existed / are ‘The experts who -- on the developments of robots — that robots may take over the world in the near future, A), will be working / warned B) have worked / were warning ©) were working / had warned D) are working / have warned E)_had worked / are warming The loud applause at the end of the concert -~- how deeply the performance --~ the audience. ‘A) had showed / was affecting 8) showed / affected C) was showing / would affect D) has showed / will affect, E) is showing /had affected 10. By the time the head of the department back from his business trip to Athens, her assistants —— the annual report. ‘A) had got / completed B)_ was getting / had completed ©) got/ were completing ) has got / have been completing E)_ gets / will have completed |. For some time, lava ~~ from Mount Etna and the experts are confident that the volcano — ‘evacuating the area, ‘A)_has been pouring / will erupt 8) was pouring / had erupted ©) is pouring / will have erupted D) has been pouring / erupted ) has poured / would erupt 12, Because unemployment ~- so high and icularly for under 25s, young adults should start looking for a job now rather than hope the economy --- up in four years. A) has remained / has picked 8) remained / picked C) had remained / was picking D) remains / will pick E) will remain is picking1 1. - 12. sorularda, cmlede bos birakilan iyerlere uygun dilgen sézcik veya ifadeyi bulunuz. Newborn bables —- among the most vulnerable to the toxic chemicals, since organic pollutants --- high concentrations in breast milk. |A) could be / had reached B) must be / will have reached (©) may be J reach D) ought to have been / have reached E) would be / could be reaching We are so thankful to the women who ~~ part in the trial and their families, as we -— this important research without them. A) have taken / needn't have done B) take / didn't have to do ©) took / couldn't have done D) will take / shouldn't have done ) had taken / mustn't do UM Life Sciences institute was created to bring together researchers with different sets of expertiseto collaborate on problems they individually. A) mustn't solve: B) couldn't solve ©) were not to have solved D) had better not solve ) shouldn't have solved ‘4, Since no one had ever seen a mastodon or mammoth alive these creatures =~ extinct. A) may 90 8) were supposed o go ©) had to go D) could go E) must have gone Itis possible that a combination of a huge asteroid and the earthquakes and lava flows that it set off — the dinosaurs. A) might have killed 8B) had to kill, ©) must kill D) should have killed E) were supposed to kill Clearly there occurred a mistake. |--- to my checking account, but instead ~~ it into the savings account. ‘A) might have deposited / am depositing B) should have deposited / deposited ©) might deposit / had deposited 1D) must have deposited / have deposited E) ought to deposit / was depositing‘The students ~- finals last week, but with the ‘snow, al classes —. A) had to start / used to be cancelled 'B) could start / must have been cancelled ©) would rather start / managed to be cancelled 'D) were supposed to start / had to be cancelled ) should have started / might be cancelled ‘You ~~ tot about people by the shoes they =», whether they lke sneakers or they wear elesstcs. A) By ° Db) 5 ‘could have told / have worn have to tell wear can tell/ are wearing ‘would rather tell/ had worn should be telling / will be wearing To pass the English-language section, you -—- both subtests, but the two subtests at the ‘same test administration and can be taken’ ‘separately. A) must pass / do not have to be passed B) °) d) 8) ‘can pass / could not be passed hhave to pass / had better not be passed ‘might pass / might not be passed ‘are to pass / should not be passed Fd a 3 Ey ‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI- Ugur ALBAYRAK 10. The decision to become a firefighter is one n. 12, that —- careful consi ‘may take / should have been has to take / must be ‘could take / had to be might have taken / used to be ‘can take / must have been tt -— a long time to develop and share photos, too, but new technology reduces that process to seconds. A) would rather take B) is able to take ©) used to take D) should have taken ©) must take The airline offered in-flight breakfast and lunch so we ~-- any food for ourselves as we hhad more than enough food throughout the flight. ‘A) needn't have prepared 8) ©) D) &) had better not prepare can't have prepared weren't likely to prepare couldn't prepare‘Though the rainfall from this storm enough water to end the drought, it did bring some relief. A). shouldn't have supplied B) might not supply ©) didn't need to supply D) could not supply E) won't have to supply {tis a big and fair idea that the poor ~~ tax on things they must buy to surviv A) couldn't pay B)_ shouldn't have to pay (©) haven't had to pay D) wasn't able to play )_might not have paid Engineers ~~ several design problems before airbags --~ a reality. A) solved / had become 'B) could solve / are becoming ©) were able to solve / has become D) should have solved / were becoming E) had to solve / became Foods like sweets, chocolate, cakes and biscuits —- too offen as they usually contain hhigh amounts of sugar and fat. A) should not be eaten B) could not be eaten ©) do not have to be eaten D) would not have been eaten ) should not have been eaten ‘Those who think animal testing —--be banned claim that products -- tested on animals first ‘to make sure that they are safe for use by humans. |A)_ may not /had to be 8) didn't use to / might be ©) might not / should have been 1D) should not / must be E)_ could not / wil be Itturned out that the accused -—-in the armed robbery because he was already in prison during the whole time. A) mustn't be involved B) didn't have to be involved ©) can't have been involved 1D) shouldn't have been involved E)_ might not be involved‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK People with high IQs ~- able to solve the ‘most complicated mathematical formula but they usually —- to be at a bit of a loss wh It comes to understanding how to behave in company. ‘A) may be / tend 8) should be / tended ©) must have been / have tended D) willbe / may have tended E) are to be / need to tend By observing the colours a person ‘chooses or rejects, a therapist ~- Psychological state. A) should learn 8) can learn ©) might have leamt D) was to have learnt E) could have learnt We do not know how life arose on this Particular world, or whother it --- elsewhere in the universe in some similar-or very different- form, A) must appear B) was going to appear ©) used to appear D) might have appeared E) should have appeared 10, Five years ago, thousands 1" 12, suffering Zimbabweans ---- home to seek a better life in other countries. ‘A) could have abandoned 8) had to abandon ©) would abandon D) may need to abandon ) had better abandon Music —- moods in a rapidly and powerfully way that other means ‘A) can set / cannot achieve B) should set / couldn't achieve C) had better set / must not have achieved D) ought to set / didn't use to achieve ) must set / shouldn't have achieved ‘Sometimes, international students experience Some cultural differences in family life and there ~~ some misunderstanding between them and host families A) should have been B) might be ©) must be ) was supposed to be E) had better be4. 