PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS / PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

PRESENT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I I I I
YOU PLAY YOU DON’T PLAY DO YOU PLAY YES, YOU DO
WE WE WE ? NO, WE DON’T
THEY THEY THEY THEY
HE HE HE HE
SHE PLAYS SHE DOESN’T PLAY DOES SHE PLAY? YES, SHE DOES
IT IT IT NO, IT DOESN’T

We use the Present Simple to talk about:

 Personal information: I live in Birmingham.

 General statements of truth: The sun sets in the west.
 Permanent situations: They live in London.
 Routines and habits: I usually visit her once a year.
 Fixed times and schedules: The film starts at nine.
 Detailed of fixed future plans: We leave London at 1 p.m. on Monday.
 Directions and instructions: You take M6 to Birmingham.

We also use the Present Simple with verbs like know, believe, understand which are not normally used
in the Present Continuous

PRONUNCIATION:

/s/ /iz/ /z/

After /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ / / /s/, / /, /t /, /d /, /z/, / / After other sounds
bakes, keeps, hits, works, hates, matches, dances, teaches, rises, tries, rings, leaves, arrives,
likes, kisses, smiles,

ADVERBS AND PHRASES OF FREQUENCY

We can use adverbs and phrases of frequency with the present simple: ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY,
SOMETIMES, NEVER, ONCE A WEEK, TWICE A MONTH, IN THE MORNING, etc.

 The adverbs of frequency come BEFORE the MAIN VERB:

SHE ALWAYS VISITS HER COUSINS.

I USUALLY READ BOOKS.

 The adverbs of frequency come AFTER the VERB TO BE:

SHE IS NEVER LATE FOR SCHOOL.

I AM ALWAYS TIRED AFTER WORK.
  The phrases of frequency come to the END OF THE SENTENCE:

SHE GOES TO THE CINEMA TWICE A MONTH.

I VISIT MY GRANDMOTHER EVERY DAY.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I AM PLAYIN I AM NOT PLAYING AM I PLAYING

G ?
HE HE HE
SHE IS PLAYIN SHE IS NOT PLAYING IS SHE PLAYING
IT G IT IT ?
YOU YOU YOU
WE ARE PLAYIN WE ARE NOT PLAYING ARE WE PLAYING
THEY G THEY THEY ?

SHORT ANSWERS

I AM I AM NOT
HE HE
SHE IS SHE IS NOT
YES, IT NO, IT
YOU YOU
WE ARE WE ARE NOT
THE THEY
Y

We used the Present Continuous to talk about:

 Current activities: I’m travelling by coach.

 Temporary situations: They’re living in Mexico for a year.
 Planned future arrangements: I’m meeting my grandmother in ten minutes.

Certain verbs are not normally used in the Present Continuous. These are:

 Verbs of thinking and opinion: agree, believe, expect, forget, imagine, know, mean, prefer,
realise, remember, suppose, think, understand.
 Verbs of emotion and feeling: feel, hate, hope, need, like, love, want, wish.
 Verbs of the senses: hear, look, notice, recognise, see, seem, smell, taste.
 Verbs of having and being: be, belong, contain, have, own.
 Other verbs: cost, depend, matter.

The verbs have, see, think can be used in the Present Continuous but the meaning is different.

He’s having lunch / a drink / a shower = eat, drink, take, etc

I’m seeing a friend = go out / meet
She’s thinking about the question = consider
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I HAVE PLAYED... I HAVE NOT PLAYED... HAVE I PLAYED...?

WRITTEN... WRITTEN... WRITTEN...?
HE PLAYED... HE PLAYED... HE PLAYED...?
SHE HAS WRITTEN... SHE HAS NOT WRITTEN... HAS SHE WRITTEN...?
IT IT IT
YOU PLAYED... YOU PLAYED... YOU PLAYED...?
WE HAVE WRITTEN... WE HAVE NOT WRITTEN... HAVE WE WRITTEN...?
THEY THEY THEY

SHORT ANSWERS

I HAVE I HAVE NOT

HE HE
SHE HAS SHE HAS NOT
YES, IT NO, IT
YOU YOU
WE HAVE WE HAVE NOT
THEY THEY

We use the Present Perfect Simple:

