—— POLYGRAPUY Polygraphy-t hy ae Detection Ltnvestigation Deceptography- Criminal Polygraphy — th " — the scientific det ‘sed or aid of @ polygraph. Poly, i iclection of deception through the 45 "y Pelyeraphy- (to Greek words “poly” ra ee phos” which means waitings,) is a d ‘poly” which means ter Tioed precare pulse levice of s sch ie ice of an instrument capable of recording ena a ealvanse skinreeg as an nate of . 'stioned, oe Deception — oi is an act of decetving or misleading which 1s usually accomplished votional excitement, especially of by LYING g impression with the cor misleadiny be accomplished Lying — of another. Incan the ben ee oF conveying falschiood or creating a false 01 either by: ngfully affecting the acts, opinion or affection 1. Verbal terms spoken 2A “ » feigns, ruses or other means by which man may _ through marks and symbols Detection — is the act of discovering the existence or presence obscured, Stimulus - the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the perceptors. {9 serus) qwart Emotion - a complex state of feeling involving consciow experience, internal and externa} physical responses, and power to motivate the organism to action. Reaction — any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus which is of mental processes- Response — any reaction usually of muscular or glandular_processes that depends upon be able to ect desired results of something hidden or stimulation. Specific response ~ is one that is exhibited b deviation from his norm. -POLYGRAM/CHART GRAPH -refers to the recorded tracings of POLYGRAPH CHART all the emotional patterns permanently oa the charts or graphs from series of questions. y the subject to a particular question, which is a Ni What is Polygraphy? It isthe scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of LIE DETECTION, What is a Polygraph? It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes 19 the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled condition. What is Lie Detector? It is the popular but misleading name of thi tana 1¢ Polygray k ans “many writings” and the instrument was so named because Poni aos 4 us Polygraph meé a recordings of a person's body functions.a What is the other “Truth Verifier” since fame of the Polygraph? It is aso called “Tru Statistics show that is the the instrament verifies a” enocent Person's truthfulness, vast majority of the instances Wher ag the Concepts of Polygraph Examination? cog verify the truth of + Use to tes an individual forthe purpose of detecting deeenon . statement Js; blood pressure, 2 Records identifiable physiological reactions of the subject, uch 38 Pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance deceptions is based on 3. The effectiveness ofthe polygraph in recording symptoms of deserHons 8 NI Ye the theory that a conscious mental effort an the part of 2 Or" Nodys reaction (9 a Causes involuntary physiological changes that are in effect 2 What are cmminent danger to its wellbeing : Vhat are the objectives of a Pol examination? 6 ; Iygraph Examination? vases Lie 68 ‘ Obtain additional investigation leads to the faets of the case/ofTense | 3 4 & 6. What are 1. %, What is thes “Ascertain if a person is telling the truth Locate the fruits or tools of the eriine or whereabouts of want Wentify other persons involved Obtain valuable information form reluctant witnesses Eliminate the innocent suspects. the Principal uses of the polygraph? Aid in investigation Speeds up processing of investigation Eliminates innocent suspects Pre-employment screening Honesty test (Periodie test) janificance of uriderstanding Lie Detection? ed persons In every criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper prosecution of offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to determine lying not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act ~ witnesses, victims, ete In establishing the truth, criminal investigators apply various methods such as. observation; mechanical lie detection; use of drugs that inhibits the “inhibiter”; hypnosis; and interrogation ‘What is Lie? Any untruthful statement; Falsehood, Anything that dsceives or creates false impression; to make untrue statements knowingly, especially with intent to deceives To give an erroneous or misleading impression; Lie is also synonymous to Deceit; deception, fabrication; falsehood, and watruth. What is the meaning of Detection? The act of detecting, discovery, pere ‘ot uncover siving, findi ing someting obscure reeiving, finding,a the harmony Lie oF Benign Lie - the kind of hes used to protect or mun of friendship of any te 2. Pathological Li tionship a isle right from Hie - this is a = by persons who cannot dist 7 oh Pa) ‘i700, is a lie made by persons gh 3. Red Lis h - th isa part of wre ie ~ this involve: al interests 2 ives because this 1S P ea 8 political intrets and BOVE Pe ON ics oF “What are the Types of 1 et Conununist propaganda strategy, ‘his is prevalent i propaganda-brae communist infested washing and 4 boc Sspionage and treason, crisies, intriguing (0 dtahones oe tecompaniespetensons and bynes 5. Malicious scredit ones good image. # er Juilicial Lie ~this is very pure and unjust intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice. % “SU49% Liars? 1, Panic Liars ~ one who lies in onder to avoid the eonseauer Ale/She is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it 1s a ser 20, He/She believes that confession will just male the matter worst 2. Occupational Liars - Is someone laid for spare years, this person and lies whea it has a bigher “pay off” than telling the ruth. 3. Tournament Liars - Loves to lie and is excited by the chi detected, this person views an interview as another contest an person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted bur will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her confesses, he wants that people will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person. 