12, sorularda, cimlede bos. yyerlere uygun digen sézcik vey bulunu: Doctors recommend that people with diabetes. — their lives as usual, but ~~ a well-balanced and healthy diet. ‘A)_ must continue / are to follow B) can continue / should follow ©) may continue / used to follow D) had better continue / might follow ) could continue / had to follow New findings suggest that genetics —~ a key role in schizophrenia, and that people who develop schizophrenia —- with brains with a different structure. ‘A) can play / may have been born B)_-must play / might be born ©) is supposed to play / must have been born D) should play / ought to be bom E) could have played / had to be born Music —- a form of non-verbal communication ‘whose message -—-in words. A) used to provide / shouldn't be expressed B) had to provide / couldn't be expressed ©) may provide / cannot be expressed 1D) must provide / wasn't to be expressed ) can provide / shouldn't have been expressed 4, Scientists developed many different theories, but unfortunately they --- any of these. ‘A) ought not to prove B) must not prove, ©) should not have proved D) need not have proved E) could not prove In the past, farmers -~ corn by hand, whereas: "they now use huge machines for this purpose. |A) should have picked 8) might pick ©) had better pick D) used to pick E)_must pick . Children who watch a lot of TV — their ‘ability to focus on a subject or an educational activity for more than ton to fifteen minutes. A) ought to have lost B) had to lose ©) must ose D) would lose E) may lose/. Vegetarians —- aware of the fact that their diet lacks some essential vitamins, and thus they - daily supplementary vitamin pills. A) had to be / must take B) could be / ought to have taken ©) had better be / had to take ) should be / should take E) are supposed to be / might have taken ‘The Mayor announced that they —~- the public transport fares in order to compensate for the unexpected rise in fuel prices. A) may increase B) had to increase ©) must have increased D) will increase E) are supposed to increase {tis recommended that we —- at regular times | 12 in order not to stop our body clock from working normally. A) may have slept B) had to sleep ©) should sleep D) ought to have slept E) were to sleep 410, Patients with neurological disorders who URCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK often able to sing, and sometimes oven dance, to music. ‘A) shouldn't talk B) cannot talk ©) needn't have talked D) are not to talk E) mustn't talk . Americans now recycle far more waste than they ~-- two decades ago because they have realized that they produce more rubbish than other countries. A) had better C)may B) should D) might, E) used to ‘Some argue that cigarette advertising —~ because it mainly targets teonagers by showing young beautiful people smoking and having fun, A) must have been discouraged B) could be discouraged ©) should be discouraged D) might be discouraged E) may have been discouraged wl‘sorularda, cimiede bos birakaian reser uygun diigen sézcik veya ifadeyi ulunuz. 1. Inthe old days, potatoes and carrots were preferred, for people —- them all winter long before the introduction of refrigerators. A) had to store B) could store ©) should store 1D) must have stored ) were supposed to store 2. Most people — that in order to be healthy they —- elght hours of sleep every night. A) believed / may have B) might believe / had to have (©) would believe / should have D) believe / must have ) had believed / would have 3. With the help of certain cells under its skin, the frog changes colour so that it -- into its surroundings and fool a nearby enemy. A) should blend B) had to blend ©) would blend D) can blend E) had better blend 4, We ---- cautious when revealing our research findings as any misunderstanding —- a panicky situation. A) ought to be / used to create 8) might be / should have created C) have to be / may create 1D) may have been / might create )_-must have been / had better create ‘Turkish law -—- that all guesthouses and dormitories for elementary school children —-« by the state. A) will require / may be established B) has required / must have been established ©) requires / should be established 1D) had required / could be established E)_ might require /had to be established 6, In England during the Middle Ages, priests ‘and monks — of the opinion that people -— football, A) have been | couldn't play B) are / should not play C) used to be / didn’t have to play D) were / must not play ) had been / needn't have played7. James will have to spend the afternoon ‘shopping with his mother-in-law, and to be honest, he --- almost anything else you can think of than walk around shops with her. A) used to do B) might be doing ©) may have done D) should have done E) would rather do 8. This is a very busy month for summer resorts, You ---- your rooms well in advance if you do ‘not want to face accommodation problems. ‘A) ought to have booked B) must book ©) must have booked D) should be booking ) were supposed to book the suntan lotion Bill took on holiday with him lasted for the whole two weeks, 80 he --- any more. ‘A)_ mustn't have bought B) didn't have to buy ©) didn't use to buy D) needn't have bought E)_ shouldn't have bought ‘11. Natalie —- the contract Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKC! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 410. In 1999, Betty announced that her husband hhad throat cancer, so she —~-a break to spend more time at home. A) must take B) had better take ©) might take D) had to take, E) could take mediately, but the ‘company does not promise to reserve the job for her. |A) should not sign B) does not have to sign ©) had better not sign D) may not have signed E) needn't have signed 12, As well as limiting the amount of toxin that ‘enters their body, the molly fish — the hydrogen sulphide once it ~~ their system. A) ate able to detoxily / has entered B) could have detoxified / entered ©) may detoxity /is entering D) must have detoxified / enters E) are supposed to detoxify / wil enter awl\,1 1. 42, sorularda, ciimlede bos birakilan lyerlere uygun digen sdzcik veya ifadeyi bulunuz. ‘Some scientists are concerned that excessive use of salt — asthma and kidney disease. |A) should have caused 8) must cause ©) may cause D) would cause E) ought o cause To understand and respect each other and sive others the right to be different, we — ‘more tolerant of each other's traditions. A) should have been B) mustbe ©) might have been D) used to be E) may have been Sports stars -—- to be role models in all aspects of their lives because kids look up to them and want to be like them. 'A)_ might be tying B) musthave tried ©) would be trying D) should ty E) used to try . You a new jacket just for one interview. I would have lent you one of mine if you'd ‘mentioned it to me. A) didn’t need to buy B) mustn't have bought ©) can't have bought D) needn't have bought E) couldn't buy You —- immediately. The closing date for applications is in throe weeks’ time. A) cant reply B) mustn't have replied ©) needn't reply D) shouldn't reply E) couldn't have replied ‘We had beon warned that our flight -~- this morning, but the pilot --- despite heavy fog. ‘A)_ must be delayed / could take off B) should have been delayed / used to take off ©) may be delayed / had to take off 1D) would be delayed / ought to take off ) might be delayed / was able to take offSuat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ.- Ergun KABAKGI- Ugur ALBAYRAK If food manufacturers — to diminish the 410, We know that wo —-a positive result from the mount of satin food, the blood pressure of negotiations, but sil we the mocting. tihich =~ considerable etn banets. ‘A)_shoulin't got / haa better attend 19a i 8) didnt use o gt / would attend B) had decided / might be resulting ©) cant get/ will attend yr ext ta D) may not get/ should have etended Dy ican daa hadltorend ©) mustn't get/ may be attending E) decided / should result _ surroundings are | tt Hopeful, with cooperation among countries (Wis London because the serouncinge are arcund the wor, slophante tole, ana ~ ‘everyone ---- these fascinating giants of the A) must be approaching Earth. 