MOTION UNIT

MOTION TERMS
____________________: the space between two points, measured in metres (m)
_____________: duration measured in seconds (s)

_____________: how quickly an object is moving, measured in m/s (standard) or km/h.

_______________________________: the speed an object is travelling at a particular

instant

_________________________: the speed is not changing

_________________________: the total distance divided by the total time for a trip,
measured in m/s (standard) or km/h.

Symbol Quantity
𝛥𝑑 distance
𝛥𝑡 time
𝑣 speed
𝑣𝑎𝑣 average speed

Note: Δ is the Greek letter delta, and means “the change in”. For example, 𝛥𝑡 means “the change
in time”.

Formula for Average Speed:

∆𝒅
𝒗𝒂𝒗 =
∆𝒕

Example 1: Lucy took the bus from her house to Burlington Mall. It took her 0.50 h to get there,
and the mall is 6.5 km from her house. What was her average speed? Known:
Unknown:

Motion: Lesson 1 – Introduction to Motion Page 1 of 2

ACCELERATION
𝑚
𝑚
____________________: the rate of change in speed, measured in 𝑠
=
𝑠 𝑠2

Constant acceleration: the rate of change in speed over a period of time is constant.

Average Acceleration: the average rate of change in speed of an object.

Symbol Quantity
a acceleration
aav average acceleration

Formula for Acceleration:

∆𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣 =
∆𝑡

∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖 – initial speed (often it is zero)

𝑣𝑓 – final speed

Another useful formula involving speed, acceleration and time is:

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑣 ∆𝑡

Example 2: Lucy rode her bicycle from her house to Burlington Mall. It took her 20.0 s to reach
her final speed of 4.0 m/s. What was her average acceleration?
Known: Unknown:

Motion: Lesson 1 – Introduction to Motion Page 2 of 2

VECTORS & SCALARS
_______________________________________________________.
Scalar:
Examples: Scalar Symbol
time _______
mass _______
distance _______
speed _______

Vector: ______________________________________________________. A
vector symbol has an arrow over it.
Examples: Vector Symbol
displacement _______
velocity _______
acceleration _______

DISPLACEMENT
_______________________________________
Displacement: a vector that
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Symbol: ∆𝑑⃗ Unit: m (metre)

Formula if positions are given:

∆𝑑⃗ = 𝑑⃗𝑓 − 𝑑⃗𝑖

𝑑⃗𝑖 = initial position

𝑑⃗𝑓 = final position
* position vectors are measured with respect to the origin of a co-ordinate system used to
measure displacement.

Formula if displacements are given:

∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = ∆𝑑⃗1 + ∆𝑑⃗2

∆𝑑⃗1 = displacement 1
∆𝑑⃗2 = displacement 2
* displacement vectors represent how far an object has travelled.

Motion: Lesson 2 – Vectors and Scalars, Displacement Page 1 of 3

Example 1: A car is 325 m [W] of a stop sign. It changes position to 425 [E] of the stop sign.
What is the car’s displacement?
Known: 𝑑⃗𝑖 =
𝑑⃗𝑓 =
Unknown: ∆𝑑⃗ = ?

Example 2: A car drives 75.6 m forward along the road, then reverses for 15.2 m. What is the
car’s total displacement?
Known: ∆𝑑⃗1 =
∆𝑑⃗2 =
Unknown: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = ?

Motion: Lesson 2 – Vectors and Scalars, Displacement Page 2 of 3

 WHAT IF VECTORS ARE NOT ALL ALONG THE SAME LINE?

Example 3: Jog 100 m north, then 200 m east, then 100 m south. a) What distance is travelled?
b) What is the final displacement?

Known: ∆𝑑⃗1 =
∆𝑑⃗2 =
∆𝑑⃗3 =
a) Unknown: ∆𝑑 =?

The distance travelled is _______________.

b) Unknown: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 =?

The resultant displacement is ___________________________

Steps to Problem Solving

1. Write down the variables that you know. If necessary, convert them
into SI units.
2. Decide which variable you are trying to calculate (your unknown).
3. Draw a diagram if needed to help understand the problem.
4. Review related formulas. Choose the one that you have the correct data
for.
5. You may need to re-arrange the equation to solve for your unknown.
Substitute in the values and calculate.
6. Always finish with a concluding statement.

Motion: Lesson 2 – Vectors and Scalars, Displacement Page 3 of 3

VELOCITY

Velocity: a vector that ______________________________________

______________________. The vector has both magnitude and direction.

Average Velocity
Symbol: 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 Units: m/s (metres per second)

Formula:
∆𝑑⃗ 𝑑⃗𝑓 −𝑑⃗𝑖
𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = or 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑑⃗𝑖 = initial position in metres

𝑑⃗𝑓 = final position in metres
∆𝑡 = elapsed time

Example 1: Freda usually goes to the sports complex every night after school. The displacement
for that walk is 360 m [N57˚W]. What is her average velocity if the walk takes her 5.0 minutes?
Known: ∆𝑑⃗ = 360 𝑚 [𝑁57°𝑊] Δt = 5.0 minutes
Unknown: 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 =? Convert Δt to seconds: ∆𝑡 =

Pick the formula and substitute in the values:

Freda’s average velocity is ____________________.

Motion: Lesson 3 – Velocity and Acceleration Page 1 of 3

ACCELERATION
Acceleration: a vector that __________________________________
_______________________________________________________.

Symbol: 𝑎⃗ Unit: m/s2

Formula: ⃗⃗
∆𝑣 ⃗⃗𝑓 −𝑣
𝑣 ⃗⃗𝑖
𝑎⃗ = ∆𝑡
𝒐𝒓 𝑎⃗ = ∆𝑡

∆𝑣⃗ = change in velocity, m/s

∆𝑡 = time interval, s

* a positive acceleration means the velocity is increasing, a negative acceleration means that the
velocity is decreasing

Uniform acceleration: the acceleration is constant

Non-uniform acceleration: the acceleration changes with time

In the figure, a van starts from rest, speeds up (positive acceleration), travels at a constant
velocity (acceleration is zero) and slows down (acceleration is negative).