24s 4. Psychopathic Liars - the most difficult type, this_person has: no conscience. He shows no regret for dishonestly and no manifestation of guilt, : 5. Ethnological Liars - is one who is taught not 4o be a squealcr, *squealer ~ to ery or to shrill voice, used by underworld gang in order for their member not to reveal any secret of their organization. 6, Pathological Liars - A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong (his mind is sick.), Is an insane person. 7, Black Liars - A person who always pretends, (What he thinks of himself, what kind of person he 1s, and what be is.) 0 FE DET! Z LIES What is the theory of lie detection? Ttmust be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will detect lies, Th popular name, Lic Detector, siven (0a collection of certain medical instruments, is sor s. The mislcading. No collection of inanimate objects including the very finest and Goma : mewhat computers, cun detect lies onthe part of any human being, plicated modern nation, Lies of means of cause ile kind of lie that is Aicwinsced He COE ® 4 Mg Oey aces of a confession, ous blow to his / her is a_practical Liar allenge of not being nd wants to win, thisHistorically, earl gor guill on the + Carly buman beings have their own way of deterutining lying oF Butt On) Pai oF the accused and accuser. Their common method ist the application of “ORDEAL What is Ordeal? A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience, A medieval form Of judicial trial in which the aceused was subjected to plysial tests, as carping or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scakbng water, the result being consnlered a divine iuidgment of guilt or innocence «_Itis also a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei Indie meaning “Miraculous decision.” Ordeal is also an ancient method of trial in which the accuscd was exposed tu physical What are the Early Methods of Detecting Lies? 1. Red hot iron ordeal - Practiced on the hill wibe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal, Accused placed his tongue to a red hot iron nine times (9) unless bumed sooner, tf bumed, he is put to death. Not only that (licking the won), he is also made to carry the metal into his hands. It ts doubtful whether the ordeat is meant to determine the physiological changes occurring in description for if thts so, many false observations must have been made. 2. Ordeal by balance - Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India, Scale of balanced is used; In one end of the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a counter balan: ‘The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than before then he should be acquitted. 3. Boiling water ordeal - Used in Africa; the method was that the subject will plunged their right arms into the boiling pot tthe elbow and step into the other side ofthe fire. All are told to undergo the test without a murmur. And when all are finished, they are told « return at the same tine the next afternoon. The oae who by that time had lost sor . showed blisters would prove the thief (Point out who is the one who steal among ts ibe mates).~ 10. 12. 13, 14, 15. Jal of the 5 Water - Used in a wi Africa; The ordeal of ‘sassy bark” in a wide region of Easter ° Y bark” or red water is used; The accused is made to fast for twelve hours; The Even stall amount of ice to ear followed by large amount of black colored water. Tf the remeoation nite, the aceased was pronounced innocent; Otherwise, Euilty. And x lest Aftican ” Trial by Combat A fight fees the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle Wil be the adjudged guilty. Originated fom India and one ofthe examples ofthis: a nich Fre ra eeeuset could hire somebody or bigger one to fight the accused. After the fight the loser is adjudged guilty of crime. Trial by Torture ~The accused was put into a severe physical test ¢ Drinking Ordeat- The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest ~ if innocent, no harm befalls him, but if guilty, will die. Practiced in Nigeria and Indi :. Trial of the Eucharist - This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and ceremony. Jf the accused was wuilty, the Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him. Practiced in the European countries. |. Ordeal by heat and fire - The accused was compelled to walk bare footed through a fire; if he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in East Germany, Early Scandinavian Countries and early England. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water - The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he ig innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries. Ordeal of Red hot Needle - Red hot needle was draw through the lips ofthe accused, if innoceat; no blood will be seen flowing out. Practiced in Waaaka, Fast Afticn ° Ordeal of the Tiger - Accuser and eccused were placed togeter in the same anda tiger set loose upoa them. If both were spare, Further climnaton followed. Protea n Ge Ordeal by Combat « Accuser and accused report to a ducl whete the wines adjudged innocent. Those not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford ‘ou ° so could bse champions inthe fel! to do te Sehing for tem. This type oh eae vividly dramatized in the movie “Wanhoc” based on the novel ofthe sae go ee 8 the only legal ordeal), Practiced in England, time of “King Ten ifs le (becameis the ti " 17 Donkey's Tail Ordeal preted in Europe, etapa inside the donkey cried is a judged of guilty of crimes, because deep inside te Burma -~ The 2 orn ithe met iritating Hid cnet 24 