Find the original Textbook (PDF) in the link below:

CLICK HERE
 Contents

PART 1 Influencing Factors in Health Care and

Population-Centered Nursing

1 Community and Prevention–Oriented, Population-

Focused Practice: The Foundation of Specialization

in Public Health Nursing, 3

2 History of Public Health and Public and
Community
Health Nursing, 22
3 The Changing U.S. Health and Public Health
Care Systems, 44
4 Perspectives in Global Health Care, 61
PART 2 Forces Affecting Health Care Delivery
and Population-Centered Nursing
5 Economics of Health Care Delivery, 94
6 Application of Ethics in the Community, 121
7 Cultural Diversity in the Community, 139
8 Public Health Policy, 167
PART 3 Conceptual and Scientific Frameworks
Applied to Population-Centered
Nursing Practice
9 Population-Based Public Health Nursing Practice:
The Intervention Wheel, 190
10 Environmental Health, 217
11 Genomics in Public Health Nursing, 242
12 Epidemiology, 256
13 Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 286
14 Communicable and Infectious Disease Risks,
319
15 Evidence-Based Practice, 342
16 Changing Health Behavior Using Health
Education with Individuals, Families,
and Groups, 355
17 Building a Culture of Health through Community
Health Promotion, 377
PART 4 Issues and Approaches in
Population-Centered Nursing
18 Community As Client: Assessment and Analysis,
396
19 Population-Centered Nursing in Rural and Urban
Environments, 422
20 Promoting Health Through Healthy Communities
and Cities, 441
21 The Nurse-led Health Center: A Model for
Community
Nursing Practice, 455
22 Case Management, 476

23 Public Health Nursing Practice and the Disaster

Management Cycle, 503
24 Public Health Surveillance and Outbreak
Investigation, 529
25 Program Management, 545
26 Quality Management, 568
PART 5 Health Promotion with Target
Populations Across the Life Span
27 Working with Families in the Community for
Healthy Outcomes, 594
28 Family Health Risks, 622
29 Child and Adolescent Health, 644
30 Major Health Issues and Chronic Disease
Management
of Adults Across the Life Span, 670
31 Disability Health Care Across the Life Span, 694
PART 6 Promoting and Protecting the Health of
Vulnerable Populations
32 Vulnerability and Vulnerable Populations:
An Overview, 715
33 Poverty and Homelessness, 731
34 Migrant Health Issues, 750
35 Teen Pregnancy, 766
36 Mental Health Issues, 782
37 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Problems, 803
38 Violence and Human Abuse, 825
PART 7 Nurses’ Roles and Functions
in the Community
39 The Advanced Practice Nurse in the Community,
851
40 The Nurse Leader in the Community, 867
41 The Nurse in Home Health, Palliative Care,
and Hospice, 885
42 The Nurse in the Schools, 914
43 The Nurse in Occupational Health, 937
44 Forensic Nursing in the Community, 957
45 The Nurse in the Faith Community, 970
46 Public Health Nursing at Local, State,
and National Levels, 993
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Resource Tools Available on the
Evolve Website, 1011
Appendix B: Program Planning and Design, 1012

