Presented by: Engr.

Edward Belen
• Review of Related
Literature (RRL)
• Selecting Review of
Related Literature
• Citing Related
Literature (APA and
MLA or Chicago
Manual of Style)
• Synthesizing Related
Review of Literature
• Related Literature Review is one of the components of the
research process. An investigator needs to review write-
ups, readings, and studies related to his present study to
determine the similarities and differences of the
findings between the past and present studies.
 • The literature review is the term used to describe a
comprehensive overview of research that highlights both
what the scholarly community knows about a topic and
what it has yet to discover.
 • The researcher should have the ability to compare
between what he should read and include in his study,
and what he should not read and does not need to include
in his study.

• The word related means legal bases, literature, and studies

that have a direct bearing or relation to the present study.
• Related Legal Bases as a section determines the relevance of the
study. The major sources of Related Legal Bases are laws and
department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda
etc. They all serve as legal bases for the paradigm of the study.

• In presenting the Related Legal Bases, the researcher has to

arrange them chronologically from most recent to the oldest.
Example:
Study: “UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF MILKFISH
BONES AS OFFAL OF BONELESS MILKFISH (CHANOS CHANOS
FORSSKAL) INTO LUNCHEIN MEAT”

Related Legal Bases:

•Republic Act No. 9003 Known as National Solid Waste Management
Act Of 1999
•Republic Act No. 8550 Known as The Philippine Code Of 1998
Example:
Study: “PERMISSION: KEY INPUTS IN MANAGING DATA AND
INFORMATION IN EDUCATION”

Related Legal Bases:

•Republic Act No. 10173, Known as the Data Privacy Act
• Literature is defined as “written works collectively, especially
those enduring importance exhibiting creative imagination and
artistic skill, are written in a particular period, language, and
subject” (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976).

• In other words, any written materials published in a book,

journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, and
encyclopedia are considered literature
Example:
Study: “BUILDING CUSTOMER LOYALTY: A CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE BASED APPROACH IN A TOURISM CONTEXT”
Related Literature
Loyalty has been defined by Oliver (1997:392) as: “…a deeply held
commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product/service
consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same brand-set
purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having
the potential to cause switching behavior”.
Example:

According to Jacoby and Kyner (1973), in order for loyalty to exist it must
satisfy six necessary conditions; it must be: (1) biased (that is, non-
random); (2) a behavioral response (that is, purchase); (3) expressed over
time; (4) by some decision-making unit; (5) with respect to one or more
brands, out of a set of such brands; and (6) a function of psychological
(decision making evaluative) processes. Based on this concept of loyalty,
several competing behavioral intention loyalties building models have
been proposed.
 • Published and unpublished related studies are sources of
materials that are included in this section. Research studies have
direct bearing on the present studies and divided into foreign
and local studies
Example:
Foreign studies. Researches that is conducted and completed
outside the Philippines even if the researcher is Filipino is considered a
foreign study.

Example:
•Culture of Abalone in Fish Cages in Japan
•Managing business in 21st Century: An American Experience
•One Child Policy: An intervention of China in Population Explosion
Example:
Local studies. Researches that is conducted and completed in the
Philippines wherein the subjects of the study are Filipinos residing in the
Philippines even if the researchers are foreign fall on local studies.

Example:
•Artificial Intelligence in Philippine Technology
•Solo Parent: A Case Study in selected in Mother in Tondo, Manila
•Regional Languages in Visayas Region as Input to Intellectualization of
Filipino Language
• Citations and references should be included anytime you
use another individual’s work in your own assignment.
When including a quote, paraphrased information, images,
or any other piece of information from another’s work, you
need to show where you found it by including a citation
and a reference.
• Citations, which are called in-text citations, are included
when you’re adding information from another individual’s
work into your own project. When you add text word-for-
word from another source into your project, or take
information from another source and place it in your own
words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create
an in-text citation.
• These citations are short in length and are placed in the main
part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.
• References are found at the end of your research
project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference
list page is the full information for any in-text citations found
in the body of the project. These references are listed in
alphabetical order by the author's last name.
Example:
1. Narrative In-text citation and Parenthetical Citation
Example:
2. References
• Used mainly in Social Sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, Education,
and Criminal Justice
• Formal structure often used, including specific subheadings
• Cover page and abstract often required
• General ideas usually more important than exact words; avoid too many
quotations, paraphrase (link) ideas
• Dates important in in-text citations and Reference list; places importance on
most current research
• Author’s first names not written out; ideas and research more important than
researcher
• Commonly used in Humanities fields such as English and Philosophy
• Places emphasis on exact words of other writers; quotes are often important
• Page numbers used in in-text citations to help readers quickly find quotes
and ideas
• Author names written out completely in Works Cited list
• No cover page or abstract required
• Commonly used in History and other Humanities fields
• There are two types: Author and Date, and Notes and Bibliography
• Notes and Bibliography uses footnotes and/or endnotes to elaborate on
source material
• Title page may be used in either format but usually not required; subheadings
not required
Note:
• To make your reference more accurate in their arrangement, you
can use “https://www.citationmachine.net”
• When you write a literature review or essay, you have to go beyond just
summarizing the articles you’ve read – you need to synthesize the
literature to show how it all fits together (and how your own
research fits in).