 To talk about the duration of events and actions that started in the past and are still going on,
with for (a period of time) or since (a point in time): They’ve lived here for six years. They’ve lived
here since 1999.
 To talk about events which have recently occurred: We’ve just had supper.
 With phrases which are linked to the present: yet (questions and negative), already, just, ever,
never, so far, up till now, recently: We have already climbed 2,400 metres.
 To talk about actions which are repeated up to the present: She has been to New York lots of
time.
 To talk about a recent past event which has present relevance: She has broken her arm.
 With certain verbs like know, understand, love, hate which are not normally used in the
continuous tenses: I’ve know her for many years.
 With a superlative to talk about experience: It’s the best film I’ve ever seen.

Be careful! The verb GO has two present perfect forms:

Have/Has gone: when the person has made a visit and has not come back.
She’s gone shopping (She is still at the shops)
Have/Has been: when the person has made a visit and has come back.
She’s been shopping (She has returned)
THE DEFINITE AND ZERO ARTICLE

We use the DEFINITE ARTICLE:

 To refer to something which has already been mentioned: She’s on a trek. The trek takes sixteen
days.
 With plural states and countries: They went to the Netherland and the USA.
 With mountain ranges, oceans, seas and rivers: We saw the Himalayas / the Pacific Ocean / the
Mississippi River.
 With names of theatres, cinemas and hotels: We stayed at the Shangri-La Hotel in Katmandu.
 With parts of the day: She arrived in the morning.
 With superlatives: It’s one of the coldest places I’ve ever been to.
 When there is only one of the thing mentioned: The sun has just come out.
 With musical instruments: He plays the violin very well.

We use NO (ZERO) ARTICLE:

 With the preposition by and forms of transport: They went by bus.

 With the words school, home, university and college when we are referring to a particular place:
I’m starting school / university next week.
 With meals: We had chips for lunch.
 With subjects and languages: She’s studying Geography / French.
 With sports and games: He plays tennis / cards every day.
 With streets, towns and countries: She lives in Saxon Street in Winchester.
 With abstract nouns: Knowledge of languages is important.
 With uncountable nouns: Do you take sugar?
 With general plurals: I prefer teaching children.

...............................................................................................................................................................

PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS / PAST PERFECT

PAST SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I I I I
YOU YOU YOU YOU
WE WE WE WE
THEY PLAYED THEY DIDN’T PLAY DID THEY PLAY ? YES, THEY DID
HE WENT HE GO HE GO? NO, HE DIDN’T
SHE SHE SHE SHE
IT IT IT IT
We use the Past Simple:

 To talk about complete events or actions in the past: We saw the Himalayas for the first time.
 To talk about events which occurred at a definite point of time in the past: At lunchtime today
we arrived at Pokhara.
 With past time adverbials like ago, yesterday, last month, in 1998, etc: They arrived three days
ago.
 To narrate past events: First they flew to Nepal and then they trekked in the mountains.
 With time clauses in the past introduced by before and after: He left before/after he heard the
news.

PAST CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WAS PLAYING I WAS NOT PLAYING WAS I PLAYING?

HE HE HE
SHE WAS PLAYING SHE WAS NOT PLAYING WAS SHE PLAYING?
IT IT IT
YOU YOU YOU
WE WERE PLAYING WE WERE NOT PLAYING WERE WE PLAYING?
THEY THEY THEY

SHORT ANSWERS

I WAS I WAS NOT

HE HE
SHE WAS SHE WAS NOT
YES, IT NO, IT
YOU YOU
WE WERE WE WER NOT
THE THEY E
Y

We use the Past Continuous to talk about:

 Background details to events: He was watching the National Lottery on television.

 Interrupted events in the past: The phone rang while I was washing up.
 Events which were in progress when another event occurred: We were having dinner when we
saw the winning numbers on television.

Time clauses in the Past Continuous are often introduced by when, while and as.