Influencing Factors in Health Care and

Population Centered Nursing

Population-centered nursing emphasizes the

community where nursing is based in the population
providing care on-site to individuals or group members
of the population. It also emphasizes a focus on a
defined population whereby the nurse seeks
knowledge about the health issues or problems facing
the total population so
the nurse can then find ways to resolve the issues and
problems for all members of the population. The
focused
approach seeks to improve health for all within the
community’s population. In this section information
emerges to show how community-based nursing and
community oriented (focused) nursing are different in
approach but similar in the goal to improve health for
the populations served.
Since the late 1800s, public health nurses have been
leaders in making improvements in the quality of
health
care for individuals, families, and aggregates,
including populations and communities. As nurses
around the
world collaborate with one another, it is clear that,
from one country to another, population-centered
nursing
has more similarities than differences.
Important changes in health care have been taking
place since the early 1990s, and there is data to show
that changes are occurring as a result of the health
care reform work in the United States. Although
consider-
able controversy surrounded the implementation of
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of
2010,
it is clear that change is providing more access to care
and reductions in hospitalization. It is also reducing
cost and providing more preventive care.
The areas in health care that have posed the greatest
problems for persons over the years have been
access,
quality, and cost. These problems are being
addressed but are still present. A number of people
still have either
no insurance or inadequate insurance, access to
quality care is unevenly distributed across the
country, and
the cost of health care remains high for consumers,
employers, insurers, and state and federal
governments.
Changes in the health care system and delivery are
attempting to address these issues.
Some of the key areas of emphasis in the current
efforts to reform health care include preventing
disease,
coordinating care, and shifting care from the hospital
to the home or community facilities where possible. In
the coming years, a large growth in the number of
nurses employed in home health care and in nursing
care
facilities is expected. An area targeted for growth is
that of the federal community health centers.
Nurses comprise the largest category of employees in
those centers. It is also expected that more new
graduates
will go directly into community health work rather than
working for a few years in the hospital before
making that transition. This trend supports the
recommendations that nurses need to be prepared at
the
baccalaureate level.
Over the years, funding for public health has
decreased, or remained neutral, while the needs for
population-
centered services have increased. The key question is
whether health care reform will provide what is
needed
for population-centered care in America’s
communities. There is much discussion about the
new emphasis on
prevention, community-oriented care, continuity, and
the important role that nurses will play in health care.
With anticipation that many of these projections will
become a reality and that nurses will become
increasingly
key practitioners in promoting the health of the
people, they must understand the history of public
health
nursing and the current status of the public health
system.
Part One presents information about significant
factors affecting health in the United States. Changing
the
level and quality of services and the priorities for
funding requires that nurses be involved, informed,
courageous,
and committed to the task. The chapters in Part One
are designed to provide essential information so that
nurses
can make a difference in health care by understanding
their own roles and their functions in population-
centered practice. Understanding how the public
health system differs
from the primary care system is described as well as
the move-
ment to integrate public health and primary care.
There is a core of knowledge known as “public health”
that
forms the foundation for population-centered public
health
nursing. This core has historically included
epidemiology, bio-
statistics, environmental health, health services
administration,
and social and behavioral sciences. In recent years,
new areas of
focus within public health have included informatics,
genomics,
communication, cultural competence, community-
based par-
ticipatory research, evidence-based practice, policy
and law,
global health, ethics, and forensics. This book covers
both the
traditional and the newer content either in a full
chapter or as
a section in one or more chapters.
The second decade of the twenty-first century finds
the United
States entering an era when more public attention is
being given
to efforts to protect and improve the health of the
American
people and the environment. Despite what many see
as a failure
to make fundamental changes in the delivery and
financing of
health care, significant change has occurred. Federal
and state
initiatives, private market forces, the development of
new sci-
entific knowledge and new technologies, and the
expectations
of the public are bringing about changes in the health
care
system. With the national legislation that passed in
2010—the
PatientProtectionandAffordableCareAct(ACA)(www.h
[Link]/
opa/affordable-care-act)—which in part was designed
to
increase access to care; concerns have been raised
about the
availability of adequate numbers of professional
personnel to
provide services, particularly in primary care and
strained
health care facilities. Despite initial turbulence in
implementa-
tion of the legislation, including difficulties with
enrollments
due to technological problems, initial reports are that
good
progress has been made in enrolling people and the
Congres-
sional Budget Office projected that by 2014 the
number of
uninsured people will decrease by 12 million and by
26 million
by 2017 (Blumenthal and Collins, 2014). Blumenthal
and
Collins (2014) also reported that the Urban Institute
projected
that the proportion of uninsured people adults in the
United
States fell from 18% in the third quarter of 2013 to
13.4% in
May of [Link] the passage of theACA many at
the national
levelwere seriously concerned about the growing cost
of medical
care as a part of federal expenditures (Orszag, 2007;
Orszag and
Emanuel, 2010). The concern with the cost of medical
care
remains a national issue and Blumenthal and Collins
(2014)
argue that the sustainability of the expansions of
coverage pro-
vided by the ACA will depend on whether the overall
costs of
care in the United States can be controlled. If costs
are not
controlled the resulting increases in premiums will
become
increasingly difficult for all—consumers, employers,
and the
federal government. Other health system concerns
focus on the
quality and safety of services, warnings about
bioterrorism, and
global public health threats such as infectious
diseases and con-
