GEC8 ( ETHICS ) – Reviewer obligations is difficult because neither is clearly
preferable or acceptable. The intricacy results
Ethics - often known as moral philosophy, is the
from the situational conflict where obeying
study of what is right for both individuals and
would violate another rule.
society as a whole. The word ”ethos “ is a Greek
word that can refer to custom, habit, character, Immanuel Kant’s Moral Philosophy - supports
or temperament. very strict individual rights against force.
According to his worldview, only self- or other-
- Approaches to Ethics
defense provides a basis for coercion.
- Ethics can provide a moral map
- Ethics can pinpoint a disagreement Cultural Relativism - A person’s ideas, values,
- Ethics doesn’t give right answers and practices should be interpreted in light of
- Ethics can give several answers their own culture rather than being compared
to those of another, according to the cultural
Moral Standards - are beliefs about what
relativism theory.
behaviors are morally acceptable or
unacceptable, as well as the values associated Culture - The term ”culture” is a catch-all that
with what we consider to be morally good or refers to social behavior and standards present
morally terrible. in human communities as well as the people’s
knowledge, beliefs, arts, conventions, laws,
Non Moral Standards - Standards that we use to
abilities, and habits.
determine what is good or bad, right or wrong,
are referred to as non- moral standards. "The Filipino Way" is a term that refers to the
unique cultural values, customs, and behaviors
Ethics - is the study of right and wrong, as well
that are characteristic of the Filipino people and
as moral duty and obligation.
their society. It encompasses the collective
Rules - are guidelines or guiding principles for traits and practices that have developed over
behavior or action. centuries within the Philippines.
Law - is the set of norms and rules that govern a Ethnocentrism - When judging other cultures,
society. customs, behaviors, ideas, and people, we often
use our own culture as a frame of reference
Moral - is the basis of good and wrong. rather than the norms of the specific culture in
Non-moral - having no relation to morality. question. This is known as ethnocentrism in
social science and anthropology as well as in
Morality – standards that a person or a group everyday English language.
has about what is right and wrong, or good and
evil. The international society accepts certain moral
principles as universal. Which are:
Moral Dilemma - is a situation in which you are
presented with a choice between two or more Peace;
options and have a moral justification for both Freedom;
choosing one over the other. Any decision you Social progress;
make in these circumstances inevitably results Equal rights;
in a moral compromise. Human dignity.
Ethical Dilemma - is a situation in which
choosing between two possible moral
Power - refers to control or supremacy over Moral Development - is the process by which
people and resources, as well as social position children acquire appropriate attitudes and
and reputation. behaviors toward other members of society is
known as moral development. It is based on
Achievement - refers to achieving success on a
social and cultural norms, regulations, and
personal level by proving one’s ability to meet
rules.
social expectations.
“Emotion is never truly divorced from decision
Hedonism - is the pursuit of sensual pleasure
making, even when it is channeled aside by an
for oneself.
effort of will.” (Blakeslee, et. al, 2007)
Self-direction is the ability to think and act
“Empathy is a unique sort of intention in which
independently—to choose, make, and explore.
we are directed toward the other’s experience”
Universalism - Understanding, admiration, according to Carey (2007),
tolerance, and defense of the welfare of all
The Moral Reasoning Model
people and the environment are all aspects of
universalism. Step 1 : Identify the problem
Benevolence - is the preservation and Step 2 : Identify the potential issues involved.
promotion of the well being of those with
Step 3 : Review the relevant ethical guidelines
whom one frequently interacts on a personal
level. Step 4 : Know relevant laws and regulations.
Tradition - refers to the adherence to, respect Step 5 : Obtain consultations
for, and acceptance of the values and practices
offered by traditional culture or religion. Step 6 : Consider possible and probable courses
of action.
Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of Moral
Development Step 7 : List the consequences of the probable
courses of action.
A child’s sense of morality is externally
regulated at the pre-conventional level. Will - is significant in philosophy as one of the
An individual’s sense of morality is components of the mind, alongside reason and
connected to interpersonal and societal understanding. The ability to choose from
connections at the conventional level. among one’s wishes at the time of choice.
A person’s sense of morality is Reason – is the power to consciously make
described in terms of more esoteric sense of the world, gather and check
concepts and ideals throughout the information, use logic, and modify or support
post-conventional stage. habits, institutions, and beliefs in light of new or
Carol Gilligan (1982), a research assistant to existing information.
Kohlberg, for being so exclusively based on
studies with white, upper-class men and boys.
Instead, she maintained that men and women
think differently because girls and women place
more emphasis on preserving connections and
interpersonal interactions.
Impartiality – A justice principle known as Theological virtues - are faith, hope, and
impartiality, sometimes known as even charity, which are infused into the human soul
handedness or fairness, states that judgments by God and enable human beings to participate
should be made on the basis of objective in the divine life.
standards rather than on the basis of bias,
Cardinal virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude,
prejudice, or favoring one person over another
and temperance, which are acquired through
for improper reasons.
practice and habituation and e I'llnable human
Immanuel Kant - He is the most significant and beings to live a good life in accordance with
widely discussed moral philosopher in history. natural law.
German philosopher during the Age of
Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it
Enlightment.
tends to promote happiness and wrong if it
Freedom - freedom is the power or right to act, tends to produce sadness, or the reverse of
speak, or think as one wants without hindrance happiness—not just the happiness of the actor
or restraints. but that of everyone affected by it. Is associated
with Jeremy Bentham (1747-1832) and John
Hypothetical Imperative - ALWAYS
Stuart Mill (1806-1873).
CONDITIONAL, PRACTICAL, DECISION MAKING
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE. If the action would
be good solely as a means to something else.
Categorical Imperative - NON-CONDITIONAL,
UNIVERSAL, IMPARTIAL. If the action is
represented as good in itself, and therefore
necessary for a will which of itself accords with
reason.
Acts of Human - natural involuntary actions.
Acts of a person without the proper use of
reasons.
Human Acts - natural involuntary actions. Acts
of a person without the proper use of reasons.
Telos - a greek term refers to what we might
call a purpose, goal, end or true final function of
an object.
Natural law is the moral law that is inherent in
the nature of things. It is the order and purpose
that is built into the universe by God, and
human beings can discover it through reason.
Virtues - are habits or dispositions that enable
human beings to act in accordance with natural
law.