WHILE / AS Katie and Sam WERE WALKING back from the cinema, they SAW a parrot.
Past Continuous Past Simple

Katie and Sam SAW a parrot WHILE / AS they WERE WALKING back from the cinema.
Past Simple Past Continuous

WHEN Katie and Sam SAW a parrot, they WERE WALKING back from the cinema
Past Simple Past Continuous

Katie and Sam WERE WALKING back from the cinema WHEN they SAW a parrot.
 Past Continuous Past Simple
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I I I
HE HE HE
SHE PLAYED... SHE PLAYED... SHE PLAYED...?
IT HAD WRITTEN... IT HAD NOT WRITTEN... HAD IT WRITTEN...?
YOU BEEN... YOU BEEN... YOU BEEN...
WE WE WE
THEY THEY THEY

SHORT ANSWERS

I I
HE HE
SHE SHE
YES, IT HAD NO, IT HAD NOT
YOU YOU
WE WE
THEY THEY

We use the Past Perfect Simple:

 To talk about events which happened before other events in the past: He couldn’t believe it. He
had picked the six winning numbers.
 To talk about background events in the past: He was tired. He hadn’t had a good night’s sleep for
week.

...............................................................................................................................................................

GOING TO

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I AM GOING TO PLAY I AM NOT GOING TO PLAY AM I GOING TO

PLAY?
HE HE HE
SHE IS GOING TO PLAY SHE IS NOT GOING TO PLAY IS SHE GOING TO
IT IT IT PLAY?
YOU YOU YOU
WE AR GOING TO PLAY WE ARE NOT GOING TO PLAY ARE WE GOING TO
THEY E THEY THEY PLAY?

SHORT ANSWERS

I AM I AM NOT
HE HE
SHE IS SHE IS NOT
YES, IT NO, IT
YOU YOU
WE ARE WE ARE NOT
 THEY THEY
We use Going to:

 To talk about fixed plans and future intentions: I’m going to do some shopping this afternoon.
 To make predictions, particularly when we already have evidence of what is going to happen: The
weather is going to be fine tomorrow.

WILL

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I I I I
YOU YOU YOU YOU
WE WE WE WE
THEY WILL PLAY THEY WON’T PLAY WILL THEY PLAY YES, THEY WILL
?
HE HE HE NO, HE WON’T
SHE SHE SHE SHE
IT IT IT IT

We use Will:

 To make predictions: There will be a lot of people at the party.

 To make a decision or choice: I will have the chicken, please.
 To make promises: I will be very quiet.
 With time clauses beginning with when and as soon as: I will do it as soon as I can.
 To describe consequences after warnings: Don’t step back or you will fall in.

We often use Will after verbs such as think, know, hope: I think you will like this CD.

MAY / MIGHT

We use May / Might to talk about possible future events: I may be in bed when you get home. I’m not
sure.

Susan WILL BE at the party (It’s DEFINITE. 100 % probability)

Louise MAY / MIGHT BE at the party (It’s POSSIBLE. 50 % probability)

Tom WON’T BE at the party (It’s DEFINITE. 100 % probability)

Louise MAY / MIGHT NOT BE at the party (It’s POSSIBLE. 50 % probability)

WILL Susan be at the party? Yes, she WILL

WILL Tom be at the party? No, he WON’T
WILL Louise be at the party? She MAY / MIGHT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS AS FUTURE

We use Present Continuous as future to talk about planned future arrangements: my grandmother in
ten minutes.
CLAUSES AND LINKERS OF CONTRAST WITH ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER, IN SPITE OF / DESPITE

The hills are quiet and peaceful ALTHOUGH the city is busy and noisy

I love living in the city IN SPITE OF / DESPITE having the crowds and noise.

Although and Whereas are followed by a subject and a verb:

The scenery is beautiful ALTHOUGH the weather isn’t always very good.

When the Although clause comes first, it is followed by a comma:

ALTHOUGH the weather isn’t always very good , the scenery is beautiful.

We often use HOWEVER to start a new sentence and it is always followed by a comma.

The scenery is beautiful . HOWEVER, the weather isn’t always very good.

In spite of and Despite are followed by a verb in the –ing form or by a noun or noun phrase.

I like Scotland IN SPITE OF feeling homesick.

I like Scotland DESPITE feeling homesick.

I like Scotland IN SPITE OF the bad weather.

I like Scotland DESPITE the bad weather.

...............................................................................................................................................................