taminated foods. Because of all of these factors, the
role of
public health in protecting and promoting health, as
well as
preventing disease and disability, is extremely
important.
Whereas the majority of national attention and
debate sur-
rounding national health legislation has been
focused primarily
on insurance issues related to medical care, there
are indications
of a renewed interest in public health and in
population-focused
thinking about health and health care in the United
States. For
example, incorporated into the Patient Protection
and Afford-
able Care Act are provisions that address health
promotion and
prevention of disease and disability. These include
(1) establish-
ment of the National Prevention, Health Promotion,
and Public
Health Council to coordinate federal prevention,
wellness,
and public health activities and to develop a national
strategy
to improve the nation’s health
([Link]/
initiatives/prevention/about), and (2) as indicated in
Chapter 3
and 5, creation of a Prevention and Public Health
Fund to
expand and sustain funding for prevention and
public health
programs (Trust for America’s Health, 2013), and (3)
improve-
ment of preventive efforts by covering only proven
preventive
services and eliminating state cost sharing for
preventive ser-
vices, including immunizations recommended by the
U.S. Pre-
ventive Services Task Force (USPHS 2000)
([Link]
[Link]). Also, grants and technical
assistance will
be available to employers who establish wellness
programs
([Link]/ebsa/newsroom/2013/13).
Although populations have historically been the
focus of
public health practice, specifically defined
populations are
becoming a focus of the “business” of managed
care; therefore
more managed care executives are joining public
health practi-
tionersin becoming population [Link],
managed
care executives and program managers are using
the basic sci-
ences and analytic tools of the field of public health.
However,
their focus is on using such epidemiological and
statistical strat-
egies to develop databases and analytical
approaches to making
decisions at the level of a defined population or
subpopulation
enrolled in a particular care delivery organization or
those
covered by a particular insurance company. A
population-
focused approach to planning, delivering, and
evaluating
various aspects of care delivery is increasingly being
used in an
effort to achieve better outcomes in the population of
interest
and has never been more important.
Where is public health nursing in all of the changes
swirling
around in the world of health and health care? This
is a crucial time for public health nursing, a time of
opportunity and chal-
lenge. The issue of growing costs together with the
changing
demography of the U.S. population, particularly the
aging of
the population, is expected to put increased
demands on
resources available for health care. In addition, the
threats of
bioterrorism, highlighted by the events of September
11, 2001,
and the anthrax scares, will divert health care funds
and
resources from other health care programs to be
spent for
public safety. Also important to the public health
community
is the emergence of modern-day epidemics (such as
the
mosquito-borne West Nile virus, the H1N1 influenza
virus, and
the emerging Ebola virus crisis) and globally induced
infectious
diseases such as avian influenza and other causes
of mortality,
many of which affect the very young (see Chapters 3
and 5).
Most of the causes of these epidemics are
[Link] has
all of this to do with nursing?
Understanding the importance of community-
oriented,
population-focused nursing practice and developing
the knowl-
edge and skills to practice it will be critical to
attaining a leader-
ship role in health care regardless of the practice
setting.
The following discussion explains why those who
practice
community-based, prevention-oriented, population-
focused
nursing will be in a very strong position to affect the
health
of populations and decisions about how scarce
resources will
be used.
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE: THE
FOUNDATION FOR HEALTHY POPULATIONS
AND COMMUNITIES
During the last 25 years, considerable attention has
been focused
on proposals to reform the American health care
system. These
proposals focused primarily on containing cost in
medical care
financing and on strategies for providing health
insurance cov-
erage to a higher proportion of the population. In the
national
health legislation that passed in 2010, the Patient
Protection and
Affordable Care Act, the majority of the provisions
and the vast
majority of the discussion of the bill focused on
those issues
([Link]/opa/affordable-care-act).
Because physician services and hospital care
combined
account for over half of the health care expenditures
in the
United States, it is understandable that changes in
how such
services would be paid for would receive much
attention
([Link], 2010). However, as stated in the
Public Health
Functions Steering Committee Report on the Core
Functions
of Public Health (1998),while it was important to
make reforms
in the medical insurance system there is a clear
understanding
among those familiar with the history of public health
and its
impact that such reforms alone will not be adequate
to improve
the health of Americans.
Historically, gains in the health of populations have
come
largely from public health efforts. Safety and
adequacy of food
supplies, the provision of safe water, sewage
disposal, public
safety from biological threats, and personal
behavioral changes,
including reproductive behavior, are a few examples
of public
health’s influence. In 2008 Fielding and colleagues
argued that there is incontrovertible evidence that
public health policies and
programs were primarily responsible for increasing
the average
life span from 47 in 1900 to 78 in 2005, an increase
of 66% in
just a little over a century. They asserted that most
of that
increase was through improvements in sanitation,
clean water
supplies, making workplaces safer, improving food
and drug
safety, immunizing children, and improving nutrition,
hygiene,
and housing (Fielding et al, 2008).
In an effort to help the public better understand the
role
public health has played in increasing life
expectancy and
improving the nation’s health, in 1999 the Centers
for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) began featuring
information
on the Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the
20th
Century. The areas featured include Immunizations,
Motor
Vehicle Safety, Control of Infectious Diseases, Safer
and
Healthier Foods, Healthier Mothers and Babies,
Family Plan-
ning, Fluoridation of Drinking Water, Tobacco as a
Health
Hazard, and Declines in Deaths from Heart Disease
and
Stroke (CDC, 2014). A case can be made that the
payoff from
public health activities is well beyond the resources
directed
to the effort. For example, recent data reported by
the Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) showed
that in
2012 only 3% (up from 1.5% in 1960) of all national
expen-
ditures supported by governmental entities
supported public
health functions (CMS, 2012). The expeditures in
2014 were
the same.

Find the original Textbook (PDF) in the link below:

CLICK HERE