• Synthesizing simply means combining. Instead of summarizing the

main points of each source in turn, you put together the ideas and
findings of multiple sources in order to make an overall point.
• At the most basic level, this involves looking for similarities and
differences between your sources. Your synthesis should show the
reader where the sources overlap and where.
Example: Unsynthesized sample:

Franz (2008) studied undergraduate online students. He looked at 17

females and 18 males and found that none of them liked APA. According
to Franz, the evidence suggested that all students are reluctant to learn
citations style. Perez (2010) also studies undergraduate students. She
looked at 42 females and 50 males and found that males were
significantly more inclined to use citation software (p < .05). Findings
suggest that females might graduate sooner. Goldstein (2012) looked at
British undergraduates. Among a sample of 50, all females, all confident
in their abilities to cite and were eager to write their dissertations.
Example: Synthesized sample:

Studies of undergraduate students reveal conflicting conclusions

regarding relationships between advanced scholarly study and citation
efficacy. Although Franz (2008) found that no participants enjoyed
learning citation style, Goldstein (2012) determined in a larger study that
all participants watched felt comfortable citing sources, suggesting that
variables among participant and control group populations must be
examined more closely. Although Perez (2010) expanded on Franz's
original study with a larger, more diverse sample.
• Organize your sources
• Outline your structure
• Write paragraphs with topic sentences
• Revise, edit and proofread
 One way to begin synthesizing the literature is to put your notes
into a table. Depending on your topic and the type of literature
you’re dealing with, there are a couple of different ways you can
organize this.

• Summary Table
• Synthesis Matrix
A summary table collates the key points of each source under
consistent headings. This is a good approach if your sources tend to
have a similar structure – for instance, if they’re all empirical papers.
Example:
Example:
A synthesis matrix is useful when your sources are more varied in their
purpose and structure – for example, when you’re dealing with books and
essays making various different arguments about a topic. Each column in the
table lists one source. Each row is labelled with a specific concept, topic or
theme that recurs across all or most of the sources. Then, for each source, you
summarize the main points or arguments related to the theme.
Example:
 There are a few different approaches you can take to help you
structure your synthesis.
• If your sources cover a broad time period, and you found
patterns in how researchers approached the topic over time,
you can organize your discussion chronologically.

• If the literature covers various different topics, you can

organize it thematically.
 There are a few different approaches you can take to help you
structure your synthesis.
• . If you’re drawing on literature from various different fields or
they use a wide variety of research methods, you can organize
your sources methodologically.

• If your topic involves a debate between different schools of

thought, you can organize it theoretically.
What sets a synthesis apart from a summary is that it
combines various sources. The easiest way to think about this is
that each paragraph should discuss a few different sources, and
you should be able to condense the overall point of the paragraph
into one sentence. This is called a topic sentence, and it usually
appears at the start of the paragraph.
Example:
A topic sentence can be a simple summary of the paragraph’s
content:
•“Early research on [x] focused heavily on [y].”

For an effective synthesis, you can use topic sentences to link back
to the previous paragraph, highlighting a point of debate or
critique:
• “Several scholars have pointed out the flaws in this approach.”
• “While recent research has attempted to address the problem,
many of these studies have methodological flaws that limit their
validity.”
Like any other piece of academic writing, synthesizing literature
doesn’t happen all in one go – it involves redrafting, revising,
editing and proofreading your work. You can use
https://quillbot.com/ to paraphrase or revise, edit and proofread
your written work
Do not use “Copy and Paste” in your whole Review Related
Literature or even to your Research Paper. Learn to paraphrase or
to use paraphrasing tools.