CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A seed machine, also known as a seeder or seed drill, is a piece of agricultural
machinery that sows seeds for crops. Seed machine distribute seeds in rows at specific
depths and rates, and can also fertilize the soil at the same time. They can save
farmers time and increase production. This saves them from being eaten by birds and
animals, or being dried up due to exposure to the sun.
The concepts evolved from ancient Chinese practice and later evolved into
mechanism that pick-up seeds from a bin and deposit them down a tube.
Designed to revolutionize the way rice is planted, this seeder streamlines the
seeding process by allowing a person to push it effortlessly across the field. As the
operator moves forward, the seeder methodically dispenses rice seeds at precise
intervals, ensuring optimal planting density and uniform growth. With its user-
friendly design, the Seeder combines efficiency with ease of use. Its durable
construction and adjustable settings accommodate various field sizes and soil types,
making it a versatile tool for both small-scale farmers and large agricultural
operations. By significantly reducing the manual labor required for planting and
enhancing seed placement accuracy, this seeder not only boosts productivity but also
supports sustainable farming practices.
1.2 Aims
i. Increase Efficiency: Streamline the rice planting process by automating
seed placement, reducing manual labor, and speeding up field
coverage.
ii. Ensure Precision: Deliver consistent seed spacing and depth to
promote uniform crop growth and higher yields.
iii. Enhance Accessibility: Provide a user-friendly tool suitable for various
field sizes and soil conditions, making it accessible to both small-scale
and large-scale farmers
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.
1.3 Objectives
i. To Create a durable and reliable machine that can withstand diverse
field conditions and frequent use.
ii. To Implement an adjustable seeding mechanism to ensure accurate
seed placement and spacing.
iii. To design intuitive controls and features to make the machine easy to
operate, even for users with minimal experience.
1.4 Scope of Project
Create a durable, easy-to-use rice seeder with an effective seed distribution
system. Conduct field trials to ensure the machine performs well in different
conditions and gather user feedback for improvements. Source quality materials and
set up a production process to manufacture the seeder at scale.
1.5 Implementation Program
Define what the rice seeder needs to do. Gather mechanical engineering
students and assign roles. Sketch and plan the seeder's features. Make a first working
version of the machine. Test the prototype in different fields. Collect opinions from
users and identify any issues. Develop an updated version with improvements.
Prepare for making the seeder in larger quantities. Organize how to produce the
seeder efficiently.
1.6 Outline of Project
In this Project book, three chapters are composed.
Introduction
Literature review of Rice Drum Seeder
Working process and Installation of Rice Drum Seeder
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CHAPTER 2
LTTERATURE REVIEW OF SEEDER
2.1 Different Types of Seeders
The following are the examples of different types of agricultural seeders used
in various farming application:
i. Air seeder
ii. Seed Drills
iii. Precision Planters
iv. Rollers
2.1.1 Air Seeder
An air seeder is an agricultural machine designed for planting seeds using a
stream of planting seeds using a stream of compressed air to deliver seeds through
tubes into the soil. It allows for precise control over seeds placement, ensuring
consistent depth and spacing, which are crucial for optimal crop growth. Air seeds are
commonly used for planting small grains, oil seeds, and legumes over large areas of
farmland. One of the main benefits of using an air seeder is its ability to cover vast
fields quickly and efficiently, reducing the in labor required for planting. Additionally,
air seeders often come with features that allow for the simultaneous application of
fertilizers, enhancing crop productivity. They are also design to minimize soil
disturbance, preserving soil health and reducing the risk of erosion. Overall, air
seeders are essential tools for modern, large-scale farming operations.
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Figure. 2.1 Air Seeder
2.1.2 Seed Drills
A seed drill is a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by
positioning them in the soil and burying them to specific depth while being dragged
by a tractor. Jethro Tull invented the seed drill in 1701 as a way to plant more
efficiently. Prior to his invention, sowing seeds was done by hand, by scattering them
on the ground or placing them in the ground individually, such as with bean and pea
seeds.
A seed drill with mechanical seed metering device mainly consists of:
Frame
i. Seed box
ii. Seed metering mechanism
iii. Drive transmission system
iv. Furrow openers
v. Covering device
vi. Clutch
vii. Hitch frame and
viii. Transport wheels
A seed drill is an effective agricultural device used for sowing. It is a time-saving and
user-friendly agriculture device.
