GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal

Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)

College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

THREE KEY POINTS OF NATIONALISM:

Bourbon Dynasty
1. Cultural unity based on language, outcome of the French Revolution regarding
important developments in the 19th century history, and territory.
2. Turning cultural unity into political the Bourbon Dynasty
that influenced Rizal
reality. - It led to the overthrow of the absolute
● Growth and development of 3. The right of every nation to exist in
nationalism freedom. rule of the Bourbon Dynasty
● Rise and gradual spread of liberalism
and democracy negative aspects can nationalism lead to Colonialism
● Industrial revolution
● Upsurge of western imperialism - Ideas of national superiority and stress ideology influenced subject peoples to resist
● Triumph of science and technology on differences among peoples colonialism
● Optimism and confidence in progress
rise of liberalism and democracy relate to - The ideology of Liberty, Fraternity, and
nationalism Equality from the French Revolution
NATIONALISM
- sense of loyalty or psychological - It was a consequence of the growth and
attachment based on common development of nationalism Guiseppe Garibaldi
language, history, culture, and desire for - The one who united Italy under King
independence main factors that contributed to the
development of Filipino nationalism in the Victor Emmanuel II
drives people together as a nation according to 19th century
the definition of nationalism Otto von Bismarck
● Increased awareness of social injustices
- A common language, history, culture, ● Influence of Enlightenment ideas - responsible for the unification of
and desire for independence ● Education of Filipinos abroad Germany
● Emergence of the ilustrados
two major revolutions contributed to the
growth of nationalism development of nationalism in the Philippines When did loyalty to the nation begin to grow
characterized by: in the Philippines
● The American Revolution of 1776
● The French Revolution of 1789 ● Slow emergence After the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos,
● Early resistance to colonial rule and Zamora on February 17, 1872
American Revolution influence nationalism ● Emergence in the 19th century
● Events leading to Filipino national
consciousness Liberalism
- It established the idea that loyalty
should be to the nation rather than the rise of liberalism and democracy relate to

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king nationalism
Aldin Banta
 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

- It was a consequence of the growth and ● Government control of vital industries

development of nationalism Why were Filipinos denied representation in by socialists
the Spanish Cortes? ● Government ownership of production
Liberty and Equality by communists
- Because it would be detrimental to ● Humane treatment of workers by the
- principal ideas of liberalism that realized Spain's colonial administration Catholic Church
in the American and French Revolutions
Representative Government Industrial Revolution Science and Technology
- Characterized by The transformation of impact of the rapid expansion of scientific
- Did liberalism demand in contrast to manufacturing through machines knowledge in the 19th century
autocratic monarchy - Begin in England
freedoms did liberalism advocate for - It stimulated basic scientific inquiry and
positive effects of the Industrial Revolution led to significant discoveries
individuals
- Rise of the factory system, mass scientific method developed during the Age of
● Freedom of the press production, and improvement of living Enlightenment
● speech standards
● assembly - A systematic and rational approach to
● freedom from arbitrary arrest negative effects of the Industrial Revolution proving knowledge

Democracy ● Widening gap between rich and poor consequences of the triumph of science and
● Economic warfare between labor and technology
Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland capital
● Pollution and environmental problems - Increased importance of science, spread
- countries did democracy become a way ● Child and women labor of philosophical implications, and
of life in the 19th century. ● Intensification of imperialistic rivalry prestige of scientific methods
How was democracy gradually established in Industrial Revolution affect farmers in the scientific revolution challenge traditional
European countries? Philippines beliefs
- Through laws, reforms, abolition of - It caused the displacement of farmers - It suggested that knowledge could be
slavery, and granting rights to citizens from their lands achieved through reason rather than
solely through the Church
Status of democracy in the Philippines during measures proposed to solve the evils created
the 19th century by the industrial system Germany, France, and England
- It was non-existent ● Laissez-faire policy by liberals - countries that became centers of