Motion: Lesson 3 – Velocity and Acceleration Page 2 of 3

Example 2: A toy car starting from rest accelerates to the right at 4.0 m/s2 along a straight line.
What is:
a) the velocity after 4.0 s?
b) the average velocity?
c) the displacement in 4.0 s?
Known: 𝑎⃗ = 𝑣⃗𝑖 = ∆𝑡 =
a) Unknown: 𝑣⃗𝑓 = ?

After 4 seconds the velocity is _______________.

b) Unknown: 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = ?

The average velocity is ______________________.

c) Unknown: ∆𝑑⃗ =?

The displacement in 4.0 s is ___________________.

Motion: Lesson 3 – Velocity and Acceleration Page 3 of 3

 POSITION-TIME GRAPHS

Position-Time Graphs for Constant Velocity

The position-time graph for an object moving at constant velocity is a straight line with constant
slope.

Example: Data for a car moving at constant velocity

Time Position
t (h) (km [W]) Position vs Time for a Car Moving at Constant
0.00 0.00
Velocity
0.25 10.0
0.50 20.0 140.0
1.00 40.0 120.0
Position (km [W])

1.50 60.0 100.0

2.00 80.0 80.0
3.00 120.0 60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Time (h)

rise
Recall slope =
run

So, for the above data and graph:

We can see, the slope of the position-time graph for an object moving at constant velocity gives the

value of ___________________________.

Motion: Lesson 4 – Position-Time Motion Graphs Page 1 of 3

Position-Time Graphs for a Round Trip
Time intervals may have different velocities.
Example: Data for a bicycle trip starting and ending at the same place.

Position vs Time Graph for a Round Trip on a Bicycle

70.0
C D
60.0
Position (km [W])

50.0

40.0
E Time Position
t (h) (km [W])
30.0 B 0.00 0.00
20.0 1.00 30.0
10.0 3.00 60.0

0.0
A F 5.00 60.0
6.00 40.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
7.00 0.00
Time (h)

• A positive slope on a position-time graph represents a _________________ constant

velocity.
For example, between A and B Velocity during interval AB =

• A horizontal line on a position-time graph has a zero slope, which represents a zero velocity.
For example, the bicycle was ________________ between C and D.

• A straight line with a negative slope on a position-time graph represents a negative constant
velocity.
For example, between E and F Velocity during interval E and F =

• The average velocity between any two points on a position-time graph is equal to the slope
of the line joining the two points.
For example, between A and C Velocity during interval A and C =

Motion: Lesson 4 – Position-Time Motion Graphs Page 2 of 3

Position-Time Graphs for Changing Velocity
The graph of a position-time graph for an accelerating object will be a curve.

Example: Data for a cart starting from rest then rolling down a cart.

Position vs Time for a Cart on a Ramp

Time (s) Position 1.40
Q
(m) [W] 1.20
0 0
0.10 0.020 Position (m [W]) 1.00
0.20 0.080 0.80 P
0.40 0.32
0.60
0.60 0.72
0.80 1.28 0.40
O
0.20
L M N
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
Time (s)

As the cart speeds up, the slope increases.

• The average velocity between any two points on a position-time graph for any kind of motion
is equal to the slope of the line joining the two points.
For example, between points M and Q
average velocity between M and Q =

• The instantaneous velocity at a point on a position-time graph is the slope of the tangent
drawn to the curve at that point. A tangent line is a straight line that touches the curve at
one point and slopes in the same direction as the slope of the curve at that point.
For example, at point O
instantaneous velocity at point O =

Motion: Lesson 4 – Position-Time Motion Graphs Page 3 of 3

 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS

Velocity-Time Graphs for Constant Velocity

The velocity-time graph for constant velocity is a horizontal straight line.

Example: Data for a car moving at uniform speed.

Time Velocity
(s) (m/s [S]) Velocity vs Time for a Car
0.0 14.0 16.0
1.0 14.0 14.0
2.0 14.0
12.0
Velocity (m/s [S])

3.0 14.0
10.0
4.0 14.0
5.0 14.0 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Time (s)

The velocity for the car is ______________________________.

Motion: Lesson 5 – Velocity-Time Motion Graphs Page 1 of 3

Velocity-Time Graphs for Constant Acceleration

Velocity vs Time for an Accelerating Car Time Velocity

(s) (m/s [W])
14.0
0.0 0.0
12.0 2.0 2.0
4.0 4.0
Velocity (m/s [W])

10.0
6.0 6.0
8.0
8.0 8.0
6.0 10.0 10.0
4.0
12.0 12.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Time (s)

• During constant acceleration, the average velocity for an interval is equal to the
instantaneous velocity at half-time in the interval.
For example, on the above graph,
average velocity =

• The velocity-time graph for constant non-zero acceleration is a straight line with some
slope. The acceleration is equal to the slope.
For example, on the above graph,
acceleration = slope =

Calculating Displacement
Displacement is equal to the area beneath a velocity-time graph.
For example, on the above graph,
base =
height =
Area =

Motion: Lesson 5 – Velocity-Time Motion Graphs Page 2 of 3

Positive, Negative and Zero Accelerations

Time Velocity
Velocity vs Time for a Car (s) (m/s [S])
16.0 0.0 0.0
B C 2.0 2.0
14.0
4.0 4.0
12.0
Velocity (m/s [S])

6.0 6.0
10.0
8.0 8.0
8.0 10.0 10.0
6.0 12.0 12.0
4.0 14.0 14.0
2.0
16.0 14.0
A D 18.0 14.0
0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
20.0 14.0
22.0 14.0
Time (s)
24.0 10.0
26.0 6.0
28.0 2.0
29.0 0.0
To calculate the positive acceleration, from 0 to 14 seconds

Between 14 and 22 seconds, the car travels at a constant velocity.