(a)Old Seed Drill
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(b)Modern Seed Drill
Fig. 2.2 Evolution of Seed Drill
2.1.3 Precision Planters
Precision planters are typically used to plant crops that require accurate
control of plant population, specific spacing between and along the rows, in contrast
to the ones
planted through grain drills. Precision planters allow farmers to plant seeds at the
optimal depth and spacing for each specific crop, resulting in better yields and higher
profitability. Precision planters help to reduce overlap and waste by planting seeds in
precise and consistent patterns. Planters hold more soil and plants, allowing us to be
more creative with our planting. We can use planters to create a garden or landscape
in our yard, deck, or patio. The Planters were few in number, but held most of the
South's wealth. They set the tone in economic and social life. A plantation differed
from a farm in its size, use of a large labor force, and that its owners grew a staple
crop for profit.
Figure. 2.3 Precision Planter
2.1.4 Rollers
Roller drilling is one of the best methods of sowing new grass or fodder crops
into cultivated ground in spring and autumn. Roller drilling is one of the best methods
of sowing new grass or fodder crops into cultivated ground in spring and autumn.
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Rollers are a secondary tillage tool used for flattening land or breaking up large
clumps of soil, especially after ploughing or disc harrowing. Rollers are typically
pulled by tractors today. Before mechanized agriculture, a team of working animals
such as horses or oxen provided the power. An improved seed planting roller for
planting seeds in individual holes in the ground, and having means for reclosing the
hole over the planted seed.
Figure. 2.4 Roller Seed Drill
2.2 Rice Drum Seeders
Rice drum seeder is made of light gauge metal tubing. Pre-germinated rice
seeds are dispersed uniformly in the field when pulled by operator. It places seeds in
straight rows which enables farmers to use a weeder and apply fertilizer easily.
Excess water in puddled field is drained out ensuring the soil surface is moist. Drums
are filled with sprouted seeds (3/4th full) and pulled across the field maintaining a
steady speed for evenly sowing. Number of drums could vary between 4 and 8 with
number of lines sown ranging from 8 to 16 in one pass.
The advantage of drum seeder is that row-row spacing can be easily maintained and
dropping of seeds in hills is possible. Lack of labor during peak periods of
transplanting may cause delay in the operations. In such situations, the drum seeder is
an effective mean for timely sowing of rice.
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2.3 Advantages of Sowing with Drum Seeder
i. Lower cost, higher yield and less manpower required per hectare.
ii. No field preparation required for nursery; less irrigation required.
iii. 15% more yield than sprinkler method.
iv. Convenience of sowing seeds in row and good yield
Figure. 2.5 Rice Drum Seeder
2.4 Selection Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
PVC pipes are made of polyvinyl chloride, a plastic that is made by combining
chlorine and ethylene. The finished product is a white or light-colored plastic that is
rigid and durable.
The PVC pipes are used in both commercial and residential sectors. The
application of the PVC pipes includes their use in plumbing, sewage and drainage
systems, drinking water distribution, irrigation systems, chemical handling, fume,
exhaust and ventilation ducts, and recreation purposes.
PVC pipes and fittings have become indispensable components in a wide
range of industrial applications. Their versatility, durability, and resistance to
corrosion and chemicals have earned them a reputation as a reliable and cost-effective
piping solution.
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PVC pipes are well-known for their tight seals and leak-resistant properties,
helping farmers minimize water loss in irrigation systems. By preventing leaks, PVC
pipes enable more efficient water distribution, maximizing the effectiveness of
irrigation practices and conserving valuable water resources.
Figure. 2.6 PVC pipe
2.5 Galvanized Iron Pipe
Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes are manufactured using mild steel strips of Low
Carbon Steel Coils. The strips are passed through a series of fin rolls to give them a
circular shape. The slit ends of the strips are then welded together by continuously
passing high frequency electric current across the edges.
GI Pipes or Galvanized Iron Pipes are widely used for the purpose of conveying raw
water and distribution of treated water in many rural water supply schemes, where the
requirement of water is limited.
Figure. 2.7 GI Pipe
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2.6 Mild Steel
Mild steel is a type of carbon steel that contains a low level of carbon.
Otherwise known as low carbon steel, mild steel contains roughly between 0.05% and
0.25% of carbon by weight. This is opposed to high carbon steel, which can be
composed of up to 2.5% carbon by weight.
Mild steel is a general-purpose material that can be found in most industries.