8). should have approached A) may continue / can see ©) had better approach D) would be approaching ) used to approach B) had to continue / might see ) used to continue / should see D) should continue / had to see E)_ might continue / were to see 8 as hot as itis today, people with 412, Its really hard to understand why they now 0 stay In the shai hate each other so much, while they —- vary close friends. A) could have tried 8) used 1 ty A) must have been 8) could be ©) wore supposed to try D) should try C) used to be E)_ might have tried D) ought to have been E)_ might beaedll\ 7. 12, sorularda, cimlede bos birakilan yerere uygun dlgen szctk veya Hadey! julunuz. In order to perform woll, an athlete —— a ‘number of different abilities and ~~ excellent 'A) needs to have / used to demonstrate 8). should have / may have demonstrated ©) used to have / would demonstrate D) had to have ! might demonstrate )_ must have ! should demonstrate Leonardo -— to JC Henry Bull Schoo! in 2003 because it wasn't founded until 2005. ‘A ought not to have gone B) would rather not have gone ©) may not be going D) can't have gone E)_must not be going No student of a foreign language — that grammar is complex. By changing word Sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we -— tiny variations in meaning. ‘A) used to be told / could communicate B) needs to be told / are able to communicate ©) had to be told / were to communicate 1D) has been told / can communicate ) must be told / would communicate 4, When they both lost their jobs during the ;conomic crisis, they ~~ to a cheaper house ‘and cut down on some of thelr luxuries. A) must move B) should be moving ©) might move D) need to move E) had to move Fortunately, despite several obstacles, the family encountered on the way, they =-- at their destination before It got dark. A) were able to arrive B) had to arrive ©) might be arriving D) could arrive E)_must have arrived Clearly, people ~~ a certain amount of time sleeping or relaxing, That is important to good health, ‘A)_ must have spent B) would be spending ) used to spend D) could have spent E) should spendSuat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Eroun KABAKGI- Ujur ALBAYRAK 7. Alot of wildflowers — along th © field, but we no longer see any. |A) should grow B) used to grow | ide of the (©) must be growing D) 5) may have grown had to grow ‘The Japanese say that food before it --- with the mouth. ‘A) should have been tasted / was tasted B) has to be tasted / has been tasted C) might be tasted / willbe tasted D) mustbe tasted /is tasted E) could be tasted / might have been tasted 9. Although some of the moons that revolve around Saturn and Jupiter have conditions that ~~ life, the evidence contradicts this. possibilty. A) used to support B) must have supported ©) might support D) are to support E) should support 1. 12, 10. If men and women -— that many of thelr differences are cultural, not personal, they their relationships. Ay 8) °) ‘may have understood / must have improved could understand / must be improving might be understanding / were able to improve can understand / may be able to improve hhave to understand / need to improve D) 5) Itwas only after the hurricane hit that officials realized the city sports hall and other large buildings —- to shelter people who =~ the city ‘A)_ should have been equipped / could not escape ‘wil have been equipped / are not escaping must have equipped / hadn't escaped 8) c) D) ) have been equipped / cannot escape could be equipped / neodn't have escaped Emperor penguins ~~ as tall as 1.15 mand — as much as 40 kg and they are the largest of the 17 penguin species. ‘A)_-must be / should weigh B) used to be / must weigh ©) could be / ought to weigh D) had to be / are supposed to weigh E) may be /can weigh wl1 yerlere uygun diigen sézcik veya ifadeyi bbulun So far many journalists —- any reliable information about the extent of food poisoning on the campus. A) couldn't have got B) might be getting ©) haven't been able to get D) will not have got E)_ might not have got If the eye of tho storm passes over a weather station, the instruments which measure wind ‘speeds and pressure -— these huge winds. ‘A)_ may not be able to withstand B) cannot have withstood ©) shouldn't withstand D) were not to have withstood E) didn't use to withstand According to a recent study, Hurricane Irene, which --- several cities three years ago, Virginia Earthquake aftershocks. A) had struck / will be triggering B) has struck / must trigger ©) struck / might have triggered D) must have struck / has triggered E) strikes / will have triggered 4 If we move or travel to a new place with a different culture, generally we ~~ our favourite meals, s0 we -- food that is. different to us. ‘A) shouldn't find / might eat B) mustn't find / should be eating ©) couldn't find / need to eat D) don't need to find / must eat E) cannot find / may have to eat ‘When we —- happy-looking and not-so-thin Italians, it hard to believe that their diet is healthy, but itis, and delicious too. ‘A) observed / ought to have been B) are observing / might have been ©) may observe / could be D) observe / may be E) have observed / should have been The mountaineers were so happy when they -=- the summit despite all the bad weather conditions. A) could reach B) used to reach ©) had to reach D) must have reached ) were able to reach‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBOZ - Ergun KABAKG! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7: Mexican cuisine is an excellent source of Vitamins A and C, both of which ---- you fight a cold, asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis. A) are supposed to help 8) must be helping ©) may help D) used to help E)_ have to help 8. Robert ~--a translator on his business trips to Germany, but now his own German is good ‘enough for him to manage on his own. |A) ought to have needed B) has needed ©) might be needing D) will have needed E)_used to need ‘60 years or more, but there are no examples of 100-year-old individuals. ‘A) will be showing / should live B)_must show / will ive C) used to show / could have lived 1) shows / may ive ) might show / has to live 10, Tho job of a hostess —~ very impressive, yet 1" 12, im reality, they ~-- long and unsociable hours ‘A)_ seems / might have worked B)_may seem / have to work ©) must seem / may be working D) has seemed / used to work E) might have seemed / are to be working The Neanderthals —- wooden toothpicks to pick or rub their teeth, as some apes and monkeys —- today. A) may be using / have done B) had better use / would do ©) must have used / are doing D) would use / did ) could have been using / do The government -~- education for children without charging them money, and the children — school. |A) must provide / are required to attend B) had to provide / may be attending ) should be providing / were supposed to altend 1D) might have provided / will attend E) used to provide / might have attended we,MODALS 4. Tokyo and three neighbouring towns —-- an excess of 3.43 million tons of garbage by 2030, and --- it elsewhere. 