SHOULD / SHOULDN’T / OUGHT TO / OUGHT NOT TO / HAD BETTER (NOT)

We use Should and Ought to to criticise people:

They should / ought to be careful

They shouldn’t / ought not to fuss so much.

We use Should, Ought to and Had better to ask for and give advice:

What do you think I should / ought to / had better do?

You should / ought to / had better phone her now.

Should and Ought to mean the same. Had better is stronger than Should and Ought to and it means
‘the best for you is to...’. We use it when we give advice in an immediate or particular situation.

‘I’ve cut my finger’. – ‘You had better put a plaster on it’.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES

Short adjectives: Short adjectives:

Small – smaller than Small – the smallest
Small – much smaller than

Short adjectives ending in vowel + consonant: Short adjectives ending in vowel + consonant:
Big – bigger than Big – the biggest
Big – much bigger than

Adjectives ending in –y: Adjectives ending in –y:

Easy – easier than Easy – the easiest
Easy – much easier than

Long adjectives: Long adjectives:

Beautiful – more beautiful than Beautiful – the most beautiful
Beautiful – much more beautiful than Beautiful – the least beautiful

Beautiful- less beautiful than

Beautiful – much less beautiful than

Comparative phrase
Tall – as tall as
Tall – not as tall as

ADVERBS ADVERBS

Most of them are long words: quickly, carefully,

slowly, badly, healthy, easily.

Irregular adverbs are: good – well, fast – fast,

hard – hard.

Careful – more carefully than Careful – the most carefully

Careful – less carefully than Careful – the least carefully

Careful – much more carefully than

Careful – much less carefully than

Comparative phrase
Careful – as carefully as
Careful – not as carefully as

The higher you get, the dizzier you become. / The more you study, the better grades you will get.
MUST / HAVE (GOT) TO / NEEDN’T

We use Must / Have got to to talk about obligation:

We must / have to / have got to write to her.

He must / has to / has got to explain the situation.

We use Mustn’t to talk about prohibition:

They mustn’t phone after 10.30 p.m.

We use Don’t have to / haven’t got to / Needn’t to talk about a lack of obligation:

You don’t have to / haven’t got to / needn’t phone her now.

He doesn’t have to / hasn’t got to / needn’t talk to her now.

We normally use have (got) to to talk about obligations which come from other people and routines:

I’ve got to go and see the school secretary.

I have to do my homework every day.

We normally use must to express the feelings and wishes of the speaker.

I must tidy my room.

We can use must in past tense. We use had to.

...............................................................................................................................................................

FIRST CONDITIONAL

It is used to talk about possible or probable situations in the future.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + Present Simple Future /May /Might
Unless + Present Simple (if ... not) Imperative clause with or

If you don’t keep still, I won’t get a good photo

Unless you keep still, I won’t get a good photo
Keep still or I won’t get a good photo

SECOND CONDITIONAL

It is used to talk about UNREAL or UNLIKELY situations or to GIVE ADVICE.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + Past Simple Would + Infinitive

IF I HAD the money, I WOULD BUY a DVD player.

IF + Past Simple , + Would + Infinitive

IF I WERE you, I WOULD TALK with the teacher.

THIRD CONDITIONAL
It is used to talk about UNREAL situations in the PAST or to express REGRET about PAST situations.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + Past Perfect Would + have + Past Participle

IF I HAD BEEN the referee, I WOULD HAVE SENT him off.

IF + Past Perf , + Would + have + Past Participle

IF I HAD WORKED harder, I WOULD HAVE PASSED my exams.

...............................................................................................................................................................

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH WHO(M), WHICH, THAT, WHERE, WHOSE

We use: WHO / WHOM / THAT to refer to PEOPLE

WHICH / THAT to refer to THINGS
WHERE to refer to PLACES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES contain essential information. They do not have commas and the clause
cannot be omitted from the sentence.

Relative pronouns can be the subject or the object of the sentence and they can be used with
prepositions.

WHO
 As subject They need someone [who can speak with an English accent].
 As object She is an actress [(whom) I admire enormously].
 With prepositions An actress [for whom I have a great respect] is Gwyneth Paltrow.