Between 22 and 29 seconds, to calculate the car’s negative acceleration

To calculate the car’s total displacement, calculate the areas under the graph from A to B, B to C
and C to D, then add them all together.

Motion: Lesson 5 – Velocity-Time Motion Graphs Page 3 of 3

 Rocket Motion Quick Lab
Background: A toy rocket is fired straight up in the air. The engine burns for 8.0 s before it runs out of fuel. The
rocket continues to climb for 4.0 s until it stops and begins to fall back towards the ground. After falling freely for
4.0 s, a parachute opens and slows the descent. The rocket reaches a terminal velocity of 4.0 m/s [down]. Using
video footage, 𝑑⃗, the altitude of the rocket, was determined at 2.0 s intervals. The data is shown in Table 1.

Purpose: To study the motion of a rocket using motion graphs.

Diagram:

Procedure:
Part A (This has already been completed)
1. Launch a toy rocket. Use a video camera to record the flight.
2. Use elapsed time from the recording and a scaling method, determine time and position data for the
rocket. Record the data in Table 1.

Part B (Complete this part)

1. Use Table 2 to record your sample calculations. Remember a table needs a number and a title, so add a
title to the table.
2. Calculate the change in time for each time interval using the formula ∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 and record in Table 2.
3. Calculate the displacement for each time interval using the formula ∆𝑑⃗ = 𝑑⃗𝑓 − 𝑑⃗𝑖 and record in Table 2.
∆𝑑⃗
4. Calculate the average velocity for each time interval using the formula 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = and record in Table 2.
∆𝑡
5. Plot an average velocity-time graph. Remember, when average velocity is plotted, the point is plotted at
the mid-point of the time interval. For example, when plotting the average velocity between 0 and 2
seconds, plot the point at 1 s. Draw a smooth curve between the points. Remember a graph needs a
number and a title, as well as axis labels with units.
6. Determine the instantaneous velocity at t = 7.0 s, t = 13.0 s, t = 21.0 s and t = 25.0 s. Be sure to use the
correct type of graph to do this.

Motion: Lesson 6 – Rocket Motion Quick Page 1 of 4

 7. Complete the Discussion and Analysis questions.
8. Write a conclusion.

Observations:
Table 1 – Measured Motion Data for the Flight of a Toy Rocket
Phase Elapsed Time (s) ⃗⃗⃗⃗(m) [up]
Position 𝒅
1 0 0
Engine on 2.0 10.0
4.0 40.0
6.0 90.0
8.0 160.0
2 10.0 220.0
Engine off (rising) 12.0 240.0
3 14.0 220.0
Engine off (falling) 16.0 160.0
4 18.0 92.0
Parachute opens 20.0 48.0
22.0 28.0
5 24.0 20.0
Terminal Velocity 26.0 12.0
28.0 4.0
30.0 0

Sample Calculations:
Change in time ∆𝑡

Displacement ∆𝑑⃗ Average Velocity 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣

Table 2 -
Phase Elapsed Time Change in Time Displacement Average Velocity
𝒕 (s) ∆𝒕 (s) ⃗⃗ (m) [up]
∆𝒅 ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗 (m/s) [up]
𝒗
1 0
Engine on 2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
2 10.0
Engine off (rising) 12.0
3 14.0
Engine off (falling) 16.0
4 18.0
Parachute opens 20.0
22.0
5 24.0
Terminal Velocity 26.0
28.0
30.0

Motion: Lesson 6 – Rocket Motion Quick Page 2 of 4

Graphs:

Motion: Lesson 6 – Rocket Motion Quick Page 3 of 4

Discussion and Analysis:

1. In your own words, describe the motion of the rocket during each of the five stages.
2. What is the condition of the position-time graph when the velocity-time graph passes through
zero? Explain the meaning of this point.
3. Under what specific conditions is the velocity-time graph a straight, horizontal line?
4. Compare the instantaneous velocities that you calculated for times 7 s, 13 s, 21 s and 25 s, with
the average velocities for the intervals that included those times. In which cases are the
instantaneous and average velocities nearly the same? Quite different? Explain why.
5. Explain why it is reasonable to draw the line connecting the points on the position-time graph as
a smooth curve, rather than connecting the dots with a straight line.

Motion: Lesson 6 – Rocket Motion Quick Page 4 of 4

DERIVING EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Using the basic equations for 𝑑⃗, 𝑣⃗, 𝑎⃗, and 𝑡 we can use algebraic manipulation to derive more
complex motion equations. These equations can then be used to solve more complex motion
problems. These equations will be valid when acceleration is constant.

Notes:
• 𝑣⃗𝑖 – initial velocity
• 𝑣⃗𝑓 – final velocity

Calculating final velocity with a given acceleration and time interval

We know: We also know:

Substitute (2) into (1):

Multiply both sides of (3) by Δt:

Simplifying gives:

Isolate vf:

Motion: Lesson 7 – Motion Equations Page 1 of 4

Calculating displacement when velocity changes
We know: We also know:

(because acceleration is constant)

Substituting (1) into (2), using ________________ we get:

Calculating displacement when initial velocity, time and acceleration

are known:
We know: We also know:

Substitute (2) into (1) to get:

Gather like terms:

Multiply Δt through the bracket:

Simplify:

Motion: Lesson 7 – Motion Equations Page 2 of 4

Finding velocity after a specified acceleration and distance
We know: We also know:

Re-arranging (2) to solve for Δt, we get:

Substitute (3) into (1):

Expand to get:

Gather like terms:

Multiply both sides by 2a to clear the denominator:

Re-arrange to solve for vf:

Motion Examples
1. A runner is moving at 6.0 m/s [N] and then travels 14 m [N] while slowing down to a stop. How
long did he travel while stopping?

