Class XII Chapter VIII Biomechanics and Sports Written by:-Vikasyadavlkh@[Link] Table of Contents 1. Newton's Law of Motion & its application in sports 2. Types of Levers and their application in Sports. 3. Equilibrium — Dynamic & Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports4. Friction & Sports 5. Projectile in Sports Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effects on living systems. Newton's laws of motion Three Laws 1. Law of Inertia + Thisis the first law of newton * According to this law," A body at rest will remain at rest and body in motion will keep moving at same speed and direction until and unless an external force is applied” + Insports, this law is applied in various ways, such as in kicking a ball. Once the ball is kicked, it will continue to move ina straight line with the same velocity until an external force, such as friction or air resistance, acts on it. 2. Law of Acceleration . This is the Newton's Second Law. * Achange in acceleration is directly proportional to force production and inversely proportional to its mass i. F=ma * This law is applied in various sports, such as in weightlifting. The more force a weightlifter can apply to the barbell, the greater the acceleration and the greater the chance of lifting the weight. 3. Law of Reaction + Thisis the Newton's Third Law. * Every action has an equal and opposite action. * Application of this law- + Shooting- The pistol is fired, the bullet moves forward (action), pistol jerks backwards (reaction) + Swimming- The swimmer pushes the water backward (action), and the water pushes the swimmer forward (reaction). * — Similarly- High Jump, Walking, etc. Types of Levers and their Application in Sports A lever is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum when a force is applied to it. In the human body, the bones practically act as levers while the muscles generateforce to produce movement at the [Link] in our body are formed from bones, joints and muscles . A lever consists of: + a rigid structure (bone) +a force acting upon it (muscle) to produce a turning movement (angular motion) +a fulcrum which is a fixed point (joint) + a load or resistance that is placed on the rigid structure (weight of body part being moved and anything that it is carrying) First, Second and Third Class Levers Depending upon the placement of the load with reference to the fulcrum, levers are divided into three classes, viz. first class levers, second class levers and third class levers. First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever Movement is made possible in the human body by lever systems that are formed by our muscles and joints working together. An understanding of the levers in the body helps us understand how movement is possible. Functions of a Lever System A lever system has two main functions: 1. To increase the resistance that a given force can move 2. To increase the speed at which a body moves Thus, levers make physical work easier allowing heavy loads to be lifted up smoothly and swiftly. During exercise, our movements involve the use of levers. For example, running, lifting, kicking or throwing a ball involves the use of levers. Different types of levers allow different ranges of movement. So, some levers are effective at overcoming resistance while others aid in generating speed. 1. First class lever: The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load. 1 +._ 1aThis type of lever is found in the neck. While raising your head for heading a ball, the neck muscles provide the effort, the neck is the fulcrum and the weight of the head is the load. Seated dumbbell triceps extension is also an example of first class lever in sports. 2. Second class lever: The load is in the middle, between the fulcrum and the effort. This type of lever is found in the ankle area. When standing on tiptoe, the ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, the weight of the body as the load and the effort comes from contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle. This second class lever is used when taking off for a jump or pushing against the blocks in a sprint start. Standing heel lift too is a great example of second class lever. 3. Third class lever: The effort is in the middle, between the fulcrum and the load. Third Class Lever During a biceps curl, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort comes from the biceps contracting and the resistance is the weight of the forearm and any weight that it may be holding. The term ‘FLE’ demonstrates the middle portion of each of the three classes of levers. First class lever - Fulcrum is in the middle. Second class lever — Load is in the middle. Third class lever — Effort is in the middle. Equilibrium Equilibrium refers to a state of balance or stability in a system. In physics, equilibrium can be classified into two types: static and dynamic. Static equilibrium is when an object is at rest and has no movement. It occurs when thesum of all the forces acting on an object is zero, and the object remains stationary. For example, a book placed on a table is in static equilibrium as the forces acting on it, such as gravity and the normal force of the table, are balanced. Dynamic equilibrium is when an object is in motion but has a constant velocity. It occurs when the sum of all the forces acting on an object is zero and the object continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line. For example, a car travelling on a straight, level road at a constant speed is in dynamic equilibrium as the forces acting on it, such as the engine and air resistance, are balanced. In summary, static equilibrium refers to a stationary object with balanced forces, while dynamic equilibrium refers to a moving object with balanced forces. Centre of Gravity The centre of gravity (COG) refers to the point in an object where the weight is evenly balanced in all directions. In humans, it is the point around which the body's mass is equally distributed. In sports, understanding the concept of the COG is crucial for maintaining balance and control while performing different movements. Its application in sports The application of COG in sports is varied and includes: Balance: In sports such as gymnastics, diving, and figure skating, balance is essential for success. Understanding the position of the COG and controlling it helps athletes maintain their balance while performing complex movements. Stability: The position of the COG also determines an athlete's stability. Lowering the COG, for example, by bending the knees in a squat, makes the athlete more stable and helps them maintain balance. Momentum: In sports such as throwing, understanding the COG helps athletes generate momentum. The transfer of weight from the back leg to the front leg in a baseball pitch, for example, requires a shift in the COG to generate momentum and power. Injury Prevention: Knowledge of COG can also help athletes avoid injuries. By keeping the COG within their base of support, athletes can avoid falling and losing balance, thus reducing the risk of injury. Overall, understanding the COG and its application in sports is essential for athletes to perform at their best and avoid injury. Friction Friction is the force that develops on surfaces of contact of two bodies and opposes the relative motion.Types of Friction * Static Friction the opposing force that comes into play when one body comes into contact with another body but the actual motion is not started yet « Dynamic Friction- the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually moving over the surface of another body. * Sliding Friction- when the body is sliding * Rolling Friction - when the body is rolling Its applications * Without friction, athletes would not be able to run fast. athletes use spikes to have necessary friction while running * Gymnasts use lime on their palms to have friction * — walking will be difficult without friction. imagine walking on sand * friction is a disadvantage for some sports like cycling. Projectile An object thrown either horizontally or at an acute angle under the influence of gravity is called a projectile. The path followed by a projectile is called a trajectory or parabola. There are two forces that act on a projectile- gravitational force and air resistance. The Air Resistance of an object varies and depends on the object's shape and atmospheric conditioning in which the object is projected. There are many examples in sports and games such as a bullet fired from a rifle during shooting, an arrow in archery, throwing a hammer, discus and javelin, etc. Understanding the principles of projectile motion can help athletes improve their skills and performance. For example, a pitcher in baseball can adjust the angle and force of their throw to control the trajectory of the ball and make it harder for the batter to hit. Similarly, a golfer can adjust their swing to control the trajectory of the ball and make it land closer to the target. Factors Affecting Projectile Trajectory 1. Angle of Projection: Any object released at different angles covers different distances. When the object is released at 45°, it covers the maximum distance. When it is projected at an angle of 30°, it covers less distance and when released at 60° it covers slightly more distance but less than a 45° projectile path. The angle of 45’ is the best angle for achieving maximum distance. 2. Projection Height Relevant to the Landing Surface: If the height of the projection and landing surface is equal then release the object at an angle of 45°. If the height of the projection is less than the landing surface, increase the projection's angle, it should bemore than 45". If the height of the projection is more than the landing surface then decrease the angle, it should be less than 45°. 3. Initial Velocity: If the initial velocity is more, the object covers a maximum distance. 4. Gravity: The greater the weight of the object, the greater the influence of gravity upon it. Gravity decreases the height of the projectile that it can obtain. It limits the vertical components of the projectile. 5. Air Resistance: When the object moves through the air, it is slowed down by air resistance. It decreases the horizontal component of a projectile.