CHAPTER
CONTROL &
6 COORDINATION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURON (specialized cells)
Parts
Cell Body (star-shaped; has dendrites)
Axon (covered by myelin sheath)
Receptors- specialized nerve cell tips usually in
sensory organs
Photoreceptors - in eyes
Phonoreceptors- in ears
Thermoreceptors- In skin
Olfactory receptors- in nose
Gustatory receptors- in tongue 55
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Information is acquired at the dendritic tip
Creates electric impulse
Impulse travels to cell body, and then to axon ending
Release of chemicals in synapse
Electric impulse starts in dendrite of the next neuron
and travels in the body
TYPES OF NEURONS-
1. Sensory neurons- Receive signals from sensory
organs.
2. Motor neuron- Send signals to muscles.
3. Associated neurons- Pass signals between sensory
and motor neuron.
56
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
REFLEX ACTION
Sudden action in response to stimulus
The pathway via which the nerve signals travel (i.e.
that controls reflex) is called Reflex arc
Receptor Sensory Associated
neuron neuron
Effector Motor
(muscles) neuron
It passes through the spinal cord (CNS), although the
information reaches the brain 57
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous Peripheral Autonomic
System nervous system nervous system
Brain Cranial nerves Sympathetic
Spinal cord Spinal nerves Parasympathetic
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Main coordinating center of the body
Receives information from all body parts
Spinal cord acts as an association for signals
between brain and peripheral nervous system
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cranial nerves- 12 pairs (connects brain to organs)
Spinal nerves- 31 pairs (connects spinal cord to
organs)
Facilitates communication between CNS and body
parts.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Regulates involuntary processes
Responsible for fight and flight response
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
It controls involuntary processes
Helps you relax and balance body's responses
58
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
BRAIN
Complex organ
Covered by 3 layered membrane system (meninges)
Meninges are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (provides
cushion against mechanical shocks)
Forebrain (Cerebrum)
PARTS Midbrain (Hypothalamus)
Hindbrain (Pons, Medulla oblongata,
cerebellum)
FOREBRAIN
Main thinking part
Receives sensory impulses
also the area of memory and learning 59
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
MIDBRAIN
Controls sleep-wake cycle
Controls urge of eating and drinking
HINDBRAIN
Medulla + Pons Brain stem
Medulla controls involuntary actions (blood pressure,
salvation, vomiting)
Pons regulate respiration
Cerebellum controls voluntary actions (maintains
posture, balance of body)
HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormone- Chemical messengers secreted in small
amounts, by endocrine glands, which act on target
tissues/organs.
60
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Endocrine glands- (also known as ductless glands) Pour
their secretions directly into blood stream.
Glands (Hormones) Function
Regulates metabolism of
Thyroid Gland
carbohydrates, fats and
(Thyroxine)
proteins.
FIGHT and FLIGHT hormone
Fastens Heart beat
Adrenal Gland Increases O₂ supply to
(Adrenalin) muscles
Increases breathing rate
Causes muscle contraction
Pituitary gland Regulates growth and
(Growth hormone) development of body
Testis Sperm production
(Testosterone) Secondary sexual characters
Ovaries Egg production
(Estrogen) Secondary sexual characters
Hypothalamus Stimulate pituitary gland to
(Releasing hormone) release hormones
Goitre- Swollen neck due to iodine deficiency
Dwarfism- Exceptionally small height (deficiency of
growth hormone) 61
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Diabetes- Low blood sugar levels (deficiency in insulin
hormone)
PLANTS
Nervous system (-)
Plant movements- Tropic (in direction of stimulus),
Nastic (does not depend on direction of stimulus)
TROPIC PLANT MOVEMENTS-
Phototropism- Movement towards light
Geotropism- Movement towards gravity
Chemotropism- Movement towards chemicals
Hydrotropism- Movement towards water
Note- Stem is positively phototrophic, whereas root
is negatively phototrophic.
Rate of cell division increases as secretion of auxins
increase in sunlight.
Roots are positively hydrotropic and geotropic
Growth related plant movements are slower
PLANT HORMONES
Chemicals that help in plant growth hand coordination.
Auxin- Growth of shoot tip.
Gibberellins- Stem elongation, germination.
Cytokinin- Promotes cell division.
Abscisic acid- (Stress hormone)- seed and bud
dormancy, inhibits growth, leaf wilting 62