Accused were presented by shel fish placed on a plate, AR imitating fluid was then poured on th a ihe lil nt whose shell fish moved ; firs was added the ge esl sh andthe i tomes “A suspended xe was spun atthe center of a group of suspects. Whe by the ' divine providers vas in line with the blade as supposed to be guilty 2s PO " x feather nest Breased a clock’s feather and pierced the tongue of the mre he es 7 sat through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent a the accused wh net Method (same country) Pou orrosive lia nto te exes hand’ ofthe accuse eos 10 temain unkarmed if innocent. our boiling cil overt adc cused with Ke usual requisites for guilt or inocence (if remain unharmed, he is innocent. : 5. Europe and Early United States (17th Century) - Trial by water was commonly used On those accused of witeheraft. The accused was bound (hand and foot) and then cast into the body of water, IFthe accused sank, he was hauled to the surface hatf-drowned and deemed innocent. If the floated, he was deemed guilty and burned to death. Detecting Lies through Observation Methods . 1, Through Facial Expression Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs and clevation of upper eyelids Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, distrust, efc.). Twitching of the lips. Excessive winking of the eyes. Failure to look the inquirer “straight into the eyes”. Excessive activity ofthe Adams apple and the vein at the temple due to dryness of throat and mouth. 9. Quivering of nose or nostrils. 10. A peculiar monotone of the voice. 11. A forced laugh. 12. Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another 13. Through Postural Reaction os) eras; PPINg o 15.8 a 16, tine Of legs oF o, leg overt canedainarae era Ie cess; Movem, other, finger sucking). mts Of hands and feet (ike seratching, nai bitin, thumb oF Police method “five Wires ante S Sought to answer the legal investigative process t0 WHO, and HOW, The Tusband” (5 W's and 1H) which stand for: WHEAT, WHEN, WOE record Check, Survey, ce E¥S” G 1's) which stands for: Information enteriNs the following: The Medicine, Forensic Identification), Que: Communic Chemistry, Police or Investigative photography, Forensic *), Questioned Documents Examination, Dactyloscopy, Poie ication, Polygraphy (Deceptography or Investigative u ORICAL DEY PMENT OF POLYGRAPILY __,_In the middle of the 19* centuy, Dr. Hans Gross, an’ Ausinan known as the “Father of Criminalistics”, defined search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He asserted that “a large part of the criminalist’s work is nothing more than a battle against lies, He has to discover the truth and must fight the opposite. He meets the opposite at every step. ‘The scarches for truth and attempts at uncovering falsehood have been @ universal and almost constant endeavor dating back-at ancient times. In their attempt to discover deception, primitive societies developed complex procedures founded on wagic and mysticism. The doors to the truth, divine creatures scnt messages through fire, boiling water and tortwe, In some instances, faith in this powerful mysticism miraculously allowed the innocent to go unscathed while the guilty bore the mark of guilt Some of these rituals were based on sound physiological principles. Oriental people for example distinguished truth form lying by having the entie accused chew dry rice and then spit it out, While this was a simple task for the honest, those who were deceiving have difficulty in accomplishing this task and were then judged to be guilty and punished accordingly. This practice recognized that fear slows the digestive process, iachuding salvation, Thus, the eoeptive were unable t0 spit out the dy rice, while the innocent, having faith inthe power of their deity to clear them of the unjust accusation, felt litle fear in contrast to the guilty who know they would be discovered. ; "Throughout the centuries, man continued fo experiment with more th and deception with the following scientists having he polygraph instrument: Scientific methods in ice contributed much in the development ofLEONARD KEELER ~1926 1. Continued research and development of the polygraph. In 1949, : he i Keeler Polygraph with components that simultaneously recorded changes 2 9 hanges i Pressure, pulse and respiration, as well as the newly developed paiyane °° Balvanic shi reflex. Wanle skin 2. He devised the chart roll paper, a better method of questioning, and incorporated the kymograh. on 3. He also devised a metal bellows. \¢ Erlanger pressure reducer that permit Pressure changes to be Fecorded over a greater range. He later made further improvement by substituting metal bellows or diaphragm capsules in place of the Erlanger type pressure reducer. The instrument is housed ina steel case with wrinkle finish and chromium trim. The cover is attached to case by means of slip hinges and can be removed when the instrument is to be used. Opening of the cover permis hinged doors at each end of the case to open outward for access to the chart at one end and the accessories at the other. All connections to the instrument are made directly under the right end of the panel, which include the hose connection for the cuff inflation bulb, the tube from the blood pressure cuff, a connector for the hand electrodes of the electro dermal recording unit, an extension cord, and a tube from the pneumograph. Space is provided directly below the attachments for storage of the accessories, and they may be stored without disconnecting the accessories form the instrument. ‘ B, DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT VITTORIO BENUSSI - 1914 . 1, Successfully: detected deception with a pneumograph, an instrument that graphically measures an examinees inhalation and exhalation. . 