Aldin Banta 🐨 learning during the scientific revolution

 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

Achievements reflected the optimism and

confidence in progress during the 19th century Mercantilism economic doctrine
Rizal feel about his education in the ● Extension of human rights - based on The idea that a country's
● promotion of education wealth is measured by its stock of gold
Philippines and silver.
● improvement of public health
- It was inadequate
political situation in Spain after the death of shift occurred in the world economy during
Western Imperialism Ferdinand VII the 18th and 19th centuries (Including
- Characterized by Subordination of - Spain went through a downward spiral - shift towards laissez-faire or free market
non-Western lands to Western as a world power trade
economic interests during 19th century
Impact Of Western Expansion On The World Carlist Wars impact of foreign trade on the Philippines
after it was opened in 1834
- It made the world a single unit and - struggle for the throne between
diffused ideas of civilization supporters of Isabella and Charles - It brought wealth to more people and
allowed merchants to gain wealth
non-Western elites respond to Western Outcome Of The Carlist Wars
imperialism
- Isabella's forces defeated the Carlists, Who primarily benefited from the Galleon
- They launched national, anti-imperialist allowing her to become the sole female Trade before the shift to free trade?
struggles for dignity and independence monarch
- only the Spaniards
Optimism Political Instability
What class began to rise due to the shift to
Source Of Optimism In The 19th Century - Characterized by Frequent rise and fall free trade in the Philippines?
of ministries and constitutions during
● Advancements in science 19th Century. - rising class of merchants, mostly
● steam-powered industry mestizos
● the spread of liberalism and socialism political instability in Spain affect the
Philippines
Marquis de Condorcet 1565
- It led to frequent changes in colonial
- summarized the optimism of the administration, making it inefficient and - Start of trade route between Manila
century in his work corrupt and Acapulco begin

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 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

● Social tensions and racial discrimination

trading policy of the Philippines before the Social Classes prevalent
18th century social class that emerged due to increased
- The Philippines was prohibited from trade in the Philippines encomienda system
trading with other European countries.
- A rising class of merchants, mostly - system caused Filipinos to lose their
mestizos. ancestral lands
18th and 19th Century Philippines (Trade)
Spain's laissez-faire policy affect education in
products in demand from the Philippines the Philippines Spanish Colonizers
during the 18th and 19th centuries
- Middle class families could send their How did the Spanish colonizers impose their
- Sugar, coffee, rice, indigo, and tobacco children for higher education. culture on the Filipinos

foreign trade policies change in the Philippines political ideas did the middle class in the - They forced Filipinos to accept Spanish
by 1834 Philippines adopt from increased contact with culture and religion.
the West Who governed the Philippines in the 19th
- The Philippines was officially opened to
foreign trade.. - Enlightenment ideas advocating century?
equality and God-given rights. - The Spanish Crown through the Ministry
impact of free trade on the wealth distribution
in the Philippines Ilustrados or "enlightened ones.” of Colonies.

- Wealth was distributed to more people, - refer to the educated middle class in the main weaknesses of the Spanish colonial
not just Spaniards. Philippines administration
- ilustrados contribute to the reform - Corruption and inefficiency due to
primarily benefited from trade with foreigners movement in the Philippines
in the Philippines ● They began questioning the absolute powers of the
abuses of the Spanish regime governor-general.
- The growers and traders of Philippine and clamored for reforms.
products gained wealth. impact of Spanish colonization on the identity
key features of the social structure during the of the Philippines
economic impacts of foreign trade on the Spanish regime in the Philippines
Philippines in the 19th century - Spain gave the country its identity as
● Pyramidal structure based on limpieza the Philippines.
● Rise of foreign firms in Manila de sangre
● Stimulation of agricultural production ● Peninsulares at the top, followed by How did Spain pacify the natives during
● Increased opportunities for trade insulares, mestizos, principalia, and colonization?

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● Education abroad for wealthy families Indios
Aldin Banta
 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

- With the use of the Cross. ✝️ Alcaldias- provinces during the Spanish regime - Purpose is to To deal with outlaws and
renegades.
main components of the Spanish colonial alcalde mayor or provincial governor.- headed
administration in the Philippines each province during the Spanish regime
Audiencia Real
● Governed directly by the Spanish Crown Tax Collection- main responsibility of the - highest court in the Philippines during
● Headed by the Governor-General gobernadorcillo the Spanish regime
● Local government units: provinces, - Role is To adjudicate appeals and settle
towns, cities, barrios Barangay- Smallest unit of government in the important governance issues
● Judicial power vested in the Audiencia Philippines?
Real
Role of cabeza de barangay- Maintenance of 1837
Spaniards view Filipinos during the colonial peace and order and tax collection
period - Year when Philippine representation in
Ayuntamiento- city government during the the Spanish Cortes abolished
- They considered them an inferior race Spanish regime called?
Who composed the cabildo in the basis of governance in the Philippines before
Governor-General ayuntamiento? 1898
- head of the Spanish colonial - A city mayor, councilors, chief - Governance was based on special laws
government in the Philippines constable, and a secretary. and royal decrees.
Powers in the Philippines:
Spanish Friar social structure of Filipino society during the
- He had legislative powers and could
legislate laws for the colony. Influence of the Spanish friar in local Spanish regime.
governance - It was feudalistic due to the
Actos Acordados encomienda system
- The friar was a supervising
- laws enacted by the Governor-General representative and had to approve local
officials' acts. Social Ranking in Filipino Society
Local Governments during Spanish Regime Frailocracia- the power and influence of the Limpieza de sangre or purity of blood.
role of local government units during the friars over civil authorities?
- doctrine that influenced the social
Spanish regime ranking in Filipino society
Guardia Civil
- They included provinces, towns, cities, Peninsulares or Spaniards born in Spain
and barrios. - Organized in 1867
Aldin Banta 🐨
 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