Motion: Lesson 7 – Motion Equations Page 3 of 4

2. Suppose a runner travelling at 3.0 m/s [W] accelerates for 0.50 s, reaching a final velocity of
3.8 m/s [W]. What is her acceleration?

3. A bus initially travelling at 21.6 km/h [S] accelerates for a distance of 18.0 m [S]. It
accelerates for 2.0 s. What is the acceleration of the bus?

4. A plane starts from rest and accelerates at 10.0 m/s2 [N]. What is the velocity of the plane
after it has travelled is 200.0 m [N].

Motion: Lesson 7 – Motion Equations Page 4 of 4

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

In the absence of air resistance, _________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
The acceleration rate of gravity is

𝑔⃗ = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 [𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛]

Using the convention that up is positive, when considering falling bodies, we can substitute
𝑚
𝑎⃗ = 𝑔⃗ = −9.8 [𝑢𝑝] in the previously discussed equations.
𝑠2

Example 1: A ball is thrown up at 3.0 m/s. a) How long does it take to reach the highest point?
𝑚
Known: 𝑣⃗𝑖 = 3.0 m/s [up] 𝑣⃗𝑓 = 0 m/s 𝑎⃗ = 𝑔⃗ = −9.8 [𝑢𝑝] Unknown: Δt = ?
𝑠2

b) What is the highest point? Unknown: ∆𝑑⃗ = ?

Motion: Lesson 8 – Acceleration Due to Gravity Page 1 of 2

Example 2: A child on a climber 2.5 m high throws a ball straight up at 5.0 m/s. What velocity
does the ball hit the ground at?
𝑚
K: ∆𝑑⃗ = -2.5 m [up] 𝑣⃗𝑖 = 5.0 m/s [up] 𝑎⃗ = 𝑔⃗ = −9.8 [𝑢𝑝] UK: 𝑣⃗𝑓 = ?
𝑠2

Example 3: A ball is thrown up with an initial velocity of 10.0m/s. a) How high does it go?
K: 𝑣⃗𝑖 = 10.0 m/s [up] 𝑣⃗𝑓 = 0 m/s 𝑎⃗ = -9.81 m/s2 [up] UK: ∆𝑑⃗ = ?

b) How long does it take to reach the maximum height? UK: Δt=?

c) How long is it in flight? UK: Δt=?

Motion: Lesson 8 – Acceleration Due to Gravity Page 2 of 2

GRAPHICAL VECTOR ADDITION

To add or subtract non-collinear vectors, the ___________________________

____________________________________.

Tools: pencil, ruler, protractor

1. Choose a scale and draw origin lines and note directions.

2. Choose a vector to start with and draw it, using proper scale and direction.
3. Choose the next vector and draw it starting at the tip of the previous
vector.
4. Continue drawing vectors as in 3 as required.
5. Draw a resultant vector from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the
final vector.
6. If the scale is accurate, measure the length of the final vector and the
angle from the origin. Otherwise, use trigonometry and the Pythagorean
theorem to solve.

Example 1: A plane flies 100.0 km [N] then 200.0 km [N 25˚E] then 100.0 km [S]. What is the
plane’s final displacement?

Motion: Lesson 9 – Graphical Vector Addition Page 1 of 2

SUBTRACTING VECTORS
In math A – B can be written A + (-B). We use this for vector subtraction. The negative of a
vector is the same in magnitude and opposite in direction.
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________ (i.e adding a negative vector). The
resultant vector is then drawn from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second.

Example 2: A boat is travelling at 50.0 km/h [N], then changes direction and begins travelling at
60.0 km/h [N 60.0˚ E]. What is the boat’s change in velocity?

Motion: Lesson 9 – Graphical Vector Addition Page 2 of 2

VECTOR COMPONENTS

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

To resolve a vector:

1) On an xy coordinate system grid, draw the vector originating at 0,0.

2) Label the angle between the x-axis and the vector θ.
3) Draw a perpendicular vector line from the x-axis to the tip of the vector.
This line is the y-component of the vector.
4) Draw a horizontal line from the origin (0,0) to the tail of the y-component
vector. This line is the x-component of the vector.
5) Use sin θ and cos θ trig ratios to solve for the x and y component vectors.

Example 1: Resolve the vector ∆𝑑⃑ which has a magnitude of 36 m at an angle of 30.0˚.

Motion: Lesson 10 – Resolving Vectors Into Components Page 1 of 2

Motion: Lesson 10 – Resolving Vectors Into Components Page 2 of 2
 Motion Measurements and Calculations Lab Activity
Purpose: To practice using measurement devices and to apply equations to find the acceleration and
final velocity of a toy car or marble.

Equipment List:
toy car or marble board to use as a ramp textbooks to support the board
metre stick stop watch chalk

Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Support one end of the ramp with two textbooks.
2. Use chalk to mark a start and end point on the ramp. Measure the distance between the start
and end point using the metre stick. Record the value in Table 1.
3. Place the toy car or ball at the marked start point. Release the object and use the stopwatch to
measure the travel time from the start to the end point. Record the time in Table 1.
4. Repeat step 3 two more times.
5. Calculate the average of the three time trials and record in Table 2.
6. Using the average time and the formula ____________________________ calculate the average
acceleration of the object and record in Table 2.
7. Using the average time and the formula ____________________________ calculate the final
velocity of the object. Record the value in Table 2.

Observations:
Table 1 – Motion Data for an Object Moving Down a Ramp
Trial Displacement Time
Number (m) [down] (s)
1
2
3

Sample Calculations:
Average time

Motion: Lesson 10 – Motion Measurements Lab Page 1 of 2

Average acceleration Final velocity

Table 2 – Calculated Values for an Object Moving Down a Ramp

Average time Average acceleration Final Velocity
(s) (m/s2) [down] (m/s) [down]

Discussion/Analysis:
1. What causes the acceleration of the object?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is the final velocity of the object in km/h?