2. He demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception HAROLD BURTT - 1918 4, Determined that respiratory changes were indicative of deception. 2. Found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration, C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT GEORG STICKER - 1897 41. First to suggest the use of the galvanograph for detecting deception based on the work of several predecessors. 2. Theorized that the galvanic skin phenomena was influenced by exciting mental impressions and that the will have no effect upon it. OTTO VERAGUTH~ 1907 4. First to use the term “PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX”.— 2. Believed that the electrical phenomenon was due t0 the activity of gy, sweat glands, D. OTHER PERSONALITIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLYGRapy AS KNOWN TODAY HUGO MUNSTERBURG (1908) Feo 1. Proposed al lie pe based on lie detector should be admissible as evidenee jn court, 2. The detection is based on using blood pressure variations for deception detection, 3. He advocates the used of lie detection in court. 4. Butit was not known if the same was followed. CIIARLES SAMSON FERE - (1888) i 1. French Scientist who discovered that electro dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human emotions, 2. He asserted that human body has the ability to generate store, discharged high voltage of static electricity, JACQUES D'ARSONVAL, ~ (1851-1940) 1. French Scientist who declared that electricity is generated by the body and named Exterual Friction as source of generation. 2. He assorted those sweait glands which the body’at times store the electricity and at other times discharged them. 3. His works helped iti the development of the galvanometer. PAUL WILHELM AND DONALD BURNS (1951) 1. Michigan City, Indiana, USA, (Independent Lie Detector Specialists) who invented the Electronic Psychometric using Electrodermal Response as a. basis for lig detection. 2. Both have proven that resulls of lie detection te: 95% accurate. CHESTER W. DARROW (1932) 1. Made a third modification to the Larson Cardio-Pneumo Psychograph, by adding a galvanometer. The new instrument included a psycho-pal ord, clectrodes on the palm and back of the hand, as wellag nome presse record anda preumopraphis racy continuous blood JOUIN E. REID —(1948) . 1. Devised an instrument for recordi 2, The recording made simuttan st (during) using their instrumentalSIRJAMES MACKENZLE (1906) 1. Generally overlooked in that history of the lie detector technique is the fact that sy called polygraph was in existence at least as early a8 1906. Its invention, however as not for lie detection purposes, rather for the use in medical examination. Nevertheless, it did contain the essential features of present day instrument ang first construction was based upon the same principle. Its inventor was Sir James Mackenzle, the famous English Heart Specialist which articles entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in 1908 number of the English Journal. CLEVE BACKSTER - (1947) 1, Develop the control question technique which introduces a lie in the polygraph chart to establish a yard sticks so that one would know what the reaction really means, 2. If this person responds to this control lie to a greater extent than docs to the actual questions under investigation we assume and establish the subject is telling the truth at that point. 3. Ifthe reverse is te we state that he is not telling the truth at that point. ‘THE LEE PSYCHOGRAPH - This instrument was designed by Captain Clarence D. Lee and known as the Berkeley Psychograph-It consists essentially of four units: a) Chart drive or recording unit b) Pneumograph or respiration unit ©) Cardiograpb or pulse-blood pressure unit d) Stimulus signal unit PSYCHOLOGY OF POLYGRAPITEXAMINATION Psychology of the Lying Person “The polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily functions of a person are influenced by his mental state. The physiological changes accompanying deception are capable of being recorded, measured and interpreted with reasonable certainty. Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes the mind of the examinee, which produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, § 5 manifested by fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing and perspiration. The physiologic fluctuations that come with the emotion are in nature automatic, self-regulating and beyond conscious control because they affect the functioning ofthe internal structures that pe “The underlying psychology here includes: 1. The lying person fears detection, esusing physiological chan ae 2, Fear of detection must be experienced by the subject otherwise ae Place:intlis body. Feo physiological changes 2. are the body for emergency.5. Measures the efficiency and effectiveness of the law enforcer. What is the Accuracy of the Polygraph Exam Result? This bas been the unending question among many of us. However, practitioners have agreed that the accuracy ey " ents that affect i -y of the polygraph results ranges from 85% to 100% depending upon the Factors that Affects the Accuracy of the Polygraph Results Generally, the following are factors affecting polygraph examination accuracy: The instrument. ‘The condition of the Subject. ‘The condition of the examination roam. The qualification and skills of the examiner. ape Specifically, the 25% errors of lie detection test come from the following circumstances: 1. Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experienced by a subject who is telling the truth regarding the offense in question but wha is nevertheless affected by: a. Apprehension induced by the mere fact that suspicion or accusation has been directed against him. Apprehension over the possibility of an inaccurate lie detector test result Over-anxiety to cooperate in order to assure an accurate test result. ‘Appretension concerning possible physi¢al hurt from the instrument. ‘Anger resentment over having to take a lie detector test. : ‘Over-anxiety regarding serious personal problems unrelated to the Offense under investigation. Previous extensive interrogation, especially when accompanied by physical abus ‘A guilt complex or fear of detection regarding some other offense which he had ‘committed. . ™ 2. Physiological abuormalities such as: a. Excessively high or excessive low blood pressure. bb. Diseases of the heart. c. Respiratory disorder. 3, Mental Abnormalities such as; a. Feeblemindedness as in idiots, imbeciles and morons. b. meas rR Psychosis or insanitics, as in maniac-depressives, paranoids, schizophrenia, paretics, etc. J ¢. Pschoneurosis and psychopathia, as among the so-called “peculiar” of emotionally unstable persons — those who are neither psychotic or normal. 4, Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of: a. No fear of detection. b. Apparent inability to consciously cor | of attitudes. 'y control response by means of certain mental sets¢. Acondition of “sub-shock” or “adrenal exhaustion” at the time of test, d. Rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an extent that lyin about the offense arouses little or no emotional disturbance. iB e. Extensive interrogation prior to the test. 5. Altemptto “beat the machine” by controlled breathing ot by muscular flexing, 6. Unobscrved application of muscular pressure which produces ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure tracing. What are the limitations of the Polygraph? 1. Itis an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation. Itis nota lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument. It does not determine facts, it record responses to that which the subject knows to be true. Itis only as accurate as the examiner is competent. The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable questions. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject. No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be considered guilty because he refused to take the test. 8. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained with the subject. 9. No attempt to use Polygraph for mental ot physical evaluation ef any person. * 10. No examination Will be conducted on unfit subject. . oS ee 2 What are the Barriers to the Polygraph Examination? ‘There are instances where it is impossible to make an analysis of polygraph tests because of the following: 1. Pathological liar (a person who cannot determine right and wrong). 2. Mental cases: 3. Persons under the influence of intoxicating liquor. 4, Narcotics related cases. 5, Various heart and other organic troubles. Problem encountered by Law Enforcement Officer during investigation and interrogation 1. Determination whether subject is telling the truth regarding the crime index investigation. 2. Obtaining admission or confession from a suspect after his guilt has been established. 3. In cases of witnesses, informer and informant wha are in possession of helpful information who are willing but fearful or reluctant to disclose it to interrogator. Qualities of a Good Examiner eee) To make himself understand and not resente i , . ‘Nbility to establish or eretea apport with ie ne by his very exposure to him. Much investigative experience as possibte, . Interrogation Experience, Must be deeply involved in his work (even beyond the call of duty), paynrpwpat kind of man should be conducting the Polygraph Test? (Fred Inbau) 1. Good educational background 2. Intelligent and some degree of maturity 3, Possessed with sense of values 4, Adequate period of training under somenne whe is experienced and skilled in the technique. ‘THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT ‘The instrument used in the proper application of the polygraph technique is essentially a pneumatically operated mechanical recorder of changes in respiration, blood pressure/pulse heat supplemented with a unit for recording galvanic skin reflexes, or an additional unit for recording abdominal respiration; muscular movements and pressures; OF @ plethysmograph for recording changes in blood oxygenation, Attachments for the buman body comprises of a rubber convoluted tube for the chest area, a blood pressure arm-cuff on one bicep, and, in some models, an electrode on tivo fingers or on the palmer side of one hand. ‘These attachments act as the detectors of the physiological changes and transmit the same (0 connected into mechanical impulses and transformed into tracings 0! pressture and skin resistance or the likes. the instrument where it is f the respiration, blood fow Does the Polygraph Instrument Work? * . . The polygraph simultaneously records various physiological phenomena by means @ horizontal kymograph. The resulting polygram indicates tracing of external respiration in the thoraxic and abdominal cavities by means of a pneumograph tambour assembly, systolic and diastalic contraction of the heart, as well as pulse fluctuations with the resistance af a phygmonometer and psycho-galvanie skin response by means o instrument connected electronics censors fixed co,(e person. Each phenomenon is recorded by a hatiow-tube ink styles moving ves horizontally and vertically ruled being driven by a synchronous electronic motor. acro What are the Major Components of the Polygraph? ‘A: Pnevmograph ~ this occupy the lwo/upper pens of the instrument which records the thorarie and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration, This is accomplished through the use of a pneumograph consisting of two