Some typical applications include: car bodies, furniture, wire, rebar, and fasteners.
Higher strength mild steel is used for structures and storage tank plating.
Figure. 2.8 Mild Steels Plates
2.7 Lathe Machine
A lathe is a machine tool used to shape wooden or metallic products. It
furnishes a wooden or metal piece by rotating it about an axis while a stationary
cutting tool keeps removing unwanted material from the workpiece to form the
desired shape.
The main use is to remove unwanted parts of the material, leaving behind a
nicely shaped workpiece. The main parts of the lathe are: (1) the bed, (2) the quick-
change gearbox, (3) the headstock, (4) the carriage, and (5) the tailstock. 1. The bed:
is the strong cast metal part which runs the length of the lathe and which supports the
other main parts.
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A lathe uses rotational force and a stationary cutting tool to shape a workpiece,
which is typically made of metal or wood. Removing material from a workpiece is the
lathe's primary function. As the piece rotates, the cutting tool is pressed against it.
This can create threads, holes, faces, and other designs.
Figure. 2.9 Lathe Machine
2.8 Drilling
Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often
multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute.
The main types of drilling systems include rotary drilling, percussion drilling,
and rotary-percussion drilling. Rotary drilling involves a rotating drill bit, percussion
drilling uses a hammering action, and rotary-percussion drilling combines both
methods to penetrate various soil and rock conditions.
It is used to create holes in various materials, such as wood, metal, and plastic.
Drills are commonly used in construction and carpentry work, as well as in plumbing
and electrical work.
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Figure. 2.10 Drilling Machine
Figure. 2.11 Hand Drill
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2.9 Welding
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials like metals by using heat
at high temperatures. Welding uses high temperature to join the materials, whereas
soldering and brazing do not allow the base metal to melt. After cooling, the base
metal and the filler metal get attached.
The process of welding uses filler material. The filler material is the pool of
molten material that aids in the formation of a strong link between the base metal. The
shielding process after welding the metals protects both the base and filler
components from being oxidized.
From gas flame to ultrasound, many energies are used in welding like electron
beams, electric arc, LASER, and friction. Now let us understand various types of
welding. Welding establishes strong, durable, and permanent joint links. It is a simple
process that results in a great finish. The technique, when used with filler material,
produces a stronger weld than the base material.
Welding plays an essential role in the development of development of some of
the most massive structures. People who take advantage of the plentiful space offered
by some of the largest buildings in the world have welders to thank. Without welding,
the United States infrastructure would collapse along with the economy.
Figure. 2.12 Welding
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CHAPTER 3
WORKING PROCESS AND INSTALLATION OF RICE DRUM SEEDER
3.1 Working Process of Rice Drum Seeder
Working process of rice drum seeder are as follows
i. Inspecting and preparing the seeder, field preparation, seed preparation
ii. Setting up the seeder, sowing the seed
iii. Field Maintenance, seeder cleanup
A rice drum seeder is a specialized agricultural tool designed to facilitate the
planting of rice seeds efficiently and effectively.
Figure 3.1 Rice Drum Seeder
3.2 Installation of Rice Drum Seeder
The Installation of rice drum seeder are as follow;
Step 1: Cut the PVC pipe by 1ft to 4 pieces
Step 2: Drill the four PVC pipes into 10 holes and a hollow by 4x3in
Step 3: Mark a steel plate and circle with the measurement of radius 3in
Step 4: Pitch the mild steel with the hollow PVC pipes
Step 5: Cut the Galvanized Iron into 6.5ft and assembled with four PVC pipes
Step 6: Weld the Iron Wheel with the Iron stick
Step 7: Connect the 3ft GI iron handle with the Rice Drum Seeder
Step 8: Spray the Rice Drum Seeder with the orange-red (Code No.14)
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3.2.1 Components of Rice Drum Seeder
i. Mild Steel Plate
ii. Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe
iii. Galvanize Iron Pipe
iv. Iron Wheel
v. Color Spray
3.2.2 Mind Steel Plate
Mild steel plates are objects that close the Poly Vinyl Chloride hollow pipe. Because a
single Poly Vinyl Chloride pipe has two hollows and there are four Poly Vinyl
Chloride so we need 8 mind steel plates.
Figure 3.2 Drilling hole through mild steel plate with D-21mm hole stroke thorn
Figure 3.3 Drilling a hole in mind steel plate with a drilling machine
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3.2.3 Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC Pipe)
Four PVC pipes that cut with 1in are hollowed with 10 holes for the purpose
of dropping the seeds into the fertilized soil. And the PVC’s two hollowed holes are
pitched with two mind steel plates.