'A) could be having should have shipped 8) might have had / had to ship C) used to have / will have to ship ) wil have had / may have to ship ) would have had / might be shipping 2. Inthe future, scientists —- human genes into pigs or other animals, and farmers — animals for the purpose of organ transplants for humans. |A)_ might put /have to raise 8) will be putting / are to raise: ) may put/may ralse 'D) should put / must have raised ) must put / might be raising 3. According to the law, anyone over 40, of ‘Algerian birth and a Muslim, -- as president of Algeria. |A) should be elected B) must have been elected ©) used to be elected D) would have been elected ) can be elected What conservationists -- in order to protect endangered species — by governments to ‘succeed. |A) do should be supported 1B) had done / will be supported 6) are doing / had to be supported D) did / may have been supported E) have done / must have been supported A porson -— dizzy for a while after this ‘vaccination, so doctors suggest thal they =~ ‘down for haif an hour. ‘A) should feel / must have sit 8) may feel / could be sitting C) might fee! / should sit 1) ought to feel / may sit ) had better fee! / has to sit ‘The fire which destroyed the whole building on purpose; otherwise, It coulda't have caused eo much damage. ‘A) should have been started 'B) must have been started ©) had to be started D) used to be started E) was supposed to be started‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI- Ugur ALBAYRAK The human resources department ~~ a new clerk by now, yet nobody replied to thelr advertisement and they will have to advertis the position again. A) must have hired B) willbe hiring ©) can hire D) used to hire E) should have hired ‘Some drugs which doctors ~~ for hyperactive children --- physical growth and make a child vulnerable to liver allments. |A) have prescribed / should retard B) prescribed / may have retarded ) will prescribe / must retard D) prescribe / can retard ) may prescribe / had to retard ming, which -~ by boredom, make: Us feel awake by stretching the muscles surrounding the lungs or bringing more ‘oxygon to the brain, A) must be causod B) should be caused ©) may be caused D) will have been caused E) had to be caused 10. Some ‘men no longer rs ago, the Argentina government compulsory military service, so young a period in the country’s army. a) 8) ©) D) 5) had ended / may spend ended / have to spend Was to end / might spend hhas ended / were to have spent ‘could end / had to spend 11. Aperson who -— in an accident and then ‘suffers back or neck pain -— his or her spine. a) 8) °) D) 5) had been involved / may injure has been involved / might have injured Is involved / must injure could be involved / was to injure will be involved / needs to injure 12. Although it looks quite Western, Japan is stil in many ways very oriental. For example, whenever you go into a hou: you =~ off your shoes. A) 8) ©) D) E) had to take should have taken ‘must have taken must take might have taken aw1 yerlere uygun diigen sdzcUik veya bulunuz. To a large extent, the Earth's rising temperatures --- by carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, s0 the more carbon -~- out of the atmosphere the better. A) were driven / kept B) drove / may be kept ©) have driven / could keep D) are driven /can be kept ) have been driven / must be kept Most often, ‘severe headache, which —- by strange visual effects and nausea. ‘A)_ was thought / accompanied 8) has thought / may be accompanied C) thinks / will be accompanied D) has been thought / accompanies ) ‘is thought /is accompanied Many bat species are endangered because much of their habitat --- fo human development and some --—-. A) has been lost / are hunted B) had been lost / might be hunted ©) lost/ were hunted D) are lost /have hunted E) willbe lost / will be hunted 4. Retirees in Spain —- one of the finest climates in Europe, particularly on the Mediterranean coastal region where the weather ~~ by hot sunny summers and mild winters. A) have enjoyed / characterised B) enjoyed / could have characterised ©) enjoy /is characterised D) will enjoy / had been characterised E) can enjoy / must be characterised stonishing what we --- from studying historic footprints that ----in caves by ancient humans. A) are learnt /Ieft 8) canleam /wore left ©) have learnt / willbe left D) learnt /are ten )_may have been learnt /had been left From its birth up until around 3.9 billion years ago, the Earth —- by asteroids and other debris. ‘A) has been bombarded B) was bombarded C)_ might be bombarded D) bombarded E) had been bombarded{ ‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKG! - Ugur ALBAYRAK ‘The government -—- that nearly 256 districts ‘a quarter of the population -—- by the drought. ‘A)_ was sald / impacted B) had sald / would be impacted ©) has said / may well impact D) says / must be impacted E) said / were impacted In order to extract the maximum amount of ‘oxygen from the water, the molly fish larger heads and gills. A) are grown B) may grow ©) were grown D) have grown )_must be grown In ancient Greece, it was the highest honour to be allowed to participate in the Olympics, and only males of good character ~~ to take part in these sports events. |A) were chosen B) had chosen ©) chose D) used to choose E) have been chosen Fy Fs FS 40. By understanding what -- as beautiful in a certain place, we ——~ Its customs and culture better. |A) is perceived / can understand B) perceived / understood ©) was perceived / have understood D) perceives / understand E) might be percelved / had to understand 411. NASA's Kepler space telescope and --- successfully for four years. 'A)_ could launch / was operated 8) launched / has been operated ©) was launched / operated )_ might have launched / had operated E) had been launched / would operate 12, People who --- their hand or arm amputated ‘prosthetic body part to help them lift or grip objects. A) have /will use B) had / wore used (©) have had / can use D) will have / have used E) are having / are usedTest CSN BY) (1 ae 1. 12, sorularda, cimlede bos biral yorlere uygun diigen sdzcUk veya ifadeyi bulunuz 4. Acomplete picture of the areas that the immune system --- to cause type 1 diabetes =~ in the end by scientists. A) attacks / has been revealed B) is attacked / will be revealed ©) has attacked ! revealed D) attacked / had been revealed E)_ il attack / reveals, 2. Thousands of people -~- and many of Kathmandu’s historic sites —-in the 7.8-magnitude earthquake and a number of aftershocks. A) killed / had destroyed B) are killed / have been destroying ©) have killed / are destroyed D) were killed / were destroyed E) had been killed / would be destroyed 3. Although the American concept of Thanksgiving —- in the colonies of New England, its roots —- back to the other side of the Atlantic. A) has developed J must have traced B) was developed / willbe traced ©) develops / were traced D) is developed / traced E) developed / can be traced Extinct volcanoes ~~ in 4,900 metres of water about 250 kilometres off the coast while a research ship -—- the seafloor. ‘A) could be found / is mapping B) have found / mapped ©) were found / was mapping 1D) should be found /is mapped ) had been found / mapped People who are voluntarily idle —- as ‘unemployed because they -~for ajob. |A) are not counted / are not searching B) cannot be counted / were not searching ©) will not be counted / would not search 1D) have not been counted / are not searched ) had not been counted / could not search Many scientists ~~ that dinosaur extinction by an interstellar cloud 66 million years. ago. ‘A)_ agree / may have been caused 8) have agreed / had caused ©) agreed / must be causing D) will agree / should have been caused ) had agreed / was caused—— ‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Erqun KABAKC! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Prior to the Renaissance, Europe -—- the known a ‘by war, famine, and ‘A) could experience / had been characterized ark 380. 8) was experiencing / might be characterized C) had experienced / were characterized D) has experienced / have been characterized E)_ would be experiencing / are characterized 8. Alternative sources of electrical energy — ‘around the world to face the challenges of the 21st century, but new sources of power new levels of protection. |A) could have been hamessed / can require 8) are hamessed / willbe required ©) will have been hamessed / should require D) are being harnessed / require E)_ must be harnessed / required 9. The second chapter of the book --~ that the city of Rome and Venice are known Important trade centres of their times. |A) suggests / to have been B) will suggest /to be ©) Is suggesting / be D) has suggested / being E)_ suggested / having been 10. Before the Industrial Revolution, most goods = In small workshops or at home, but then ‘mass production in factories —- it possible to ‘manufacture goods more cheaply and quickly. |A) had been producing / should have made B) would be produced / might make ©) were produced ! had to made 1D) could be produced / were made ) had been produced / made |. The role of the secretary in companies beyond the administrative, and increasingly it more strategic and compliance-focused. A) has evolved / was becoming B) is evolving /is becoming C) was evolved / has become D) willbe evolving / could be becoming E) had evolved / becomes 2. The United States —- some 37 million tons of food each year, which Is a third of all tho food it produces, yet just five percent of that |A) must discard / should be composted B) has discarded / wil be composted ©) discarded / was being composted D) discards /is composted E) Is discarding /is being compostedPASSIVE VOICE Cacao the pre-Columbian civilizations, and ~- in a beverage called ‘chocolat’. A) was cultivated / was used B) could have been cultivated / was being used ©) had to be cuttvated / had been used D) was going to be cultivated / has been used E)_must have been cultivated / might be used ‘The new knowledge culture —- as our ties to ‘older forms of social community ~-- down. |A) had to be arisen / were broken B) could be arising / will break ©) was arising / had been breaking D) has arisen / are breaking ) should be arisen / would break “World No Tobacco Day” —~ internationally on May 31 in order to highlight health risks that == with tobacco use and to advocate policies {to reduce tobacco consumption. A) was marked / associated 8) ismarked / are associated ©) has been marked / were being associated D) marks / have associated E) should be marked / will be associated It that Earth's oldest civilization ~--in ancient Indonesia. 'A)_ was claimed / should be thriving 8) has claimed / must have been thrived ) is claimed / could have thrived D) is being claimed / would thrive ) canbe claimed / had to thrive Agriculture —- for 70% of global water consumption, which is more than twice the amount that ~~ by industry. A) was accounted / was used B) had accounted / was being used ©) accounts is used 1) has accounted / has used ) is accounting / used to be used It may not be exactly accurate to say that ‘Columbus --~ America, since indigenous people —-- there for thousands of years prior to Columbus's arrival. |A)_ was being discovered / had lived B) was discovered / were living C)_ has been discovering / lived D) had discovered / might have lived E)_ could have discovered / had been livingWhen prehistoric tribes first -- other tribes who did not speak intelligibly to them, they ‘A) encountered / must have been astounded B)_ were encountered / astounded C) had encountered /were being astounded | D) encounter / will have been astounded E) were encountering / had been astounded urbanization because workers to work the factory machines. A) has led to / may be clustered B) was leading to J clustered ) led to / had to be clustered 1D) could lead to / should have been clustered ) leads to / must cluster ‘At present, it that more than 100 million Individuals worldwide ~~ to levels of. inorganic arsenic in drinking water that can pose a significant threat to human health. ‘A) estimates / might be exposed B) has estimated / will be exposed ©) isestimated I are exposed D) has been estimated / ought tobe exposed | E)_ was estimated / had been exposed |. It is expected that three thousand dollars . As in the past, today hundreds of speci Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKG! - Ugur ALBAYRAK 10. In the past decade, China —~ the size of its student population while pouring vast. resources into olite universities. A). was doubled B) has doubled C) will be doubled D) has been doubled &) doubled by the time the lottery - ‘A)_ must have been collected / had been drawn B) will be collected / draws ©) had been collected / was drawn D) will have been collected / is drawn ) have been collected / has been drawn of animals, plants and insects ~ danger of becoming extinct. A) threaten B) will have threatened ©) were threatened D) threatened ) are threatened3 ‘Schizophrenia, which is the most disabling and serious of mental illnesses, Is belloved =~ by chemical imbalances in the brain. A) to cause B) tobe caused ©) being caused 1D) having caused ©) tohave caused ‘The flying object which ~~ by some peasants -=- as being metallic in appearance and triangular in shape. ‘A)_was sighted / had boon described B) sighted / described ©) has been sighted / has described 1D) had been sighted / was described ) has sighted / will be described ‘The first bicycle road race, which -—- in 1888, ‘was not as ambitious as the Tour de France. A) must be organized B) was organized ) should have been organized ) had been organized E) organized ‘Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, --- in the court that he -—- while in US custody. A) states / was tortured B) had stated / tortured (©) was stated / had tortured D) is stated / might have been tortured E) stated / had been tortured ‘The United States, whose attractiveness. --~ significantly in the past two years, — difficulty shaping public opinion worldwide now. 'A)_ may be declined /is having B) had declined / could have ©) has declined / has D) was dectining / has had E) will have been declining / used to have In recent decades, there has been increasing ‘evidence that global and regional climates ---, which --- different effects in different parts of the world. ‘A) are changing / produces B) have changed / will be produced ©) changed / had produced 1D) were changing / were produced ) are changed / are producing‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKC! - Ugur ALBAYRAK In ancient Greece, women — to participate ‘or watch the Olympic Games because the participants of some branches ~~ naked. A) had not allowed / were performing B) were not allowed / performed ©) didnot allow / were performed D) had not been allowed / had performed E) have not allowed / are performed The human population in Africa's arid and mi-arid areas —- in the pi to nearly 400 million and — to expand at a rate of 3 percent a year. |A) has been doubled / has continued B) doubled / would continue ©) has doubled / continues D) will be doubled / continued ) was doubled / was continuing ‘Acombination of thros gases ~ greenhouse effect on Mars 3.8 billion years ago that ~- the planet warm enough for liquid water to flow across the surface. A) created / was made B) ought to create / has made C) could have created / made D) has created /is made ) was created / had made 40. 