- apex of the social pyramid in the - Over-emphasis on religion, limited European-educated Filipinos view Spain after
Philippines curriculum, and racial prejudice. their education
social tensions arose from the Spanish social weaknesses of the educational system in the - They became disillusioned with Spain
structure 19th century Philippines?
- Victimization of lower classes by upper ● Over-emphasis on religion How long did Spain rule the Philippines
classes and institutionalized racial ● Limited and irrelevant curriculum - More than 300 years
discrimination. ● Obsolete classroom facilities
● Inadequate instructional materials
key features of the social structure during the ● Absence of academic freedom political structure of the Philippines before
Spanish regime in the Philippines ● Racial prejudice against Filipinos
Spanish colonization
● Pyramidal structure based on limpieza - Independent and self-governing
de sangre economic changes occurred in the barangays populated by diverse tribes
● Peninsulares at the top, followed by Philippines after 1834
insulares, mestizos, principalia, and
Indios - Rapid rise of foreign firms and identity did Spain give to the Philippines
● Social tensions and racial discrimination stimulation of agricultural production.
prevalent - the Identity “Philippines”

Education in Philippines
Education (Europe)
significant consequence of the growing
✝️Cross✝️
focus of education under the friars in the 19th prosperity in the Philippines in the 19th Cross contribute to the pacification of the
century century natives
- Teaching fear of God and obedience to - Filipinos were able to send their sons - It was used to pacify the natives
the friars. for education in Europe.
How did Spain pacify the natives during
University of Santo Tomas (UST)- the only European-educated Filipinos feel about Spain colonization?
existing higher education institution in the
Philippines by the end of the 19th century - They became disenchanted with Spain. - With the use of the Cross. ✝️
Educational Decree of 1863- It required the type of society made European-educated
establishment of elementary schools for boys Filipinos disenchanted with Spain effect of the reduccion plan implemented by
and girls in each town. Fr. Juan de Plasencia
- A completely different type of society
weaknesses of the educational system in the prevalent in Europe - Natives were relocated near the church,

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19th century Philippines facilitating tax collection
Aldin Banta
 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

● Revolt of Raha Sulayman and ● Igorot Revolt (1601)

transformation occurred among Filipinos Lakan Dula (1574) ● Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)
due to Spanish influence ● Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588) ● Revolt of Lanab and Alababan
● Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) (1625-1627)
- They were partially transformed into ● Dagohoy's Revolt (1744-1829) ● Tapar Revolt (1663)
"little brown Spaniards” ● Revolt of Diego Silang ● Revolt of Francisco Rivera (1718)
(1762-1763) ● Revolt of Apolinario dela Cruz
● Revolt of Palaris (1762-1764) (1840-1841)
Spanish Rule ● Moro resistance in Southern Philippines
nature of the political system introduced by (1590-1898)
Spain Revolts
causes of early revolts against Spanish rule Why did early revolts against Spanish rule fail?
- It was highly centralized
● Resistance to Spanish-imposed - Due to sectional jealousies, lack of
administrative divisions created under Spanish institutions communication, and absence of
rule ● Agrarian unrest due to land grabbing by national leadership
friars archipelagic nature of the Philippines affect the
- Barangays were merged into pueblos, ● Desire to revert to native religion revolts against Spanish rule
pueblos into alcaldias, and
ayuntamientos were established List some revolts caused by resistance to
Spanish-imposed institutions. - It led to fragmentation and
Resentment and dislike for foreign rule disorganization of the revolts
● Magalat Revolt (1596) policy did Spain implement that contributed to
- sentiment began to grow among the ● Revolt of the Irayas (1621) the failure of revolts
people despite unification under ● Cagayan Revolt (1639)
Spanish rule ● Sumuroy Rebellion (1649-1650) - The policy of divide et impera (divide
● Maniago Revolt (1660) and rule)
regional revolts against Spanish rule first occur:
some agrarian revolts that occurred from 1745
- From 1574 to 1843 to 1865 emergence of the Filipino sense of
common cause of the early uprisings against ● Revolts in Batangas nationhood
Spanish rule ● Revolts in Laguna ● Happens During the last years of
● Revolts in Cavite Spanish rule in the 1890s
- The desire to regain lost freedom ● Revolts in Pampanga
- ● Revolts in Bulacan Factors contributing to this emergence:
- examples of revolts caused by the
desire to regain lost freedom. revolts triggered by the desire to revert to