hollow corrugated tubes about seven inches in length, each attached to a unit by a rubber hose not longer than six feet and not larger than one quarter inch in diameter. This breathing or pneumo unit is a low pressure unit. The inhalation/exhatation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and contract, thercby reflecting the change through billows to the pen into the chart. B. Galvanometer ~ this is the longest and the third pen ofthe instrument. The electrodes att attached to the index fingor and the ring finger of the le : almar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand, The electrod ft Kamo the les used for obtaining the recording of the GSR or electro-dermal responses, are fastened to the hand or finger by means of thepassage of an imperceptible amount of electrical current through the hand or finger bearing the attached electrodes, a galvanometer unit provides recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical current, c. Cardiosphymograph ~ this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This, cardio unit is a mechanically operated unit. f is a high pressure system. This system records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial artery. The bladder is Connected to the rubber hose, past a pressure indicating gauge to a very sensitive billows and its connected tever system that powers the pen. ‘The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand pump to a constant air pressure that will provide tracing amplitude of 0.75 to 1 inch with a dichotic notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb of the tracing, . Kymograph ~ This is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that drives the charts at the rate of six inches per minute and its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at one-half or one inch interval, represents five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This provides the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rater and question spacing. What are the Detachable Parts and Accessories? 1. KYMOGRAPIL or chart driving mechanism: a) Chart roll arbor - Idler roller - Pen table - Paper guides - Sprocket soller + Cutter bar - Off and on power switch - Synchronous motor 2. Pen and Inking System: a) Capillary pen bh) Ink welt plates ¢) Ink dropper d) Cuct bill 3. Pneumograph section: a) Rubber jellows b) Beaded chain c) Rubber flexible tubing d) Paeumograph tube connection ) Pneumograph connecting tube 1) Paeumogreph distributing ink g) Pneumograph pipe line hh) Vent valve and vent bottom i) Tambout assembly 3) Sphygmomanometer k) Resonance controt 4. Cardio section:3 a) Pump bulb assembly b) Blood pressure pump connection ¢) Blood pressure cuff assembly 4) Connector block ¢} Sphygmomanometer pipe tine 5. Galvanograph section: a) Hand electrode b) Electrode jell c) Galvanometer ‘THE EXAMINER Basis to all that has been said with regards to the utilization and accuracy of the polygraph technique is the matter of the examiner qualifications and skills. ; ‘An Examiner must be an intelligent person, with reasonably good educational background ~ preferably college degree. He should have an intense interest in the work itself, a good practical understanding of human nature, and suitable personality traits which may be evident from his otherwise general ability to “get along” with people and to be well liked by his friends and associates. No amount of training of experience will overcome lack of these necessary qualifications. ‘THE SUBJECT Types or kinds of Subjects for Polygraph Test ave: _ . . . ‘Subject whose guilt is definite or reasonably certain. Emotional offender Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion Person whose offenses are for accidental én, nature ‘Non-Emotional offender + Person who commit'erimes for financial gain 7. Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain ‘Three (3) General Types of Subjects 1, Victim or Complainant 2. Witness 3. Suspects ‘Take Note: All Subjects must be in good physical and mer iti J tal may be we ned or polygaphcxamoaton. The allowing mayne bean toes pakrt Te ay eenr 1. Person who has extreme nervousness 2. Person who has physiologi as high physiologic: i i a, gical abnormalities such ashi : heart diseasi spit i Coated cory a fepiraory disorder, toothaches, severe 3, Person with mental zbnormatifieg4 14, Unresponsive persons, such as person who suffer mental fatigue or under the influence of drugs or alcohol. 5. Pregnant woman 6. Person below 18 years of age. GRAPH EX MINATION RO 1. Lie-detector test should be conducted in a quiet private room. 2. Select a room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no distraction within the subjects view. 3. Select a room without any windows at att. 4, The interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures oF other objects which would distract the attention of the person being tested or interviewed 5, This suggestion refers to the presence within the subject’s reach of small loose objects such as papers, clips or peneils that he may be inclined to pick-up and further distract during the course of the interrogation. (EFFECT) — Tension relieving activities of this sort distract from the effectiveness of this interrogation, especially during the critical phase when a guilty subject may be trying desperately to suppress an urge to confess. 6. Bstrange noise such as the ringing of a telephone oF the conversation of persons outside the examination room, of the presence of the arresting officers or other spectators in the oom itgelf, may produce disturbances and distractions which will interfere with satisfactory diagnosis of deception. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS When conducting the polygraph examination 1. In order to conduct a satisfactory lie-detector test, kit is advisable for the exam:nct to obtain from the investigators interested in the case, all the available facts and “ireumstances forming the basis of the accusation or suspicion directed against the Persom to be examined. 2, This will include, of course, the details of the case itself, Such information 's essential to the examiner so that he will be in a position to know questions should be asked of the subject during the test, 3, The subject who is about to be tested should be informed of the nature of the test and purpose of it. ‘The instrument should be pointed out to him as one which is capable of determining whether or not a person is telling the truth about a given matte. He should be informed that it records certain bodity changes and that the instrument wilt not camse any physical pain except f " : tne blood pressure ats slight temporary discomfort occasioned bY4, The writer made it a practice, at this point in the proceeding to tell to the subject somewhat as follows: “IE you are telling the truth you have nothing te Woy about, this instrument will indicate you are telling the truth, and Tl report the fact to the officers who requested me to make the test. The machine itself will show it; and I'll tell you so, and then Ul ask you to let me heat the truth. That is fir enough, isu’t it? And you doa’t mind taking the test, do you?” Experience has indicated that such statement tends to relieve the ‘emotional tensions in a person who is telling the truth, and at the same time they offer no relief to the liar, Moreover, the asking of as regarding the subjects consent has proved worthwhile in ‘those cases where the criminat confessions are obtained as a result of the test. IMPORTANT REMINDERS 1. Do not wait ntl the last minute to ask a person to take the test 2 Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense OF about him. 3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test. 4. Tf for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must continue investigating the case. 5. Do not depend on mass serecning of ‘possible suspects to produce a reat or the guilty one. 6. Do not tell anyone thatthe lie detector will decide whether one is innocent or guikty. The couct will make the decision. 7, Ifthe test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is over FOUR (4) PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 1. PHASE. 1 (PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS) ~ Initial Interview with the investigatoc handling the case et person requesting it, The group involve in this stage ar the Victim / Complaint, Suspects, Withesses. This stage includes obtaining and evaluation of facts, determining the areas the subjects teeds to be asked and the investigator must furnish the examiner of the following: 2. Sworn statement of the suspect / witnesses! victiny complainant, Incilent oF spot report, BL. of the suspect, witnesses, and victim ¢ complainants, rough sketch of pictures of the rime scene and other facts such as Specific article and exact amount of money stolen. Peculiar aspect ofthe offense or any strange set. Fxact time the offense was committed. Known facts about the suspect’s action or movement. es Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim and witnes Exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used. Result of laboratory test. pete noo de _ gyapeonts 288 Unpublished facts of the offense known oaly by te victims # investigatorA. DEVELOPMENT Of typ 4s GELOMOSsOn eerie CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT 1. Studied fear Which he user YOMAMOMANOMETER and the 8 CESAR LOMBROSO_ 1s. Studying fear on the heart. 1. Empk ‘ is instrument Teac the fist sient instrument to detect deception. TMS Ty tood Precearc LYDORSPHYGMOGRAPH, measured changes i pulse Mowledee ‘ure when suspects were questioned about their involvement in OF of a specific response, a. storing Fiocedure on the use of the “HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH” © sean of leception: Subject’s hand placed in a water filed tank sealed with mention will rubber; Subject will be shown pictures connected with the orime oF MER bbe made to relevant facts of the crime; Pulsation of blood in fist was Teo smoked drum, . WILLIAM MARSTON - 1915 1. He dealt with the sphygmomanometer which was used to, obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an examination, 2 He also experienced with and helped to develop the pneumograph which records breathing pattems, and the galvanometer, which registers changes in skin resistance. JOUN LARSON - 1921 +. Developed the polygraph, an instrument capable of continuously records blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. : . 2. Tlie polygraph instrument which he developed was polygraphic. apparatus in a portable formn, Had published moré than anyone in this field. THE LARSON POLYGRAPH - This is the first assemblage of apparatus and some of his co- workers in the Berkeley Police Departument. A strip of paper on which the tracings are recorded is mounted on two drums, which are tuned by a spring mechanism known as a kymograph. The paper is smoked to reduce the friction of the styluses or recording levers which are actuated by Marey Tambours. A manometer is placed on the right shoulder of the subject, the function of whish is to indicate the pressure in the bag, the pressure bag, encased in a leather cuff. is strapped pneumograph is strapped around the chest to record res > pneumograph or respiration applicator is sill being used in some of the later model developed by Larson, Jaquet polygraph replaced the kymo; and the pens moved horizontally instead of vertically as in the ori n, metal tambour stacks were substituted for the Erlange: piration. This type of modern instruments, In a nograph and smoked paper, iginal apparatus. In a further modification T capsule and rubber covered tambours.3. Apesos Sorat tat which indicates trouble or danger by havg his sens orgs ay ae : Jar stimulus, and he “tues Out “that which is of a lesser threat Preservation or general well-being. s In a series of questions containing relevant and control questions, the tying su tune in” on the most intense relevant questions and “tune ou “ the coutzol y may not be materially affected by other weak relevant questions. 