1". In the next two years, the campaign against privatization of Italy’s cultural heritage —-- out all over the country. AA) wil have cared 8) may carry C)_ might be carrying D) should have been carried ©) willbe cariod ‘Those who ----for shoplifting --- up with a criminal record, which can make it harder to got a job, gat into college, or do the other things they want. |A)_ were arrested / should have ended B) have been arrested / may end ©) are arrested J used to end ) will arrest / might be ended E) had arrested / had to ond . In some societies, pork ~~ a special food, whi ‘A) is considered Js forbidden B) has considered / has been forbidden C) considered / was forbidden D) was considered / had been forbidden ) considers / has forbidden in other societies it3. 7-12, sorularda,cUmiode bog brakan /bulunt as ulunuz ae ‘As we grow and mature, we learn what foods ‘our society —- acceptable and how they —-. |A) Is considered / must be prepared 'B) considers / should be prepared (©) has considered / can prepare D) was considered / must have been prepared ) will consider /had better prepare ‘Some whale species which are thought -—- ‘on extinction’s doorstep 25 years ago —- ‘amazing comebacks. A) tobe/ are making 8) being / made ©) having been / were made D) tohave been / have made E) be /will make ‘Tho Phoenicians on the coast of Syria are thought the first to develop commerce by sea around 1000 BC, A) tobe B) having been ©) being D) tohave been E) be 4 Research has shown that by the time ‘Americans -—- the age of 18, they —~ more ‘time watching television than in school. ‘A)_ were reaching / had been spent B) reached / were spending (©) were reached / had spent D) reach /will have spent E) are reached / will be spending It In the report that the magazine ~-- more {han 400,000 copes since it was pubished In ‘A)_ was mentioned / sold B) had mentioned / had been sold ©) is mentioned / has sold D) mentions / sells ) has mentioned / will be sold ‘The climbers --~ for a few hours when on the horizon they —the group of small hand bul ts. A) were traveling / had spotted B) had travelled / were spotting C) travelled / were being spotted D) will travel / are spotted E) had been travelling / spotted‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI - Ugur ALBAYRAK ‘Since its inception in the early 1970s, genetic engineering -- as a major scientific breakthrough. ‘A) has been welcomed 8) c) od) 5) will have welcomed was welcomed has welcomed had been welcomed. When parachutists —- from a plane, thelr height above the ground ~~ them to adjust their position and correct mistakes. A) jump / allows 8) °) D) 3) jumped / was allowed were jumped / alowed had jumped / would allow ‘are jumped / will allow In Ancient Greece, Olympic winners -—- many ‘special priviloges by their city-states. For ‘example, they --~ tax ‘A) are given / don't need to pay B) were given / didn't have to pay ©) had given / shouldn't have paid D) gave / didn't need to pay E) had been given / had better not pay 10. Buy Nothing Day 11. 12. every year since 1992 in the U.S. and 15 other countries an« a forum for consumer issue: ‘A) has been observed / has evolved was observed / evolved is being observed /is evolved hhas observed / has been evolved had been observed / was evolving Scientists —- for information that fight mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and Zika virus, ‘A) were looked / was exploited 8) °) Db) 5) are looking / could be exploited have been looking / must exploit had looked / exploited Were looking / must have exploited In fact, no culture —- the body in its natural state, so makeup, body paint, war paint, tattoos, and body piercing —-a role in history and fashion throughout time. ‘A) has accepted / are playing B) is accepted / played ©) accepts / have played D) has been accepted / play E) accepted / had been played1. ‘orularda, clmiede bos brrakilan ‘Some scholars ~~ that Shakespeare ~~ in a very vibrant period in England's history, @ time both of great national confidence and of cultural activity, particularly in the theatre. A). were pointed out / had lived B) had pointed out / was living ©) point out / lived D) pointed out had been lived E) have pointed out / was being lived Generally, the feelings of the victim -—- by ‘criminals before they —~a crime. a) 8) °) >) e) have not considered / are committed Were not considered / had committed Peas ‘are not considered / commit had not considered / committed do not consider / are committing ‘The amount of language a child ~~ to early in Ife is important, and scientists -- programs to help parents and childcare providers. ‘A) has exposed / should create B) exposed / might create ) is being exposed / may have created D) is exposed / can create E) has been exposed / should be creating Pye TAO 4, There are many superstitions that -—- with the topaz, ayellow semiprecious gemstone, A) have associated B) willbe associated ©) had associated D) used to associate )_ have been associated Itwas a terrible mistake. The chemicals —~ 80 close to the machinery. It is not surprising that they --- fire. ‘A) mustn't have been stored / had caught 8) ° ») 5) shouldn't have been stored / caught ‘might not have stored / could be caught ‘ought not to store / can catch couldn't have stored / was caught Askeleton of a dinosaur ~~ by mistake by a five-year old child in 2006. A) had discovered B) will have discovered C) had been discovered D) was discovered ) has been discovered‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI - Ugur ALBAYRAK Kauffeld, who died in 1974, —- many books about amphibians and reptiles and — to have ‘been an authority on the subject. ‘A) had written / considered B) was written / was considered ©) wrote /is considered D) wites / considers E) had been written / had considered Until recently, Zaha Hadid — as ‘the paper architect’, because his grand designs never =the page to become real buildings. A) had known have left 8) was known / eft ©) Isknown /leave D) knew / were leaving E) has been known / were left by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A) had conducted / coordinated 8) was conducted / was coordinated C) conducted / had been coordinated D) has been conducted / has coordinated E) is conducted / is coordinated 10. Until now, little —-- about what —-to a child’s developing depressive symptoms. ‘A)_was known / was contributed 8) has been known / contributes ©) knows /is contributed D) was known / contributed E) is known /has contributed 11. Silk ~~ to save lives by doctors because ‘wounds —- with the fine thread. A). was used / had stitched B) is using / should be stitched ) has used / are stitched D) must be used / may have stitched E) has been used / can be stitched 12. The outbreak of A/H1M{ influenza —-- wor but the spread of the virus —- because people istanced themselves from each other. ‘A) should be / has reduced B)_must have been / reduced ©) might be / had reduced D) Is tobe /is reduced E) could have been / was reduced aw1 sorularda, comiede bos birakilan peter uygun digen sézciik veya ifadeyi lun It is remarkable that so many of ‘Shakespeare's words --- the large shifts in language between the time that they —~and the present day. A) survived ! wrote B) have survived / were writen ©) are survived / had been written D) survive / are written ) had survived / had writen Hookah smoking places the youth at a health risk and ~-- seriously as part of the larger fight against tobacco and the preventable diseases it. ‘A) should be taken /is caused B) can take /has caused ©) must be taken / causes D) ought to have been taken / caused E) is taken / has been caused ‘The meeting -~- because the report concerning the recent earthquake was not ready. ‘A) had to be cancelled B) should be cancelled ©) must have cancelled D) will have been cancelled ) had cancelled ‘The drug dealers are suspected —-- In the night club for some time, yet they —. ‘A) to have operated / haven't caught B) to operate / caught C) tohave been operating / haven't been caught D) to be operated / weren't caught E) tohave been operated / aren't caught Because more and more smart phones --, ‘smart phone companies -—-new security measures. A). were stolen / were introduced B) are being stolen / should introduce ©) have stolen / must have introduced ) stole /had introduced ) had been stolen / were introducing Cloth of emperors, silk «China's secret for ‘more than 2000 years, and then it —- Japan. A) romained / reached B) was remaining / had reached (©) remains / has reached D) had remained / was reached E) has remained / will have reached‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKG] - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Many Chinese —- for some time that the traditional values of harmony, respect and hard work A) ate saying /are lost 8) are said / have lost ©) have said / are losing D) said / had lost E)_ have been saying / have been lost 8. About one-third of the world's population with tuberculosis, a contagious disease that nearly 2 million deaths annually. A) infected /is caused B) is infected / causes ©) has infected / has caused D) was infected / had caused E) infects / will cause Detectives and police labs ~~ DNA fingerprints in criminal cases since the 1930s. A) have been used 8) had used ©) have been using D) used E) were used 1" 2 that the world characters with a strong personality. A) was given / did not see B) had given / was not seen C) gives / has not seen D) gave /hiad not seen E}) is given/is not seen On Floreana, last year, the tortoises —- because of hunting by whalers and workers at a heating oll factory that -~ on the island. ‘A)_ were disappeared / was established B) have disappeared /is established ©) had disappeared / established D) disappear / has been establishes ) disappeared / had been established European aristocrats of the 13th and 14th ‘centuries -~- with some of their prized belongings such as Anatolian carpets. A) painted B) must have painted ©) used to be painted D) would paint E)_ should be painted ae,3 It that by 2050, Nigeria's population —~ ‘that of the US, making the west African nation ‘the third most populous country in the world. A) has predicted / wil surpass B) was predicted / had been surpassed C) is predicted / will have surpassed ) predicted / surpassed ) had predicted / was surpassed In different cultures, yoghurt —~- as a cure for insomnia, a medicine for several diseases and ‘even the fountain of youth. A) considered B) had considered C) willbe considered D) has been considered E) are considering it was during the sixteenth century that philosophy professors at German universities “=the term anthropology. A) coined B) were coined (©) have coined D) will have coined ) had coined 4, Unfortunately, misinformation and unfounded vaccine fears ~~ In cancer deaths that —- with a simple vaccination. A). must have resulted / might avoid 8) can result/ could have been avoided C) result have been avoided D) may result / avoid ) have resulted / should have avoided The parks and playgrounds, which originally = to keep children off the street, -- an integral part of neighbourhood life today. A). were designed / have become B) have designed / is becoming ©) had designed / would become 1D) designed / became ) have been designed / become . The extensive valley networks on the surface of Mars --- by running water billions of years. ‘ago, but the Source of that water is unknown. A) created 8) had been created (©) should have created D) have created E) might have been created‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI - Ugur ALBAYRAK New research -—- solve the 150-million-year- ‘old mystery—birds have an innate ability to ‘manoeuvre in mid-air, a talent that —- their ancestors learn to fly rather than fall from a perch. A) helped / may be helped B) ishelped /has helped ©) will holp / must have been helped D) helps / could have helped E) has helped / wil help Unless corrective action -~, climate change, environmental degradation and natural disasters --- life increasingly unsustainable in many parts of the planet. A) has taken / are made B) takes / make C) was taken / had make D) took) made ) is taken / will make It--- certain that the world — new and ‘more complex patterns of displacement and migration. A) is seemed / witnesses B) seems /will witness C) has seemed /is witnessed D) seemed / had witnessed E) will seem / has been witnessed 10. . The inherited kidney disease which Astudy ~~ that birth weight of babi by genes that are also linked to the risk of developing a range of diseases later in life. ‘A) has revealed /is influenced 8) revealed / influenced ) reveals / has influenced D) was revealed / was influenced E)_ will reveal / influences |. Nearly 35,000 objects from prehistory to the 19th century ~~ over an area of 60,600 square ‘metres in the Louvre Museum, which the right bank of the Seine River. ‘A)_ were exhibited / locates B) are exhibited /is located ©) exhibited / was locates D) have exhibited / has been located E) will be exhibited / has located autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease —- over 600,000 people in the US, and 42 million worldwi A) knows /is affected B) has been known / will affect ©) Isknown / affects D) knew / affected E)_ was known / was affected awl,4, happiness equality does not require taking tuygun dilgen sézcik veya ifadeyi uz happiness from some people and it to others. A) To have promoted /to be given B) Promoting / giving ©) Being promoted / being given D) Having promoted / to give E) To promote / having given ‘Some people spend their entire lives ~~ the ‘mountains surrounding them from every possible angle without ever --- them. A) to see /visit 8) having seen / to visit (©) to have seen / being visited D) seeing / visiting E) see /to have visited Natural resource scarcity and unpredictable ‘weather affect women first, yet they're often the last --- on how =~ it. A) to hear /to be combated B) hearing / combating ©) to have heard / being combated D) being heard / having combated E) tobe heard / to combat ‘The people most likely --- by climate change are also the ones best positioned it. |A) are hurt to have fixed B) to hutt/to be fixed (©) hurting / fixing D) being hurt /to be fixed E) tobe hurt /to fix People of all ages ~~ from super-siow weight training, but itis definitely a method — if you're middle-aged or older. 