Aldin Banta 🐨 native religion

 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

● Opening of the Philippines to world ● Freedom of assembly - Dela Torre was removed from office
commerce ● Protection of human rights and replaced by Rafael de Izquierdo
● Rise of clase media ● Representation in the legislature
● Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre ● Sovereignty of the people
● Racial discrimination Fray Miguel de Bustamante's pamphlet
● Secularization controversy portray about Filipinos
● Cavite Mutiny of 1872 impact of the rise of clase media in the
Philippines - portrayed them as individuals with low
mental ability (ouch saket haha)
consequence of Spain's laissez-faire policy It led to the education of sons of prosperous
for the Philippines families in Europe
secularization controversy
It ended the economic isolation of the ● Transfer of ministries from regular
Philippines Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
Spanish clergy to Filipino seculars
significance of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre's regime ● Originated from the expulsion of Jesuits
revolutionary ideas did Filipino intellectuals in 1768
● Appointment in 1869 after the fall of ● Became a racial controversy between
learn from contact with peninsular Queen Isabela friars and Filipino clergy
Spaniards? ● Demonstrated democratic and liberal
philosophy Fr. Pedro Pelaez- led the Filipino seculars in the
Locke's Theory of Revolution and Rousseau's ● Encouraged reformist aspirations struggle for secularization.
Social Contract Theory ● Abolished censorship of the press
● Allowed public discussions in - He was the vicar capitular of Manila in
realization did Filipino intellectuals come to newspapers 1861
- led the fight against the decrees that
regarding government event led to the Filipinos serenading Carlos turned secular parishes over to the
- People could overthrow a government Ma. Dela Torre friars.
not working for the good of the - The night of July 12, 1869 evolve from a religious issue to a racial one
governed
rights were recognized during Dela Torre's term - It evolved as friars claimed Filipino
liberal ideas did Filipinos learn during the of office seculars were unqualified to administer
parishes.
opening of the Philippines to world - Freedom of speech and of the press
commerce Jesuits returned to the Philippines
friars didn't like Dela Torre's liberal policies
● Equality before the law - Parishes under Filipino priests were
● Freedom of speech event happened after the restoration of the taken over by the friars.
●
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Freedom of religion Spanish monarchy in 1870
Aldin Banta
 GEC19: LIFE and Works of Rizal
Topic: Chapter 2-4 19th Century (Reviewer)
College Of Business, Economics, and Management. A.Y. 2024-2025

Queen Isabela II- To whom did Fr. Pelaez appeal - He dedicated his life to vindicating the
for ecclesiastical equality? CAVITE MUTINY victims of Spanish oppression.
consequences of losing the Manila parishes for - Occured in January 20, 1872. Rizal's original plan before learning about
Filipino seculars - caused by the abolition of exemption Gomburza's martyrdom
from tribute and forced labor.
- It meant they would have no hope of Sgt. La Madri- led the Cavite Mutiny ● To take up priesthood and become a
becoming parish priests again. Jesuit father.
event led to the temporary halt of the struggle Spanish authorities' response to the mutiny Rizal's perspective change after the martyrdom
for equality among Filipino seculars - They arrested liberal-minded Filipinos of Gomburza
- The death of Fr. Pelaez in 1863 due to and deported nine priests. ● He swore to dedicate his life to avenge
an earthquake. three Filipino priests implicated in the Cavite the victims of oppression.
Fr. Burgos- continued the struggle after Fr. Mutiny Rizal imply about the consequences of Spanish
Pelaez's death - Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, oppression in his letter to Ponce
- Fr. Burgos asserted to Filipino priests and Jacinto Zamora. ● He suggested that abuses would lead to
that they were qualified to administer outcome for Gomburza after the mutiny the end of friar and Spanish
the parishes. government.
- Fr. Burgos defend regarding Archbishop - They were executed by garrote for
Gregorio Meliton Martinez alleged complicity in the rebellion. main events surrounding the secularization
● He defended the training of controversy and Cavite Mutiny
Filipino seculars to become execution of Gomburza affect the Filipino
good parish priest people ● Secularization of parishes transferred
ministries to Filipino seculars.
racial aspect of the secularization controversy - It made them realize the need for unity ● Jesuits expelled in 1768, leading to the
to end their miseries. controversy.
- It involved Spaniards (friars) versus ● Fr. Pedro Pelaez led the struggle for
true-blooded Filipinos (seculars). significance of the martyrdom of Gomburza in equality.
Philippine history ● Cavite Mutiny occurred on January 20,
secularization controversy affect the identity of 1872, due to abolition of exemptions.
Filipino clergy? - It was a turning point that ushered in ● Execution of Gomburza led to increased
the Propaganda Movement. unity among Filipinos.
- It strengthened their sense of identity. ● Rizal dedicated his life to fighting
Rizal respond to the events surrounding the oppression after Gomburza's
Cavite Mutiny martyrdom.

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