Conclusion:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Motion: Lesson 10 – Motion Measurements Lab Page 2 of 2

VECTOR COMPONENTS – Algebraic Addition and Subtraction

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Example 1: A sailboat sailed [N60.0˚E] for 20.0 km. A strong wind began to blow, causing the boat
to travel an additional 12.0 km [W25.0˚N]. Determine the boat’s displacement for the entire trip.

Motion: Lesson 11 – Vector Components – Addition & Subtraction Page 1 of 3

Example 2: A kayaker wants to paddle east across a 535m wide river. She can paddle at 2.8 m/s
and the river is flowing at 1.5m/s [S]. If she points her canoe east,
a) How long will it take her to reach the other side?

b) Where will the kayak land?

c) What is the velocity of the kayak relative to the shore?

Motion: Lesson 11 – Vector Components – Addition & Subtraction Page 2 of 3

Example 3: You are jogging north down the street at a pace of 2.5m/s. You come to an
intersection where you turn and head east and continue at 2.5 m/s. It takes 4.0 seconds to
complete the turn. Determine average acceleration during the turn.

Motion: Lesson 11 – Vector Components – Addition & Subtraction Page 3 of 3

PROJECTILE MOTION

A ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Examples include cannon balls, long jumpers and soccer balls. To solve a projectile motion problem
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.

Example 1: A cannon ball is shot at 40.0 m/s out of a horizontal cannon at the top of a 100.0m high
cliff. How far will the cannon ball fly?

Motion: Lesson 12 – Projectile Motion Page 1 of 1

MORE ABOUT PROJECTILE MOTION

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Example 1: If a cannon ball is shot out of a cannon with a horizontal velocity component of
40.0m/s and a vertical velocity component of 20.0m/s [up] on a cliff 100.0m high, how far will the
cannon ball travel? What will the final velocity be?

Motion: Lesson 13 – Projectile Motion Page 1 of 1

 MOTION UNIT - SEATWORK QUESTIONS

Lesson 1 Seatwork Questions – Motion Introduction

1. Write out the equations learned in today’s lesson and define each variable.

2. An airplane flies 540 km [E] out of airport A, then flies 150 km [E 75˚ N] to land at airport
B. Use the cosine law to calculate the distance between airport A and airport B.

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 3. Kyle is sitting in the car, driving down the highway with his Dad. He notices kilometre
marker signs at the side of the road. He measures the elapsed time between signs, and
finds it to be 30.0 s. How fast is he going, and what should he tell his Dad?

4. Malcolm is going to run in a 10.0 km race. He knows he can usually run at an average speed
of 16 km/h. If he can maintain this speed, how long will it take for him in hours to finish
the race? What would the time be in minutes?

5. Kristin has 45 minutes to go for a bike ride. Her average speed is 25 km/h. What distance can
she travel in this time?

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 6. Malcolm is running in a race. At the start of the race, he accelerates at a rate of 0.50 m/s 2
for 8.0 s. What is his final speed?

7. Kyle is sitting in the car, driving on the highway ramp with his Dad. The car accelerates
from 60.0 km/h to 100.0 km/h in 10.0 s. What is the car’s average acceleration in m/s 2?

8. A snowboarder with an initial speed of 1.8 m/s accelerates at 0.25 m/s 2 for 12.8 s. What is
her final speed?

Lesson 1 Answers: 2: 6.0 x 102 km (calculator reads 596.68) ,

3: vav = 0.0333 km/s = 120 km/h : travelling too fast, 4: Δt = 0.63 h = 38 min,
5: Δd = 19 km, 6: vf = 4.0 m/s, 7: aav = 1.11 m/s2 8: v2 = 5.0 m/s

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Lesson 2 Seatwork Questions – Vectors and Scalars – Displacement
1. Write out the equations learned in today’s lesson and define each variable. State the SI
unit for each variable.

2. You ride your bike 300.0 m [N] to your friend Ari’s house, then 150.0 m [S] to Ben’s house.
Draw a scaled diagram to calculate your total displacement.

3. Calculate the total displacement in question 2 using the correct formula from today’s lesson.

4. You are 25.0 m [E] of a stop sign. You walk 150.0 m [W], then 50.0 m [E]. Draw a scaled
diagram to calculate your total displacement. What is your final position?

5. Calculate the total displacement in question 4 using the correct formula from today’s lesson.

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 6. You are 53 m [S] of a stop sign. You move to 28 m [N] of a stop sign. Draw a scaled diagram
to calculate your total displacement.

7. Calculate the total displacement in question 6 using the correct formula from today’s lesson.

8. A cat chases a mouse 39 m [right] and then 42 m [left]. Calculate both the total distance
and total displacement travelled by the cat.

9. In your own words describe the difference between a scalar and a vector. Use full
sentences and proper grammar. Provide an example.

10. Complete the chart by identifying whether the quantities are vectors or scalars.
Quantity Scalar or Vector
The location of your house relative to the school
The outside temperature
24 m [N 35˚ W]
The number of cars in the parking lot
56.7 m
Lesson 2 Answers: 2: 150.0 m [N], 3: 150.0 m [N]
4: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = 100.0 𝑚 [𝑊] 𝑑⃗𝑓 = 75.0 𝑚 [𝑊] 5: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = 100.0 𝑚 [𝑊] 6: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = 81 𝑚 [𝑁]
7: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = 81 𝑚 [𝑁] 8: ∆𝑑⃗𝑇 = 3 𝑚 [𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡], ∆𝑑 𝑇 = 81 𝑚

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Lesson 3 Seatwork Questions – Velocity and Acceleration
1. Write out the equations learned in today’s lesson and define each variable. State the SI
unit for each variable. Put these on your formula sheet.