5. The truthful subject will direct his attention to the control question wherein he consciously knows he is deceptive and “tune out” the relevant ones. Theory of Polygraph Examination . A Conscious mentat effort of a mentally normat person fic causes physiologicat changes within his body. The physiological changes could be recorded by the Polygraph Instrument and diagnosed of evaluated by the polygraph examiner. The physiological effector mechanism in polygraph examination is the Autonomic Nervous System. The autonomic nervous is the one responsible for regulating mechanism that corrects the slightest deviation from a particular standard within very fine limits, Sleeps, oxygenation of the blood temperature, levels of potassium, sodium, calcium magnesium and all the essential chemical substances that maintain the activity of all cell membranes are finely adjusted. This is found at the center of the brain and its central controls is in the “hypothalamus” = group of nerve cells of the brain that reflexes — those that we cannot control consciously such, as our heart beat, pulse raté, increase and decrease in blood pressure and the expansion and constriction of arteries are governed by the autonomic nervous system, When one of our senses detects a threat to our well-being, it sends a signal to the autonomic nervous system, which activates its sympathetic division regardless whether threat is physical or psychological. ibjects with, estion and In polygraph testing, the receptor is the ear of the subject, which receives the threatening , question or stimiulus from the polygréphist. The stimulus is transmitted from the ears via sesory neurons into the brain where the hypothalamus analyzes, evaluates and resolves that particular question. It makes 2 decision for the subject as to whether it is threatening situation. If affirmative, the hypothalamus immediately activates the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. When the sympathetic system is activated, it immediately prepares the body for the fight or flight by the sitation by causing the adrenal glands to secret hormiones known as epinephrine and norepinephrine, so that the blood will be distributed to those areas of the body where it is most needed to meet the emergency, such as the brain and the larger muscle group. The chemical norepinephrine causes the arterioles in certain parts of the body to constrict. Thereby preventiog blood from entering those areas where it is not immediately needed. Other obvious effect took place when the sympathetic system ig acti oe harder and faster, increasing blood pressure, vated, the heart pumps pulse rate, and strength ey andl . h, thus furnishing ™ oxygenated blood 1 tose areas ofthe body where itis vitally needed to meet the emergency, such as the brain when increased mental activity is demanded, The cent anision of autonomie nervous system i the parasympathetic ervous syeten Ire set oe aa otthetic nervoy to the sympatheti US System. Tis role i ae i for norinal functioning. The, tole is to maintain the homeostasis of th 7 1 body nece: efor, it follows to re-establish the chemical balance of the body. What are the Tripod Foundations of Polygraph Technique? ~ The Mechanical i : ine i . of making gy Leg Basic Premise - The polygraph machine is mechanically capable changes Phical records containing reliable information regarding Physiological ‘The Physiological Leg Basic Premise - Among the physiological changes that may he Tecorded and identified are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation OF specific nervous system component and from which stimulation of those specific Retvous system components can be reliably diagnosed. 3. Psychological Leg Basic Premise - Under the polygraph leg premise, the specitie Hetvous system component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary mental and emotional processes of the individual who is consciously attempting concealment of deception specially if that individual has something at stake and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to detection is quite possible though undesirable. What is the ultimate objective of conducting Polygraph examination? The ‘ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the Subject’s “ADMISSION or CONFESSION” of the offense committed General Purposes of using Polygraph Polygraph Examination is generally used an investigative aid/technical aid in the investigative process. It is used to verify if the statement of the victims/complainant, establish the credibility of the witnesses, evaluates the truthfulness of the suspects. Tt is also used for pre- employment sereening and loyalty check of personnel Generally, it deals with, Security risk - Leakage of Information Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence. Criminal Law Infraction — Murder, Robbery, Theft, Rape etc. . Personnel Screening Misconduct . Medical Measurements wPeNn Importance of Polygraph toa Law Enforcer 1. Most effective way of establishing the truth, 2. Guiltis separated from truth (puily separated from innocent) 3. Ifscientifically determined (lie) the investigator can ev, . 4 ah 4. Saves time, efforts and money luate the evidence.