WHICH
 As subject My aim is to do parts [which / that are different and challenging].
 As object This is something [(which / that) she denies].
 With prepositions The city [in which she grew up] was Los Angeles.

WHERE Gwyneth went to a university [where she could be near home].

WHOSE She is lucky to have parents [whose jobs are also in show business].

Whom / which / that can be omitted if they are the object of the defining relative clause.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES contain extra information which can be omitted from the sentence.
The relative clause has a comma before it and a comma or a full stop after it.

WHO
 As subject Gwyneth, [who was born in Los Angeles,] lives in Hollywood.
 With prepositions She worked with Brad Pitt, [with whom she had a serious relationship].

WHICH
 As a subject She had a leading part in ‘Shakespeare in Love’, [which won an Oscar in ...]
 With prepositions She won an Oscar for ‘Shakespeare in Love’, [in which she starred with ...]
WHERE She spent two years at university, [where she played minor parts in plays.]
 WHOSE Gwyneth, [whose father is a TV producer, started acting at school].

We can’t use that in Non-Defining relative clauses and we can never omit the pronoun.

...............................................................................................................................................................

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I HAVE BEEN PLAYING... I HAVE NOT BEEN PLAYING...

WRITING... WRITING...
HE PLAYING... HE PLAYING...
SHE HAS BEEN WRITING... SHE HAS NOT BEEN WRITING...
IT IT
YOU PLAYING... YOU PLAYING...
WE HAVE BEEN WRITING... WE HAVE NOT BEEN WRITING...
THEY THEY

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

HAVE I BEEN PLAYING...? I HAVE I HAVE NOT

WRITING...?
HE PLAYING...? HE HE
HAS SHE BEEN WRITING...? SHE HAS SHE HAS NOT
IT YES, IT NO, IT
YOU PLAYING...? YOU YOU
HAVE WE BEEN WRITING...? WE HAVE WE HAVE NOT
THEY THEY THEY

We use Present Perfect Continuous:

 With for and since to emphasise the duration of an event which started in the past and is still
continuing: I’ve been working in London for a month.
 To describe an action in the past which has contributed to a situation in the present: She is
exhausted. She has been filming non-stop.

CAUSATIVE HAVE (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)

We use Causative HAVE when we arrange for someone else to do something for us, especially in service
situations.

Jim arranged for the plumber to fix the tap. Jim had the tap fixed. (He didn’t do it himself – the
HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PART. plumber did it).

Pr. Simple Anna cleans Maria’s house Maria has her house cleaned
Pr. Continuous Anna is cleaning Maria’s house Maria is having her house cleaned
Past Simple Anna cleaned Maria’s house Maria had her house cleaned
Past Continuous Anna was cleaning Maria’s house. Maria was having her house cleaned
Will Anna will clean Maria’s house. Maria will have her house cleaned
Pr. Perf. Simple Anna has cleaned Maria’s house. Maria has had her house cleaned
Pr. Perf. Cont. Anna has been cleaning Maria’s house. Maria has been having her house cleaned
Past Perfect Anna had cleaned Maria’s house. Maria had had her house cleaned
Infinitive Anna must clean Maria’s house. Maria must have her house cleaned
Gerund Anna likes cleaning Maria’s house. Maria likes having her house cleaned

...............................................................................................................................................................

WISHES

We use I wish / If only + past simple to express regrets about a present situation

I wish / If only I understood this exercise (But I don’t understand it)

I wish / If only I didn’t have an exam tomorrow (But I have an exam)

We use I wish / If only + past perfect to express regrets about a past situation

I wish / If only I had worn something warmer (But I didn’t wear something warmer)
I wish / If only I hadn’t left my mobile on the coach (But I left it on the coach)

...............................................................................................................................................................

SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT TO HAVE

We use Should have / Ought to have + Past Participle to criticise people’s past actions

I should have / ought to have let Shona come with me (But I didn’t let her come with me)
I shouldn’t have / ought not to have been so nasty to her (But I was nasty to her)

MAKE / LET / BE ALLOWED TO

We use Make:

 To talk about obligation from others: My parents always make me tidy my room
 To talk about cause: My brother often makes me angry.