2. You drive 86 km to the Toronto Zoo

a. If this trip takes 58 minutes calculate your average speed in m/s.

b. You return home from the Toronto Zoo. You stop at a roadside gas station, so this
time the trip takes 78 minutes. Calculate your average speed in m/s.

c. You are home from the zoo. Calculate your total displacement for the day.

3. A turtle has a uniform velocity of 0.0025 m/s [W]. How long would it take the turtle to
travel 250 cm [W]?

4. A runner travels north 185.0 m, then realizes she has dropped her keys. She runs back
45.0 m [S] to get them, then north 160.0 m before she stops to catch her breath. This
takes the runner a total of 6 minutes and 34.0 seconds.
a. Calculate the runner’s average velocity.

b. Calculate the runner’s average speed.

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 5. A cannonball accelerates from rest to a muzzle speed of 145 m/s in 0.042 s. Calculate its
average acceleration.

6. A car is travelling at 28.0 m/s [S] and accelerates at 1.20 m/s 2 [S] for 2.98 s. Calculate its
final velocity.

7. Identify the examples of motion as uniform or non-uniform velocity. Provide an explanation.

Example Uniform Explanation

Velocity/Non-
Uniform Velocity?
A marble rolls across a
smooth desk at 3.0 m/s.
A car drives along a curved
highway ramp at 40.0 km/h
A book falls from a table to
the floor
A skateboarder rolls to a
stop

Lesson 3 Answers: 2: a. vav = 25 m/s, b. vav = 18 m/s, c. 0 km 3: Δt = 1.0 x 103 s

4: a. 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = 0.761 m/s [N], b. 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = 0.990 m/s 5: 𝑎⃗𝑎𝑣 = 3.5 x 103 m/s2 [forward]
6: 𝑣⃗𝑓 = 31.6 m/s [S]

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Lesson 4 Seatwork Questions – Motion Graphs - Position vs Time
1. What does the slope of a position-time graph represent?

2. The following data represents the motion of a cheetah:

a. Plot the position time graph.
Time (s) Position
(m) [W]
0.0 0.00
1.0 16.0
2.0 32.0
3.0 24.0
4.0 16.0
5.0 16.0
6.0 16.0
7.0 20.0
8.0 24.0

b. Calculate the velocity between 0 and 2.0 s.

c. Calculate the velocity between 2.0 and 4.0 s.

d. Calculate the velocity between 4.0 and 6.0 s.

e. Calculate the average velocity between 0 and 8.0 s.

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3. The following data represents the motion of a car.
a. Plot the position vs time graph.
Time (s) Position
(m) [S]
0.0 0.00
1.0 1.0
2.0 4.0
3.0 9.0
4.0 16.0
5.0 25.0
6.0 36.0

b. Calculate the average velocity between 0 and 2.0 s.

c. Calculate the average velocity between 2.0 and 4.0 s.

d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at 3.0 s.

e. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at 4.0 s.

Lesson 4 Answers: 2: b. 16 m/s [W] c. 8.0 m/s [E], d. 0 m/s, e. 3.0 m/s [W] , 3: b. 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = 2.0
m/s [S], c. 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣 = 6.0 m/s [S], d. 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑛 = 6.0 m/s [S], e. 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑛 = 1.0 x 101 m/s [S]

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Lesson 5 Seatwork Questions – Motion Graphs - Velocity vs Time
1. What does the slope of a velocity-time graph represent?

2. The following data represents the motion of a cheetah:

a. Plot the velocity vs time graph.
Time (s) Velocity
(m/s)
[N]
0.0 0.00
1.0 8.00
2.0 16.0
3.0 20.0
4.0 24.0
5.0 24.0
6.0 24.0
7.0 18.0
8.0 12.0

b. Calculate the acceleration between 0 and 2.0 s.

c. Calculate the acceleration between 2.0 and 4.0 s.

d. Calculate the acceleration between 4.0 and 6.0 s.

e. Calculate the acceleration between 6.0 and 8.0 s.

f. Calculate the displacement of the cheetah between 0 and 6.0 s.

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3. The following data represents the motion of a car.
a. Plot the velocity vs time graph.
Time (s) Velocitiy
(m/s)
[SW]
0.0 0.00
1.0 1.0
2.0 4.0
3.0 9.0
4.0 16.0
5.0 25.0
6.0 36.0

b. Calculate the average acceleration between 0 and 2.0 s.

c. Calculate the average acceleration between 2.0 and 4.0 s.

d. Calculate the instantaneous acceleration at 3.0 s.

e. Calculate the instantaneous acceleration at 4.0 s.

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4. The following velocity-time graph represents a cheetah chasing its prey. Answer the following
questions.

a. At what time(s) does the cheetah

Velocity vs Time of a Cheetah have zero velocity?
20.0
16.0
Velocity (m/s) [N]

12.0
8.0
4.0 b. What is the cheetah’s instantaneous
0.0
velocity at 2.0 s?
-4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
-8.0
-12.0
-16.0
-20.0
time (s) c. What is the cheetah’s instantaneous
velocity at 3.5 s?

d. Use the velocity-time graph to construct a graph of the cheetah’s acceleration.

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5. The instantaneous velocity of an object in uniformly accelerated motion can be found by
calculating the area under the curve of the acceleration vs time graph up to that instantaneous point
in time. Use the following acceleration-time graph to construct a velocity-time graph.

Acceleration vs Time for a Car

3.5
Acceleration (m/s 2 ) [N]

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
time (s)

Lesson 5 Answers: 2: b. 8.0 m/s2 [N], c. 4.0 m/s2 [N], d. 0 m/s2, e. 6.0 m/s2 [S], f. 1.0 x 102 m
[N], 3: b. 2.0 m/s2 [SW], c. 6.0 m/s2 [SW], d. 6.7 m/s2 [SW], e. 8.8 m/s2 [SW], 4: a. 3.0 s, 10.0 s, b.
16.0 m/s [N], c. 8.0 m/s [S]
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Lesson 7 Seatwork Questions – Motion Equations
1. Write out the four equations of uniformly accelerated motion developed in today’s lesson. Copy
to your coloured formula sheet.