Figure 3.4 PVC pipes
3.2.4 Galvanized Iron Pipe
A 6’ 3” long Galvanized Iron pipe with a diameter of 0.75in is connected to
PVC pipes in 5in segments. Another Galvanized Iron pipe of 8.7in is bend to from U-
shape of 3 feet in length and 31in in width and joint with the first Galvanized Iron
piece as a handle. The advantages of consisting free wheel is the Galvanized Iron pipe
is extra-long and the twisting movement can happen so to prevent that from
happening we need to use free wheel.
Figure 3.5 Handle and Shaft Rod of Rice Drum Seeder
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3.2.5 Iron Wheel
For this part, 19.5in iron plate is bent with the bender and two end points are
welded with the welding machine. And then the free wheel is assembled.
Figure 3.6 Iron wheels
3.2.6 Color Spray
After all the tools are assembled, the rice drum seeder is sprayed with red-
orange color and our final product is finished.
Figure 3.7 Rice Drum Seeder
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3.3 Conclusion
A rice seeder is a machine used to plant rice seedling in a filed. It automates
the process which traditionally involves manual planting and helps to ensure that the
seedlings are spaced evenly and planed at the correct depth. The field is prepared by
plowing and leveling the soil. The seeder may be set up to match the specific planting
requirements. Rice seedlings are loaded into the seeder. And then, the seeder moves
across the field, either by being towed by a tractor or operated manually. After
planting, the equipment needs to be cleaned and maintained to ensure its longevity are
effectiveness.
Updating a rice drum seeder general involves incorporating advantages in
technology and design to improve its efficiency, accuracy, and ease of use. Here are
some potential updates and improvements for modern rice seeders. Implements
systems that adjust the seeding rate based on soil conditions, crop variety and field
variability. Update to more efficient seed mastering systems enhanced seedling
handling mechanisms, and better row spacing adjustments. Integrate advanced control
systems with touchscreens or remote controls for easier operation and adjustments.
Use more durable materials and design features that simplify maintenance and repair.
Enhance the seeder’s ability to adapt to different soil types and field condition, such
as wet or uneven terrain. Combine with other agricultural technologies like drones
and IT devices for better field management and data collection.
Big rice seeders, while offering many advantages such as increased planting
efficiency and coverage, also come with several disadvantages. Large seeders are
often expensive to purchase and maintain, which can be a significant investment,
particularly for small-scale farmers. They may operational errors operate effectively,
and their
complexity can lead to higher chances of malfunction or operational errors. Bigger
machines often need more frequent and intensive maintenance, which can be costly
and time-consuming. Heavy seeders can lead to soil compaction, which can
negatively affect soil health and crop growth. Large seeders may have difficulty
navigating small or irregularly shaped fields, making them less versatile. They
typically consume more fuel compared to smaller models, leading to higher
operational costs and environmental impact. Big seeders require more storage space,
which can be a challenge for farmers with limited facilities. The upfront cost might be
prohibitive for smaller farming operations, making it less accessible for them. These
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disadvantages should be carefully considered when deciding whether a big rice seeder
is suitable for a particular farming operation.
Involving students in designing or working with rice seeders can offer several
advantages. Students gain hands-on experience with agricultural technology, bridging
the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. Innovation and
Problem-Solving Skills: Engaging in projects related to rice seeders can foster
creativity and critical thinking as students address practical challenges and develop
innovative solutions. Students can learn about engineering, mechanics, electronics,
and other technical aspects involved in designing and operating seeders. Working with
rice seeders provides insight into modern farming practices and the importance of
technology in agriculture. Projects can integrate knowledge from various fields,
including engineering, agriculture, and environmental science, enhancing
interdisciplinary learning. Exposure to agricultural technology can help students
explore potential career paths in agronomy, agricultural engineering, and related
fields. Students can contribute to local agricultural practices by improving or
innovating seeders, potentially benefiting local farmers and communities. Working on
real-life projects like rice seeders can make learning more engaging and impactful
compared to traditional classroom settings. Overall, involving students in rice seeder
projects can enrich their educational experience and provide valuable skills and
insights applicable to various future careers.
Figure 3.8 Modern Rice Seeder Figure 3.10 Seed Spreader Drone