We use Let:

 To talk about permission: My parents let me listen to music in my room.

Make and Let are normally followed by an OBJECT and an INFINITIVE. But when we use make in the
passive we use the TO INFINITIVE: He was made to go to the police.

We can’t use let in the passive form. We must use be allowed to.

We use Be allowed to:

 To talk about rules, regulations and permission: You are not allowed to talk during exams.
 As a passive form of let: I wasn’t allowed to stay the night at the hospital.

...............................................................................................................................................................

MUST / MIGHT / CAN’T FOR DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

We use Must / might / can’t + infinite to draw conclusions about the present:

That must / might / can’t be Kate Winslet.

We use Must / might / can’t + have + past participle to draw conclusion about the past:

They must / might / can’t have forgotten about the meeting.

...............................................................................................................................................................

ADJECTIVE WORD ORDER

Adjectives used together usually occur in the following order.

Opinion Size Age Style / Colour Origin Material Purpose NOUN

Shape
WAVY BROWN HAIR
LONG BLUE DENIM SKIRT
BEAUTIFU OLD WELSH FARMER’ COTTAGE
L S
SEEM / LOOK / SOUND

We use seem, look, sound:

 To describe people, places and things.

Seem / Look / Sound + adjective: She seemed / looked / sounded very nice

Seem / Look / Sound + as if + clause: They don’t seem / look / sound as if they are going to

Seem / Look / Sound + like + a noun: That boy seems / looks / sounds like my brother

...............................................................................................................................................................

USED TO

We use Used to:

 To talk about past facts: He used to play the bagpipes.

 To talk about past states: She used to be quite rich.
 To talk about past habits: He used to jog, have a shower and go to bed.

Did you use to live here?

You didn’t use to smoke, did you?

We use Be used to:

 To talk about a habit or something familiar: I’m used to getting up early.

 To talk about the past: I wasn’t used to eating curry when I first came to Britain.

We use Get used to when we want to talk about the process of becoming used to something:
I got used to hearing bagpipes.

...............................................................................................................................................................

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

TO + INFINITIVE: People visit Loch Ness TO SEE the monster.

IN ORDER TO + INFINITIVE: William Wallace raised a Scottish army IN ORDER TO FIGHT the English.

IN ORDER NOT TO + INF.: R.L. Stevenson wrote ‘Treasure Island’ IN ORDER NOT TO GET bored.

SO THAT + CLAUSE: Elizabeth had Mary executed SO THAT Mary wouldn’t plot against her.
PASSIVE VOICE

There are two kinds of sentence: ACTIVE sentences and PASSIVE sentences.

We use the passive:

 When we are more interested in the event than the person who did the action.
 To talk about events in history.
 To describe technical or scientific processes.
 With certain verbs like believe, feel, consider, say, think, understand.

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

PRESENT SIMPLE He gives lectures Lectures are given
PRESENT CONTINUOUS He is giving lectures Lectures are being given
PAST SIMPLE He gave lectures Lectures were given
PAST CONTINUOUS He was giving lectures Lectures were being given
PRESENT PERFECT He has given lectures Lectures have been given
PAST PERFECT He had given lectures Lectures had been given
FUTURE SIMPLE He will give lectures Lectures will be given
FUTURE PERFECT He will have given lectures Lectures will have been given
PRESENT INFINITIVE He should give lectures Lectures should be given
PERFECT INFINITIVE He should have given lectures Lectures should have been given
-ING FORM She remembers him giving lectures She remembers lectures being given
PERFECT –ING FORM Having given lectures... Lectures having been given...
MODAL + BE + PAST PART. He must give lectures Lectures must be given

...............................................................................................................................................................

REPORTED SPEECH

It is used to tell somebody what a person said.

REPORTED REQUESTS AND COMMANDS

‘Please go to the supermarket’ She WANTED ME TO GO to the supermarket.

‘Don’t go to the supermarket’ She DIDN’T WANT ME TO GO to the supermarket.

‘Please leave the room’ He ASKED NICK TO LEAVE the room.

‘Don’t leave the room’ He ASKED NICK NOT TO LEAVE the room.

‘Please hurry up’ She TOLD HIM TO HURRY up.