'A)_ should have benefited / considering B)_must benefit / having considered C)_ may be benefited / being considered D) can benefit / to consider E) had better be benefited / to have considered Low-income communities continue for the best ways —- their schools as the income gap grows across America. A) to look /to improve B) having looked / to have improved ©) looking / to bo improved D) to be looked / being improved E) to have looked / improving7 Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKC! - Ugur ALBAYRAK In this digital world we are living in, it ‘extremely important --- your social and ‘emotional intelligence skills. ‘A) becomes / having improved B) will become / improving ©) has become /to improve D) had become / o be improved E) became / to have improved Tools like email and instant messaging — our ability ~~ emotions like sincerity, anger and empathy. A) limited / communicating BB) had limited / to have communicated C) are limiting to be communicated D) limit / to comminnica E) would limit / having communicated People need —-- the limitations of the digital platforms and learn how ~~ most ffectivel ‘A) to be understood / to be communicated 8) understanding / communicating ©) having understood / being communicated ) being understood / to have communicated ) to understand / to communicate 10, The smartest retailers find innovative ways — when a customer noods —- a purchase. ‘A) predicting / making B) to have predicted / being made ©) to predict/ to make D) being predicted / to be making E) tobe predicted / to be made ‘11. More and more places -~- smoking and in a lot of cities itis a crime and you can get a ticket and a fine for getting caught —-. A) were banning /to be smoking B) are banning / smoking ©) have banned / having smoked ) willbe banning / to have smoked ) ban /to be smoked 12. One of the goals of our plan is —- the next generation with the outdoors and helping them —-- empowered stewards A) to connect / having become 8) having connected / becoming ©) connecting / become D) tohave connected / to become E) connected / to have becomeyour goal is — weight due to obesity, there \portant steps you --- in order to successfully change your eating habits to healthier ones. A) to lose / can take B) to have lost / might be taking ©) losing / had to take 1D) having lost / may have taken ) tobe lost / could take ‘The ability —— healthy and lose weight comes. solely from knowing your body, only you know how your body reacts and what foods you =. A) eating / must have avoided B) tohave eaten / are to avoid C) having eaten / may have avoided 1D) to eat should avoid ) tobe eaten /can avoid We as adults must let our kids -~ new things, but that does not mean we cannot help them = through them. AA) tying /to navigate 8) ty navigate ©) to ty /navigating D) tied / boing navigated E) tobe trying to be navigated In traditional weddings, you can see people eating, and building elaborate bedrooms new brides and grooms. |A) to dance / celebrating B) dance / celebrate (©) having danced / to be celebrated D) dancing /to celebrate E) having danced / celebrated German officials are being forced -—- warning lights on the sidewalks, because German pedestrians with smart phones have become less rigid in --- the traffic signals. ‘A) to install obeying 'B) installing / to obey ©) tobe installed / obey ) install having obeyed E) tobe installing / to be obeying When lakes freeze over, daily temperature changes cause the ice ~-- and contract, —-the Surface and forcing it upward into a ridge. A) expanding /to crack B) expanded / cracked ©) having expanded | cracks D) being expanded / to be cracked E) to expand / cracking‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKCI - Ugur ALBAYRAK 7. Almost a thousand emergoncy workers into the fire in the first days of the Chemobyl accident, leading approximately 50 people — from cancer and other health issues. ‘A) could have thrown / died B) have been thrown / dying ©) were being thrown / die D) had been thrown / to have died E) were thrown /to die Shakespeare created dramatic moment his works that were exceptionally unique and Powerful by -- expectations for hew a poison A) having upset / was used B) being upset /is used C) upsetting / could be used D) upset / had been usod E) to be upsetting / has been used <= that the United States landed in the 13th spot on the World's Happiest Countries list, thoy have still got a lot of work A) Considered /do B) Toconsider / doing C) Consider / done D) Considering / to do ) Having considered / to be doing 10, NASA — to launch a mission in the next decade —- whether the Jupiter's moon, Europa, has the potential to host life. ‘A) will plan / determined 8) is planning / to determine C) was planning / determining D) could be planning / to be determined E) is going to plan / being determined 11. Titanosaurs were the largest land vertebrates: but even they --- very small when they were born, A) evolving / had started B) tobe evolving / started ©) to evolve / start D) evolved / were supposed to start E) tohave evolved / had to start 12, The international conservation community's goal —- the tiger population by 2025 --- by the community as a challenge but a doable one. ‘A) doubling / would be regarded 8) doubled / has been regarded ©) to have doubled / could be regarded D) having doubled / will be regarded E) to double /is regarded awl,‘cimiede bog birakilan jen sézcik veya ifadeyi 1. Christopher Columbus is widely credited with === the New World in his 1492 expedition, but a growing amount of evidence suggests that the Vikings ~-- him to North America by several hundred years. A) discovering will beat B) having discovered / beat ©) to discover / have beaten D) discovered / had beaten E) to have discovered / were beating Major citios in most of the developing ‘countries are looking forward --- solar energy ‘as the saviour for their energy demand, A) tohamess: B) harnessing ©) tohave hamessed D) tohamessing E) tobe hamessing ‘Some Individuals -—- unusual ability, whether acquired or innate, — their level of ‘complexity during stressful experiences. A) may have /to raise B) willbe having / raising (©) had had / to have risen D) have had / raise E) could have / to be raised ‘Test GERUNDS & INFINITIVES ‘Yy which — will die without -—a word on paper, A) to be worked / being put B) to work / puting ©) work /to put D) worked / having put ) to have worked /1o be put More sustainable agricultural practices will be worth --- in order to prevent major food- producing countries from -—~ their renewable water resource limits. |A) to adopt / being reached 8) adopting {reaching ©) having adopted / to reach 1D) to have adopted / reached ) adopted / being reached ‘Some people can avoid ~-- the environment if they are careful —- certain practice ‘A)_ having damaged / following B) to damage / being followed ©). damaging / to foliow D) tobe damaged / to have followed E) being damaged / to be followed‘Suat GURCAN - Ridvan GURBUZ - Ergun KABAKGI - Ugur ALBAYRAK Educators have made numerous attempts ‘a framework for making sense of what goes ‘on in the mind of the reader in the process of a text. ‘A) developing / to read B) being developed / having read C) to develop / reading D) having developed / to have read E) tohave developed / read ‘The book on the table will help you ~~ your English vocabulary and —-a high score on the exam. |A) to expand / achieving 8) to be expanded / to be achieved C) expanding / having achioved D) having expanded / to achieve E) expand / achieve you want --- the pain caused by the loss of a loved one, you should try —- in something you can control, ‘A) to ease /to engage B) easing / to be engaged ©) tohave eased / having engaged D) having eased / engaging E) tobe eased / being engaged 10. itis dificult for a small business — 11 12. ith the array of products or services a large business can offer. A) 8) °) D) 5) ‘competing to be competed to compete to have competed being competed Itis not true that —- our eyes on one object only will cause that object A 8) °) ») e) indistinct. focusing / to look to focus / looking focus / to have looked having focused / to be looked bing focused / to be looking Nocturnal migrants, those species that travel at night, seem ~-- their navigational cues from the stars. A) to take 8) taking C) being taken D) having taken E) tobe taken