2. A sprinter accelerates at 7.5 m/s2 [W] at the start of the race. Calculate the velocity of the
sprinter at the end of the first 0.75 s.

3. Calculate the displacement of a car, initially travelling at 2.3 m/s [N], if it accelerates at 1.8 m/s 2
[N] for 3.9 s.

STOP AND SELF-ASSESS – Evaluate your work

Question 2 Question 3
Physics Self-Check – When solving a word problem I: Physics Self-Check – When solving a word problem I:

 Clearly stated knowns/unknowns  Clearly stated knowns/unknowns

 Wrote down the applicable equation  Wrote down the applicable equation

 Isolated unknown variable from applicable equation  Isolated unknown variable from applicable equation

 Substituted in knowns and solved  Substituted in knowns and solved

 Wrote final answer in a statement with correct  Wrote final answer in a statement with correct
significant digits, unit and direction (if unknown is a significant digits, unit and direction (if unknown is a
vector) vector)

NOW, BE SURE TO COMPLETE THE REST OF THE QUESTIONS PROPERLY!

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4. A car is travelling at 7.9 m/s [W] when it starts to accelerate at 1.2 m/s 2 [E]. If the car travels
21.2 m [W] while accelerating, what is its final velocity?

5. A cyclist is travelling at 5.2 m/s [W], then accelerates for 3.2 s, reaching a final velocity of 11.8
m/s [W]. Calculate the cyclist’s total displacement while accelerating.

6. A cyclist has just crossed the finish line of a race at a velocity of 14.1 m/s [E]. She starts to
slow down to a stop, and travels 42.7 m [E] while doing so. Calculate the cyclist’s acceleration.

7. A dog starts to run, accelerating at 0.25 m/s2 [N]. He travels 12.9 m [N]. How long does this
take?

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8. A skater is moving at 0.89 m/s [S] and accelerates for 5.8 s, reaching a final velocity of 4.7 m/s
[S]. Calculate the skater’s acceleration.

9. A car approaching a stop sign is moving at 13.2 m/s [E] when it starts to slow down at 0.250 m/s2
[W]. Determine how long it will take the car to travel 28.7 m [E]. Hint – you need to use the
quadratic formula.

Lesson 7 Answers: 2: 5.6 m/s [W] , 3: 23 m [N], 4: 3.4 m/s [W] , 5: 27 m [W], 6: 2.33 m/s2 [W],
7: 1.0 x 101 s, 8: 0.66 m/s2 [S] , 9: 2.22 s (second root does not make sense w.r.t. the question)

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Lesson 8 Seatwork Questions – Acceleration due to Gravity
1. If air resistance is negligible, at what rate does a freely falling object accelerate at near Earth’s
surface?

2. If you drop an eraser and it takes 0.215 s to hit the desk, how high above the desk was the
eraser when you released it?

3. A ball is thrown straight down with an initial speed of 6.4 m/s. If the ball hits the ground 3.8 s
later, calculate the initial height of the ball.

4. A ball is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 6.4 m/s. If the ball hits the ground 3.8 s
later, calculate the initial height of the ball.

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5. Calculate the displacement and velocity of a rock that is dropped from a 100.0 m high bridge at 1
second intervals for the first five seconds. Use this data to plot displacement vs time and velocity
vs time graphs.

Lesson 8 Answers: 1: 9.81 m/s2 [down] , 2: 0.227 m 3: 95 m ,4: 47 m

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Lesson 9 Seatwork Questions – Graphical Vector Addition
1. Pick an appropriate scale and draw each of the following vectors.

𝑚
a. 𝑣⃗𝑖 = 25 [𝐸 41 ° 𝑁] b. ∆𝑑⃗ = 325 m [N 38˚ W]
𝑠

𝑚
c. 𝑎⃗ = 15 [𝑆 61 ° 𝑊]
𝑠2

2. An ant travels 3.5 cm [W 12˚ N], then turns and travels 1.8 cm [W 42˚ S].
a. Use a scale diagram to determine the ant’s total displacement.

b. The ant took 18 s to move. Calculate the ant’s average velocity.

c. Calculate the ant’s average speed.

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3. A soccer player runs 48 m [E 25˚ S] then turns and travels 58 m [N 72˚ E].
a. Use a scale diagram to determine the soccer player’s total displacement.

b. The soccer player took 25 s to move. Calculate the soccer player’s average velocity.

c. Calculate the soccer player’s average speed.

Lesson 9 Answers: 2: a. about 4.7 cm [W 6.0˚ S] b. 0.27 m/s [W 6.0˚ S], c. 0.29 m/s ,

3: a. about 99 m [E 3.0˚ S], b. 4.0 m/s [E 3.0˚ S], c. 4.2 m/s

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Lesson 10 Seatwork Questions – Resolving Vectors into Components
1. In your own words, explain how to resolve a vector into component vectors.

2. Break the following vectors into their perpendicular components.

𝑚
a. 𝑣⃗𝑖 = 25 [𝐸 41 ° 𝑁]
𝑠

b. ∆𝑑⃗ = 325 m [N 38˚ W]

𝑚
c. 𝑎⃗ = 15 [𝑆 61 ° 𝑊]
𝑠2

Lesson 10 Answers: 2: a. 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑥 = 19 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑦 = 16 𝑚/𝑠,

b. ∆𝑑⃗𝑥 = −2.0 𝑥 102 𝑚, ∆𝑑⃗𝑦 = 2.6 𝑥 102 𝑚
c. 𝑎⃗𝑥 = −13 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑎⃗𝑦 = −7.3 𝑚/𝑠 2

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Lesson 11 Seatwork Questions – Vector Components – Addition and Subtraction
1. Use vector addition to determine the vector sum of ∆𝑑⃗1 = 45 𝑚 [𝐸 23° 𝑁] and
∆𝑑⃗2 = 15 𝑚 [𝐸 65° 𝑁].