‘Don’t hurry up’ She TOLD HIM NOT TO HURRY up.
REPORTED STATEMENTS

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

TENSE CHANGES

PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

I am Argentinian She said (that) she was Argentinian
I live in Ohio She said (that) she lived in Ohio

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

I’m interviewing candidates She said (that) she was interviewing candidates

PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

I wrote a letter to Mary She said (that) she had written a letter to Mary

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I was doing my homework She said (that) she had been doing her homework

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

I haven’t found anyone She said (that) she hadn’t found anyone

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have been cooking a cake She said (that) she had been cooking a cake

WILL WOULD
I won’t go to the circus She said (that) she wouldn’t go to the circus

CAN COULD
I can’t ride a horse She said (that) she couldn’t ride a horse

MAY MIGHT
I may be right She said (that) she might be right

MUST / HAVE TO HAD TO

I have to make a decision She said (that) she had to make a decision

TIME PHRASE CHANGES

TODAY / TONIGHT THAT DAY / NIGHT

I’ll do it today She said (that) she would do it that day

THIS (morning) THAT (morning)

I arrived this morning She said (that) she had arrived that morning

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY

I may be late tomorrow She said (that) she might be late the next day

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE

I wasn’t at school yesterday She said (that) she hadn’t been at school the day
before
LAST (week) THE (week) BEFORE
I went to the cinema last week She said (that) she had been to the cinema the
week before

NEXT (week) THE FOLLOWING (week)

I am visiting you next week She said (that) she was visiting me the following
week

PLACE CHANGES

HERE THERE
I put it here on the shelf She said (that) she had put it there on the shelf

THIS THE / THAT

I known this place well She said (that) she knew the place well

REPORTED QUESTIONS

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

What is your name? She asked him what his name was.
Where do you live? She asked him where he lived.
Do you like soup? She asked him if he liked soup.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

What are you doing? She asked him what he was doing.
Are you doing your homework? She asked him if he was doing his homework.

PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

Where did you go last holidays? She asked him where he had been on his last...
Did you like the film? She asked him if he had liked the film.

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

How long have you studied English? She asked him how long he had studied English.
Have you eaten the sandwiches? She asked him if he had eaten the sandwiches.

WILL WOULD
What will you do next summer? She asked him what he would do next summer.
Will you go to the party? She asked him if he would go to the party.

CAN COULD
What can you do? She asked him what he could do.
Can you swim? She asked him if he could swim.
VERBS OF REPORTING

VERB + (THAT) + CLAUSE: EXPLAIN, WHISPER

‘I’m afraid I have to leave.’ She explained (that) she had to leave.

VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + INFINITIVE: INVITE, PERSUADE, ASK, TOLD, ORDER, ADVISE, REMIND.

‘Please, go to the reception.’ She told us to go to the reception.

VERB + GERUND: SUGGEST, APOLOGISE FOR, RECOMMEND

‘Let’s get the small one.’ She suggested getting the small one.

VERB + INFINITIVE: AGREE, OFFER, HOPE, PROMISE

‘I will buy it for you.’ She promised to buy it for me.

...............................................................................................................................................................

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I I
HE HE
SHE TEACHING... SHE TEACHING...
IT WILL BE WORKING... IT WILL NOT BE WORKING...
YOU STUDYING... YOU STUDYING...
WE WE
THEY THEY

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I I I
HE HE HE
SHE TEACHING... SHE SHE
WILL IT BE WORKING... YES, IT WILL NO, IT WILL NOT
YOU STUDYING... YOU YOU
WE WE WE
THEY THEY THEY

We use Future Continuous to talk about events which will be in progress at a particular time in the
future
FUTURE PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I I
HE HE
SHE TAUGHT... SHE TAUGHT...
IT WILL HAVE WORKED... IT WILL NOT HAVE WORKED...
YOU STUDIED... YOU STUDIED...
WE WE
THEY THEY

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I I I
HE HE HE
SHE TAUGHT... SHE SHE
WILL IT HAVE WORKED... YES, IT WILL NO, IT WILL NOT
YOU STUDIED... YOU YOU
WE WE WE
THEY THEY THEY

We use Future Perfect to talk about events which will be completed at a particular time in the future