2. Use vector addition to determine the vector sum of ∆𝑑⃗1 = 27 𝑚 [𝐸 48° 𝑁] and
∆𝑑⃗2 = 15 𝑚 [𝑊 65° 𝑁].

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3. An ant travels 3.5 cm [W 12˚ N], then turns and travels 1.8 cm [W 42˚ S]. Use the component
method to determine the ant’s total displacement.

SELF-ASSESS – Did I get the same answer as I did for Lesson 9, Seatwork
Question 2?
4. A soccer player runs 48 m [E 25˚ S] then turns and travels 58 m [N 72˚ E]. Use vector
components determine the soccer player’s total displacement.

SELF-ASSESS – Did I get the same answer as I did for Lesson 9, Seatwork
Question 3?

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5. A car is driving at 12.7 m/s [E 12.0˚ N] when it turns and is then travelling at 8.75 m/s [E 38.0˚
S].
a. Calculate the change in velocity by resolving the vectors into components and using vector
subtraction.

b. The car took 9.7 s to perform the turn. Calculate the car’s average acceleration.

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6. River crossing problems involve independent motions in the x and y directions. Each direction
can be solved independently. The time for the x and y motions is the same. A boat is crossing a
river that flows from west to east. The river is 552 m wide, and the current has a velocity of 5.0
m/s [E]. The boat is pointed due north, and the motor provides it with a velocity of 8.0 m/s [N].
Draw one or more sketches to help solve this problem.
a. Calculate the time required for the boat to cross the river.

b. Calculate how far down stream the boat will land.

c. Calculate the total displacement of the boat.

Lesson 11 Answers: 1: 57 m [E 33˚ N], 2: 36 m [E 71˚ N] 3: 4.8 m [W 5.7˚ S] ,

4: 99 m [E 1.4˚ S] 5: a. 9.75 m/s [W 55.5˚S], b. 1.00 m/s2 [W 55.5˚S]
6: a. 69 s, b. 3.5 x 102 m, c. 6.5 x 102 m [E 58˚ N]

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Lesson 12 Seatwork Questions – Projectile Motion
1. The acceleration of a projectile in the vertical direction is ____________.
The acceleration of a projectile in the horizontal direction is ____________.

2. A bean bag is held out a 45.0 m high window and released.

a. How long will it take to hit the ground?

b. How far from the building will the bean bag land?

3. A bean bag is thrown horizontally with an initial velocity of 6.20 m/s [forward] from a 45.0 m
high window.
a. How long will it take the bean bag to hit the ground?

b. How far from the building will the bean bag land?

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4. A bean bag is thrown horizontally with an initial velocity of 6.20 m/s [forward] from a 45.0 m
high window.
a. Calculate the vertical velocity of the bean bag as it hits the ground.

b. Calculate the total final velocity of the bean bag as it hits the ground. (Remember it has both a
horizontal and a vertical component.)

STOP AND SELF-ASSESS – Evaluate your work

Question 4a Question 4b
Physics Self-Check – When solving a word problem I: Physics Self-Check – When solving a word problem I:

 Clearly stated knowns/unknowns  Clearly stated knowns/unknowns

 Wrote down the applicable equation  Wrote down the applicable equation

 Isolated unknown variable from applicable equation  Isolated unknown variable from applicable equation

 Substituted in knowns and solved  Substituted in knowns and solved

 Wrote final answer in a statement with correct  Wrote final answer in a statement with correct
significant digits, unit and direction (if unknown is a significant digits, unit and direction (if unknown is a
vector) vector)

NOW, BE SURE TO COMPLETE THE TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS PROPERLY!

Lesson 12 Answers: 1: 9.81 m/s2 [down], zero , 2: a. 3.03 s, b. 0 m 3: a. 3.03 s, b. 18.8 m

4: a. 29.7 m/s b. 30.4 m/s [78.2˚ w.r.t the ground]

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Lesson 13 Seatwork Questions – More about Projectile Motion
1. A golfer hits a ball with an initial velocity of 16.0 m/s [upward, 57.0 ˚ w.r.t the ground]. Assume
the golf fairway is perfectly flat.
a. Find the x and y components of the initial velocity of the golf ball.

b. Calculate the time of flight of the ball. [Hint, you may need to factor to find the roots of the
equation.]

c. Calculate the horizontal distance that the ball travelled.

d. Calculate the final vertical velocity of the ball.

e. Calculate the final total velocity of the ball. [Remember it has both x and y components.]

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2. A baseball player hits a ball at a height 0.95 m above the ground. The initial velocity of the ball
is 23.0 m/s [32.0˚ above the horizontal]. Assume no one catches the ball and it hits the ground
some distance away.
a. Find the components of the initial velocity of the ball.

b. Calculate the time of flight of the ball. [Hint – you may need to use the quadratic formula to
solve.]

c. How far does the ball travel in the horizontal direction?

d. Calculate the final vertical component of the velocity of the ball.

e. Calculate the final total velocity of the ball. [Remember it has both x and y components.]

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f. CHALLENGE: A player from the opposing team is standing 8.7 m away from the batter. She is
1.45 m tall. How far above her head does the ball travel?

Lesson 13 Answers: 1: a. 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑥 = 8.71 𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑦 = 13.4 𝑠

𝑚
b. 2.74 s c. 23.8 m,
d. -13.4 m/s, e. 16.0 m/s [downward, 57˚ w.r.t the ground]
𝑚
2: a. 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑥 = 19.5 𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑦 = 12.2 𝑠
b. 2.56 s (the other root, -0.0756 is inadmissible in
this case), c. 50.0 m, d. -12.9 m/s,
e. 23.4 m/s [ downward, 33.5˚ w.r.t. the ground] f. 4.0 m

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